島根県西部に分布する下部ジュラ系樋口層群の地質と北方系二枚貝化石群 Geology and Boreal Bivalve Assemblages of the Lower Jurassic Higuchi Group, Western Shimane Prefecture, Japan

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島根県西部に分布する下部ジュラ系樋口層群の地質と北方系二枚貝化石群 Geology and Boreal Bivalve Assemblages of the Lower Jurassic Higuchi Group, Western Shimane Prefecture, Japan 地質学雑誌 第 121 巻 第 2 号 59–69 ページ,2015 年 2 月 doi: 10.5575/geosoc.2015.0002 Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol. 121, No. 2, p. 59–69, February 2015 島根県西部に分布する下部ジュラ系樋口層群の地質と北方系二枚貝化石群 Geology and Boreal bivalve assemblages of the Lower Jurassic Higuchi Group, western Shimane Prefecture, Japan Abstract 永田紘樹*1 小松俊文*2 The Lower Jurassic Higuchi Group, exposed in the western シュリージン ボリス*3 石田直人*4 part of Shimane Prefecture, Japan, includes, in ascending order , the *5 Orojidani and Higuchidani formations. The Orojidani Formation is 佐藤 正 composed of conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone, the latter con- taining Oxytoma sp. and“ Pleuromya” sp. The Higuchidani Forma- Koki Nagata*1, To shifumi Komatsu*2, tion consists mainly of dark gray mudstone, from which six genera * * and six species of bivalves were collected: Kolymonectes staeschei, Boris Shurygin 3, Naoto Ishida 4 and *5 Palmoxytoma cygnipes, Ryderia texturata, Pseudomytiloides matsumo- Tadashi Sato toi , Oxytoma sp., and Pleuromya sp. This bivalve assemblage is char- acterized by Boreal elements such as K. staeschei and P. cygnipes, 2014 年 8 月 20 日受付. which are known exclusively from the Lower Jurassic of Russia and 2015 年 1 月 9 日受理. * northern Canada; it contains no typical Tethyan species. 1 阿蘇ジオパーク推進協議会 Aso Geopark Promotion Council, Akamizu, Keywords: Boreal bivalve assemblage, East Asian Province, Lower 1930-1, Aso 869-2232, Japan * Jurassic, paleobiogeography 2 熊本大学大学院自然科学研究科 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan * 3 トロフィムク石油地質地球物理研究所ロシア科 学アカデミーシベリア支部 A. A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geolo- gy and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia * 4 明治大学研究・知財戦略機構ガスハイドレート 研究所 Gas Hydrate Laboratory, Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intel- lectual Properties, Meiji University, 1-1 Kan- da-Surugadai Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan *5 深田地質研究所 Fukada Geological Institute, Hon-Komagome 2-13-12, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan Corresponding author: K. Nagata, [email protected] 研究は,東アジア地域のジュラ紀の海洋生物群集や古生態 は じ め に 学,古生物地理学などの分野に多大な影響を与え,国際的な 中国地方や北陸地方の西南日本内帯には,樋口層群や豊浦 研究に発展した(佐藤, 1956; Hayami, 1961, 1969b, 1984, 層群,来馬層群などの下部ジュラ系が分布している(Fig. 1). 1987, 1990; 速水, 1962; Bando et al., 1987; Sato, 1992). その中でも豊浦層群や来馬層群は,よく露出し,軟体動物化 速水(1962)や Hayami(1984, 1987, 1990)は,西南日本内 石を多産するため,多くの研究者により古くから地質・古生 帯から産出する二枚貝化石がロシア東部や中国と共通するこ 物学分野の研究が行われてきた(Yokoyama, 1904; 鳥山, とに着目し,東アジアの古生物地理について検討している. 1938; 松本・小野, 1947; Kobayashi and Mori, 1954; Sato, また,佐藤(1956)や Bando et al.(1987),Sato(1992)は, 1955; 小林ほか, 1957; Hayami, 1957a–e, 1958a–c, 1959, 日本とヨーロッパなどの海外の下部ジュラ系から産出するア 1960, 1969a, 1988; Hirano, 1971, 1973a, b; Goto, 1983; ンモノイドの比較やテチス系とボレアル系のアンモノイドの Tanabe et al., 1984; 白石, 1992 など).その後,これらの 古生物地理に関する研究を行った. ©The Geological Society of Japan 2015 59 60 永田 紘樹ほか 2015―2 Fig. 2. Comparison of stratigraphic divisions in the Higu- chi Group in the Muikaichi area, Shimane Prefecture, as Fig. 1. Index map of the Muikaichi and Toyora areas. reported in previous works and in the present study. 樋口層群は,島根県の西部に分布する浅海成の下部ジュラ 樋口層群の地質構造は,比較的単純で,主に E–W 走向を 系で,豊浦層群と来馬層群の中間的な地域に分布しており, 示し,北に 10~30°傾斜する同斜構造をなす.調査地域に 豊浦層群や来馬層群の化石群集を検討する上でも重要な地域 分布する断層は,NW–SE や E–W,NNE–SSW 走向に発 と目されている(Hirano et al., 1978; 中ほか, 1985; Haya- 達する傾向がある.樋口層群と下位の錦層群の関係は,研究 mi, 1990).樋口層群の研究は,今村ほか(1966)による転 者によって見解が異なり,通産省(1980)は不整合と報告し 石中のジュラ紀ライアス型アンモノイド化石の発見や Hira- たが,Hirano et al.(1978)や三上・宮川(1978),三上・徳 no et al.(1978)によるアンモノイドの記載,Yu(1983)の堆 岡(1985),中ほか(1985)は,両層群の境界を断層としてい 積岩岩石学分野の研究などによって始まり,層序の概略や地 る.なお,本層群の最上部は,白亜系の関門層群の赤色泥岩 質図については中ほか(1985)や三上・徳岡(1985)により示 や礫岩,酸性凝灰岩によって不整合に覆われており(中ほか, された(Fig. 2).二枚貝化石については,中ほか(1985)や 1985),本調査でもその露頭を確認した(Loc. Kg–a02, 三上・徳岡(1985)などにより,Pleuromya sp. や Oxytoma Kg–e11).また,調査地域の北西部には,急崖下の沢沿い sp. などが樋口層群上部の砂岩や泥岩から報告されたが,産 に樋口層群がわずかに露出する. 出量が少ないことや保存状態の悪いものが多かったため,詳 樋口層群の地質年代は,Hirano et al.(1978)や三上・徳 しい研究が行われなかった.また,一部の二枚貝化石は,転 岡(1985)によって検討されている.Hirano et al.(1978)は, 石中から得られたもので産出層準が明らかになっていない. 樋口層群上部層から豊浦層群西中山層の Fontanelliceras そこで本研究では,樋口層群の地質調査を実施し,詳細な地 fontanellense アンモノイド帯を示す Fontanelliceras cf. 質図と柱状図を作成した上で二枚貝化石の構成や産出層準, fontanellense(Gemmellaro)などが産出することから,少 産状などを報告して,豊浦層群や来馬層群との産出化石の比 なくとも樋口層群の上部は上部プリンスバッキアン階である 較や東アジアにおける二枚貝類の古生物地理上の意義につい とした.また,三上・徳岡(1985)は,樋口層群を岩相によ て検討を進めた. り下位から礫岩および含礫砂岩からなる下部層,細~中粒砂 岩が特徴的で,極細粒~シルト質砂岩,泥岩からなる中部 地 質 概 説 層,細~粗粒砂岩,シルト岩,泥岩からなる上部層に区分 調査地域である島根県南西部の鹿足郡吉賀町六日市地域に し,二枚貝化石から下部層をヘッタンギアン階~シネムリア は,ペルム系錦層群,ジュラ系樋口層群,白亜系関門層群と ン階,中部層をプリンスバッキアン階とした.上部層につい それらに貫入する流紋岩類が分布する(Fig. 3).ペルム系の ては化石が産出しないため時代は不明としている. 錦層群は,珪質泥岩やチャート,砂岩からなり,Pseudoal- 地 質 各 説 baillella や Follicuculus などのペルム紀中期~後期の放散 虫化石を含む(中・石賀, 1985; 中ほか, 1986).樋口層群は, 1.樋口層群(Higuchi Group) お ろ じ だに ひ ぐちだに 層厚 250~400 m で,礫岩,砂岩,泥岩からなり,下部は 樋口層群は,下部の尾路地谷層と上部の樋口谷層に区分 礫岩や砂岩が主体で,上部はジュラ紀前期のアンモノイドや され,尾路地谷層は礫岩,砂岩,泥岩からなり,樋口谷層は 二枚貝などの化石を産する暗灰色の泥岩が優勢である(Fig. 暗灰色泥岩を主体として砂岩層を伴う. 4).関門層群は,礫岩と砂岩,泥岩からなり,本調査地域 2.尾路地谷層(Orojidani Formation) では赤色泥岩が発達している. <新称>本層は,Hirano et al.(1978)の樋口層群下部層と 地質雑 121( 2 ) 島根県西部,下部ジュラ系樋口層群の地質と北方系二枚貝化石群 61 Fig. 3. Locality map (A), geologic map (B), and geological cross-section (C) of the study area. 樋口層群上部層の下部,三上・徳岡(1985)の樋口層下部層 泥岩によって覆われる場合が多く,生物攪乱が発達する層準 と樋口層中部層の下部,中ほか(1985)の樋口層群下部層の もある(Loc. Kn25). 上部にあたる. <化石>金山谷(Loc. Kn25)の暗灰色泥岩から Oxytoma <模式地>島根県鹿足郡吉賀町田野原尾路地谷支流 sp. や“Pleuromya” sp. などの二枚貝化石を産出する.中で かのあし ご うち <分布>鹿足河内川中流,樋口谷中流,尾路地谷中流,金 も“Pleuromya” sp. は,合弁で後背部を上方にむけた自生 山谷中流. 産状で多産する.所属不明の内生二枚貝も産出しているが, <層厚>約 180~400 m 産出量は少ない.なお,これらの二枚貝化石を含む暗灰色泥 <下位層との関係>通産省(1980)は,錦層群と樋口層群の 岩は一般的に生物撹乱が発達している. 関係について,両者の地質構造が著しく異なることから不整 <地質年代>三上・宮川(1978)や三上・徳岡(1985)は,樋 合関係にあるとした.また,Hirano et al.(1978)や中ほか 口層群の下部層(本論の尾路地谷層下部~中部に相当)から由 (1985)などは,両層群は断層で接しているとした.本研究 来したと考えられる中粒~粗粒砂岩の転石から三畳紀最後期 では,樋口谷の支流で不整合露頭を確認することができた ~ジュラ紀前期を示す Cardinia sp. を報告し,Cardinia が (Fig. 3A, Loc. Hg13).この不整合露頭では,珪質でやや 一般的に下部ジュラ系から多産することや豊浦層群との比較 紫色がかったペルム系錦層群の泥岩を樋口層群の厚さ約 から,樋口層群下部層を下部ジュラ系ヘッタンギアン階~シ 50 cm の礫岩層が明瞭な浸食面を介して覆っている.また, ネムリアン階とした.しかし,本研究では,地質年代を議論 Loc. Hg13 の基底礫岩層は,基質支持で淘汰が悪く,礫の する上で重要な化石を採取できていない. 大部分は下位の錦層群に特徴的な珪質泥岩である. 3.樋口谷層(Higuchidani Fo rmation) <岩相>尾路地谷層は,礫岩や砂岩,泥岩からなる厚さ 4~ <新称> Hirano et al.(1978)の樋口層群上部層の一部,三 18 m の上方細粒化ユニットの繰り返しからなり,このユ 上・徳岡(1985)の樋口層中部層の一部と樋口層上部層,中 ニットの基底部には浸食面を伴う厚さ 2~10 m ほどの礫岩 ほか(1985)の樋口層群下部層の一部と樋口層群上部層にあ や砂岩が発達する.礫岩は礫支持が多く,礫は 1~3 cm の たる. 中礫で亜角~亜円礫を主体とする.また,上方細粒化ユニッ <模式地>島根県鹿足郡吉賀町六日市樋口谷支流 トの下部を占める礫岩は,上方や側方に向かって青灰色で淘 <分布>樋口谷上流,尾路地谷上流,金山谷上流. 汰の良いアルコース質砂岩に変化する.砂岩には,カレント <層厚>約 60~120 m+ リップルや斜交葉理,平行葉理が発達し,フレーザー層理な <下位層との関係>尾路地谷層とは整合関係にある. ども観察できる.なお,これらの上方細粒化ユニットの最上 <岩相>樋口谷層は,主に暗灰色の砂質泥岩からなる.稀に 部は,有機物に富んだ黒色~暗灰色あるいは暗紫色を帯びた 層厚約 1~2 m の暗灰色~灰色の砂岩や白色凝灰岩の薄層を 62 永田 紘樹ほか 2015―2 Fig. 4. Columnar sections of the Lower Jurassic Higuchi Group. 伴う.砂質泥岩は塊状で全般的に生物撹乱を受けており,大 eras cf. fontanellense, Arieticeras sp., Canavaria sp. が 型生物による生痕や Phycosiphon isp., Spirophycus isp. 報告され,樋口谷層の地質年代は,プリンスバッキアン期後 などが含まれている.暗灰色~灰色の砂岩層は,淘汰の比較 期とされた.しかし近年,西中山層のアンモノイド生層序が 的良い細~中粒砂岩からなり樋口谷層の下部~中部で観察で 再検討されたこと(Nakada and Matsuoka, 2011)や本研究 きるが(Loc. Hg15),側方への連続性は悪い.白色凝灰岩 で新たに発見された二枚貝化石により,従来推定されていた 層は,厚さ約 20 cm で樋口谷層中部に挟まれるが,こちら 年代とは異なる可能性が指摘される. も側方へは連続しない. 西中山層のアンモノイド生層序は,Nakada and Matsuo- <化石>本層からは Kolymonectes staeschei(Polubotko) ka(2011)によって再検討され,下位から上部プリンスバッ や Ryderia texturata(Terquem and Piette),Palmoxyto- キアン階の Canavaria japonica 帯,下部トアルシアン階 ma cygnipes(Young and Bird),Pseudomytiloides mat- の Paltarpites paltus 帯,Dactylioceras helianthoides 帯, sumotoi(Hayami),Oxytoma sp.,“Pleuromya” sp. などの Harpoceras inouyei 帯に区分された.Hirano(1973b)や 二枚貝化石と Fontanelliceras ? sp., Amaltheus ? sp. など 棚部ほか(1982)の Fontanelliceras fontanellense 帯は,C. のアンモノイド化石や巻貝化石,植物化石を産出する.アン japonica 帯と P. paltus 帯の一部にあたるとされ,Cana- モノイド化石は樋口谷(Loc. Hg17)で比較的多産し,殻口 varia や Arieticeras は C. japonica 帯 を,Fontanellic- 部は破損しているものの,ほぼ完全体で産出する.また,尾 eras fontanellense は P. paltus 帯を示す種とされた.した 路地谷(Loc. Or19)では,自生産状を示す“Pleuromya” がって,アンモノイドに基づいて本層の地質年代を推定する sp. が多産する. と,プリンスバッキアン期後期~トアルシアン期前期となる <地質年代> Hirano et al.(1978)により,豊浦層群西中山 可能性がある. 層の Fontanelliceras fontanellense 帯を示す Fontanellic- これに対して二枚貝化石の Kolymonectes は,ロシアお 地質雑 121( 2 ) 島根県西部,下部ジュラ系樋口層群の地質と北方系二枚貝化石群 63 Fig. 5. Early Jurassic bivalves from the Higuchi Group. 1–3, Palmoxytoma cygnipes (Young and Bird), Higuchidani Forma- tion, Loc. Or20 (Orojidani); 4,“ Pleuromya” sp., Higuchidani Formation, Loc. Hg17 (Higuchidani); 5, Pseudomytiloides matsumotoi (Hayami), Higuchidani Formation, Loc. Hg17 (Higuchidani); 6–8, Kolymonectes staeschei (Polubotko), Higu- chidani Formation, Loc. Or19 (Orojidani); 9, Ryderia texturata (Terquem and Piette), Higuchidani Formation, Loc. Hg17 (Higuchidani); 10, Oxytoma sp., Higuchidani Formation, Loc. Or20 (Orojidani). Scale bars, 10 mm. よびカナダの二枚貝生層序では重要なグループとされてお 地域の下部ジュラ系から報告された.本属は,明瞭な放射状 り,三畳紀ノーリアン期~ジュラ紀プリンスバッキアン期を の肋をもつ左殻と殻表面が平滑で放射肋が弱い右殻によって 示 す(Milova, 1976; Poulton, 1991).特 に K. staeschei 特徴づけられている(Milova, 1976; Damborenea, 1998, は,カナダ西部やカナダ極域,ロシア北東部のシネムリアン 2002).Kolymonectes に含まれる多数の種は,従来,ロシ 階に特徴的な二枚貝とされている(Poulton, 1991; Aberhan ア北東部および極東地域の下部ジュラ系から報告されていた et al., 1998).なお,比較的最近になってロシアのブレヤ が,Poulton(1991)や Aberhan(1998)は,Kolymonectes (Bureya)地域のプリンスバッキアン階であるデッシュ層 staeschei や Kolymonectes carlottensis(Whiteaves)をカ (Desh Fm.)からも K. staeschei が報告されたが(Sey et ナダの北西部や北極海沿岸からも報告し,さらに Dambo- al., 2004),本種は一般的にはヘッタンギアン階~シネムリ renea(1993, 1998, 2002)は,Kolymonectes が北半球だけ アン階から多産している(Milova, 1976; Repin, 1988; Sey でなく,南半球のアルゼンチン南西部やニュージーランドの et al., 1992).樋口谷層の地質年代は,アンモノイドによる 下部ジュラ系からも産出することを報告した.Dambore- とプリンスバッキアン期かプリンスバッキアン期後期~トア nea(1993)は,これらの結果を Smith and Briden(1977) ルシアン期前期と考えられるが,二枚貝化石に基づくとプリ によって復元されたジュラ紀の古地理図上に記し,少なくと ンスバッキアン期よりはやや古く,ヘッタンギアン期~シネ
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    Pectinoidea (Bivalvia: Propeamussiidae, Entoliidae and Pectinidae) from the Tarava Seamounts, Society Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) Henk H. DIJKSTRA Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands) [email protected] Philippe MAESTRATI Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, UMR 7138, case postale 51, 57, rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] Dijkstra H. H. & Maestrati P. 2013. — Pectinoidea (Bivalvia: Propeamussiidae, Entoliidae and Pectinidae) from the Tarava Seamounts, Society Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). Zoosystema 35 (3): 361-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2013n3a2 ABSTRACT Eighteen species of Pectinoidea (six Propeamussiidae Abbott, 1954, one KEY WORDS Bivalvia, Entoliidae Teppner, 1922, eleven Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815) are listed from French Polynesia, the Tarava Seamounts, Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, French littoral, Polynesia. Four Propeamussiidae species (Parvamussium lamellatum n. sp., bathyal, new species, Parvamussium scutulatum n. sp., Parvamussium vesiculosum n. sp., Cyclopecten new records. comptulus n. sp.) are new to science. RÉSUMÉ Pectinoidea (Bivalvia: Propeamussiidae, Entoliidae and Pectinidae) des Monts sous- marins Tarava, des Îles de la Société et de l’Archipel des Tuamotu (Polynésie française). Dix-huit espèces de Pectinoidea (six Propeamussiidae Abbott, 1954, un Ento- MOTS CLÉS Bivalvia, liidae Teppner, 1922, onze Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815) ont été récoltées des Polynésie française, Monts sous-marins Tarava, des Îles de la Société, et de l’Archipel des Tuamotu, littoral, Polynésie française. Quatre espèces de Propeamussiidae (Parvamussium lamel- bathyal, espèces nouvelles, latum n. sp., Parvamussium scutulatum n. sp., Parvamussium vesiculosum n. sp., nouvelles occurences.
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    A contribution to the knowledge of the pectinacean Mollusca (Bivalvia: Propeamussiidae, Entoliidae, Pectinidae) from the Indonesian Archipelago H.H. Dijkstra Dijkstra, H.H. A contribution to the knowledge of the pectinacean Mollusca (Bivalvia: Propea- mussiidae, Entoliidae, Pectinidae) from the Indonesian Archipelago. Zool. Verh. Leiden 271, 24.xii.l991: l-57, figs. 1-94, 1 table. — ISSN 0024-1652. Key words: Mollusca; Bivalvia; Propeamussiidae; Entoliidae; Pectinidae; taxonomy; Indonesia. Abstract: During the Indonesian-Dutch SNELLIUS -II Expedition (1984-1985) to the Indonesian Archipelago 46 pectinacean species were collected from the Flores Sea and Banda Sea (5°52'-9°57'S, 118°12'-123°58'E) at littoral to bathyal depth (835 m). One new pectinid genus, viz. Glorichlamys gen. nov., six new propeamussiids, viz. Parvamussium araneum spec. nov., Parvamussium carbaseum spec. nov., Parvamussium cassium spec. nov., Parvamussium undosum spec. nov., Parvamussium virgatum spec. nov., Cyclopecten cancellus spec. nov., and one new entoliid, viz. Pectinella aequoris spec. nov. are described. Twelve new records of Pectinacea for this region are mentioned. For Ostrea squamosa Gmelin, 1791 a lectotype is designated. In addition Pectinidae of the SNELLIUS-Expedition (1929- 1930) to the eastern region of Indonesia, and material collected by Dr B.W. Hoeksema near Sulawesi (1985, 1986) are reported upon. H.H. Dijkstra, Zoological Museum Amsterdam, P.O. Box 4766, 1009 AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Contents Introduction 3 Acknowledgements and abbreviations 5 Systematic part 6 Propeamussiidae 6 Entoliidae 23 Pectinidae 25 References 50 Index 55 Introduction For several centuries already Pectinidae are known from the Indonesian Archi• pelago. These were brought to Europe by explorers and commercial travellers.
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  • First Record of Non-Mineralized Cephalopod Jaws and Arm Hooks
    Klug et al. Swiss J Palaeontol (2020) 139:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00210-y Swiss Journal of Palaeontology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access First record of non-mineralized cephalopod jaws and arm hooks from the latest Cretaceous of Eurytania, Greece Christian Klug1* , Donald Davesne2,3, Dirk Fuchs4 and Thodoris Argyriou5 Abstract Due to the lower fossilization potential of chitin, non-mineralized cephalopod jaws and arm hooks are much more rarely preserved as fossils than the calcitic lower jaws of ammonites or the calcitized jaw apparatuses of nautilids. Here, we report such non-mineralized fossil jaws and arm hooks from pelagic marly limestones of continental Greece. Two of the specimens lie on the same slab and are assigned to the Ammonitina; they represent upper jaws of the aptychus type, which is corroborated by fnds of aptychi. Additionally, one intermediate type and one anaptychus type are documented here. The morphology of all ammonite jaws suggest a desmoceratoid afnity. The other jaws are identifed as coleoid jaws. They share the overall U-shape and proportions of the outer and inner lamellae with Jurassic lower jaws of Trachyteuthis (Teudopseina). We also document the frst belemnoid arm hooks from the Tethyan Maastrichtian. The fossils described here document the presence of a typical Mesozoic cephalopod assemblage until the end of the Cretaceous in the eastern Tethys. Keywords: Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea, Desmoceratoidea, Coleoidea, Maastrichtian, Taphonomy Introduction as jaws, arm hooks, and radulae are occasionally found Fossil cephalopods are mainly known from preserved (Matern 1931; Mapes 1987; Fuchs 2006a; Landman et al. mineralized parts such as aragonitic phragmocones 2010; Kruta et al.
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