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Chemical Constituents of the Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Tegu Lizards (Tupinambis Merianae) (Family Teiidae) José Martína,*, Silvia Chamutb, Mario E

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Chemical Constituents of the Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Tegu Lizards (Tupinambis Merianae) (Family Teiidae) José Martína,*, Silvia Chamutb, Mario E Chemical Constituents of the Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Tegu Lizards (Tupinambis merianae) (Family Teiidae) José Martína,*, Silvia Chamutb, Mario E. Manesb, and Pilar Lópeza a Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Fax: 34-91-5 64 50 78. E-mail: [email protected] b Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, F. Ameghino s/n, El Manantial (4105), Tucumán, Argentina * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 66 c, 434 – 440 (2011); received December 2, 2010/March 25, 2011 In spite of the importance of chemical signals (pheromones) in the reproductive behav- iour of lizards, the chemical compounds secreted by their femoral glands, which may be used as sexual signals, are only known for a few lizard species. Based on mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS, we found 49 lipophilic compounds in femoral gland secretions of male tegu lizards (Tupinambis merianae) (fam. Teiidae), including a very high proportion of carboxylic acids and their esters ranging between n-C8 and n-C20 (mainly octadecanoic and 9,12-octadecadi- enoic acids), with much less proportions of steroids, tocopherol, aldehydes, and squalene. We discuss the potential function of these compounds in secretions, and compare the com- pounds found here with those documented for other lizard species. Key words: Tegu Lizard, Femoral Glands, Fatty Acids, Steroids Introduction pounds in secretions are similar in different lizard species, the presence and abundance of specifi c Chemical signals are important in intraspecifi c compounds vary widely between species (Wel- communication and sexual selection of many rep- don et al., 2008), which might be due to phyloge- tiles (Mason, 1992; Mason and Parker, 2010; Mar- netic or environmental differences (Alberts, 1992; tín and López, 2011). Males of many lizard species Escobar et al., 2003; Martín and López, 2006b). secrete chemical compounds from the femoral or However, the chemical composition of femoral precloacal glands (Alberts, 1993; Weldon et al., gland secretions has been analysed in only a few 2008) that may function as pheromones (Mason lizard species (reviewed in Weldon et al., 2008). and Parker, 2010; Martín and López, 2011). Mul- Most information relates to European lizards of tiple pheromone compounds in femoral gland se- the family Lacertidae (López and Martín, 2005b, cretions seem to inform about the characteristics c, 2006, 2009; Martín and López, 2006b, c, 2010b; and health state of a male (López et al., 2006; Mar- Gabirot el al., 2008; Kopena et al., 2009), Ameri- tín et al., 2007a). This information may be used by can lizards of the families Iguanidae (Weldon et females to select scent marks of some individual al., 1990; Alberts et al., 1992) and Liolaemidae males, which suggests pheromonal mate choice (Escobar et al., 2001, 2003), and an African cor- (e.g., Martín and López, 2000, 2006a; López et al., dylid lizard (Louw et al., 2007). However, there 2002, 2003; Olsson et al., 2003; López and Martín, are many lizard species within other taxonomic 2005a). Compounds in femoral gland secretions lineages and geographical areas that have femoral may also provide information on fi ghting ability pores with abundant secretions, which have never or dominance status to other males (Aragón et been chemically analysed, in spite of secretions al., 2001; Carazo et al., 2007; Martín et al., 2007b). being often related to chemical communication Femoral gland secretions are composed of both (see reviews by Weldon et al., 2008; Mason and lipids and proteins, but some specifi c lipophilic Parker, 2010). To understand the composition and compounds (i.e. steroids and fatty acids) seem to role of femoral gland secretions of lizards, we be the main compounds involved in pheromonal need more studies that deal with a wider range communication (Mason, 1992; Martín and López, of lizard taxa and consider a larger variety of en- 2006a, 2010a, 2011). Although the types of com- vironmental conditions. © 2011 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Tübingen · http://znaturforsch.com J. Martín et al. · Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Lizards 435 The tegu lizards of the genus Tupinambis (Sau- years old, during October 2009, coinciding with ria: Teiidae) comprise a group of carnivorous the mating season. Lizards came from the breed- lizards of large size (adult body weight of up to ing colony of the experimental farm at the Faculty 8 kg) that inhabit the South American plain, east of Agronomy and Zootecnia of the National Uni- of the Andes (Presch, 1973; Fitzgerald et al., 1999). versity of Tucumán in Northern Argentina. Origi- One of the southernmost species is the Argentine nal specimens were captured in the province of black and white tegu, Tupinambis merianae (for- Santa Fe (centre Argentina) and donated to us merly T. teguixin) (Cei and Scolaro, 1982). This by the “El Gringo” hatchery (Sa Pereira, Prov- lizard has well developed femoral glands, but se- ince of Santa Fe, Argentina). The breeding stock cretions are only found in males during the short consisted of groups of one male and fi ve or six mating season that occurs around October (No- females, housed in open-air pens. The pens were riega et al., 2002; Manes et al., 2007; Chamut et al., surrounded by masonry walls, 1.2 m high; each 2009). The discharges of each gland unit merge pen contained a shelter, which provided shade into a solid cylinder of secretion, surrounded by and allowed each individual an area of 2 m2. epithelial cells, which is extruded to the exterior The animals were fed ad libitum with a hatch- (Chamut et al., 2009). There are no specifi c studies ery diet (Vega Parry and Manes, 2000). The liz- on the role of chemical cues in reproduction of ards were weighed [body mass, (4.46 ± 0.98) kg; tegu lizards, but these lizards show a series of dis- range, 3.36 – 6.85 kg] and their snout-vent length tinctive reproductive behaviours, including char- (SVL) was measured [(44.81 ± 3.15) cm; range, acteristic territorial scent marking (Mercolli and 42 – 52.5 cm]. The lizards had an average of 24 ± 2 Yanosky, 1989; Fitzgerald et al., 1991; Noriega et (range, 22 – 26) femoral pores on each leg. al., 1996). During scent-marking, males typically We extracted the secretion cylinders from the rub their thighs and cloacal region on the ground femoral pores of the lizards using slim pliers, and (Mercolli and Yanosky, 1989; Fitzgerald et al., kept the secretions in glass vials closed with Tef- 1991; Noriega et al., 1996). This behaviour abrades lon-lined stoppers. Vials were stored at –20 °C un- the secretion cylinders from the femoral glands, til analyses. We also used the same procedure, but leaving a trail of odour on the soil (Chamut et without collecting secretion, to obtain blank con- al., 2009). The tongue-fl icking responses and the trol vials that were treated in the same manner overlapping of territorial scent marks, when some to compare with the lizards samples to be able males were replaced by others, indicate the pres- to exclude contaminants from the handling proce- ence and response to secretions on the substrate dure and for examining impurities in the solvent. (Chamut et al., 2009). All these observations sug- We analysed the samples with a ThermoQuest gest that femoral glands play an important role (Austin, TX, USA) Trace 2000 gas chromatograph in the reproductive behaviour of tegu lizards, pre- fi tted with a poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethylsi- sumably by releasing pheromones. loxane) column (Trace TR-5, 30 m in length, In T. merianae, the weak staining of cells in 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm fi lm thickness; Thermo the femoral glands by Sudan Red indicates the Fisher Scientifi c Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and presence of lipids in the secretion (Chamut et al., a ThermoQuest Trace 2000 mass spectrometer 2009). However, the chemical compounds in fem- as detector. The samples, 2 ml of each sample oral gland secretions of this lizard are unknown. dissolved in n-hexane (capillary GC grade; Sig- Moreover, there are no studies on the chemical ma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) composition of any lizard species belonging to the were injected in the splitless mode with an inlet family Teiidae. In the present paper, we report the temperature of 280 °C. The gas chromatograph results of an analysis by gas chromatography-mass was programmed so that the oven temperature spectrometry (GC-MS) of the lipophilic fraction was kept at 50 °C for 3 min, increased to a fi nal of femoral gland secretions of male tegu lizards temperature of 300 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min, and (T. merianae) from an Argentinean population. kept at this temperature for 15 min. The carrier gas was helium at 30 cm/s. Ionization by electron Material and Methods impact (70 eV) was carried out at 220 °C. Mass spectral fragments below m/z 46 were not record- We collected femoral gland secretions from ed. Impurities identifi ed in the solvent and/or the eight adult male T. merianae, between 2 and 7 control vial samples are not reported. Initial iden- 436 J. Martín et al. · Femoral Gland Secretions of Male Lizards tifi cation of secretion components was performed analyses of the fatty acids in the fat and muscle by comparison of sample mass spectra with those tissue of tegu lizards indicated that linoleic acid in the NIST/EPA/NIH 1998 computerized mass is one of the more abundant fatty acids, and that spectral library. When possible, identifi cations it is more abundant in the fat of this lizard than were confi rmed by comparison of spectra and re- in other animals (Caldironi and Manes, 2006; Fer- tention times with those of authentic standards reira et al., 2009).
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