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Approach Distances and Escape Behavior of the San WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS IRCF REPTILES • VOL15, &NO AMPHIBIANS 4 • DEC 2008 189 • 22(1):24–26 • MAR 2015 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES Approach. Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis Distances catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: and Escape Behavior On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: of theA Hypothetical San Excursion ............................................................................................................................Salvador Curly-tailedRobert W. HendersonLizard, 198 RESEARCHLeiocephalus ARTICLES loxogrammus parnelli . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida .............................................Benjamin C. Dlugolecki,Brian J. Camposano, Ethan Kenneth M. Karle, L. Krysko, Dianne Kevin M. Enge,L. Winter, Ellen M. Donlan, and Karaand Michael A. KoehlerGranatosky 212 Department of Biology, Avila University, Kansas City, Missouri 64145 CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 . More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225 wo subspecies of the Bahamian Curly-Tailed Lizard, uge. Escape distance (distance fled before stopping) also is HUSBANDRY Leiocephalus loxogrammus, are currently recognized. predicted to increase with risk and decrease with cost (e.g., T . Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226 Leiocephalus loxogrammus parnelli is endemic to San Salvador Cooper and Pérez-Mellado 2004). (Figs. 1 & 2) and PROFILEL. l. loxogrammus is endemic to Rum Cay In previous studies of Curly-tailed lizards, Cooper (2007) . Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234 (Henderson and Powell 2009). Little is known about the found no significant effects of approach distance in Northern natural history of L.COMMENTARY l. parnelli (Henderson and Powell 2009). Curly-tailed Lizards (Leiocephalus carinatus) in Florida on dis- Species of Leiocephalus. The are Turtles largely Have Been sit-and-wait Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ predators that tance fled or the probability Ericof Gangloffthe individual 238 entering a refuge. feed primarily on insectsBOOK but REVIEW also consume buds, flowers, and Nelson et al. (2001) recorded mean initial response distances seeds (Schoener et al.. Threatened1982). TheAmphibians San of Salvador the World edited Curly-tailed by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann,in Hispaniolan J.S. Chanson, Pale-bellied N.A. Cox, Curly-tailed Lizards (L. semilinea- Lizard is largely xerophilicR. Berridge, and P. is Ramani, most and frequentlyB.E. Young .............................................................................................................. encoun- tus) of 2.01 m and in Red-sided Robert Powell Curly-tailed 243 Lizards (L. sch- tered in rocky areas butCONSERVATION also occupies RESEARCH sandy beaches,REPORTS: human- Summaries of Publishedreibersii Conservation) of Research3.85 m.Reports Gifford ................................. et al. (2008), 245 in a study of two populated sites, and NATURALmore densely HISTORY vegetated RESEARCH coastal REPORTS habitats: Summaries of PublishedHispaniolan Reports on speciesNatural History of Leiocephalus ................................., found 247 that populations in NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 (Schwartz and Henderson EDITORIAL 1991). INFORMATION These lizards ..................................................................................................................................................... are particu- more open, especially coastal habitats 251 had longer hindlimbs, larly abundant around FOCUS ruins ON dating CONSERVATION to the Loyalist: A Project EraYou Can after Support ...............................................................................................faster sprint speeds, and longer approach 252 distances. the American Revolution (Hillbrand et al. 2011). During a five-day period in May 2013, we assessed Prey facing an approaching predator monitor predator approach and escape distances of Leiocephalus loxogrammus distance and speed to assess risk and make decisions regard- parnelli to test predictions that approach and escape distances ing appropriate defensive responsesFront (Lima Cover. Shannonand Dill Plummer. 1990). wouldBack differ Cover. significantlyMichael Kern based on size class. Based largely on Totat et velleseque audant mo Totat et velleseque audant mo Ydenberg and Dill (1986) predictedestibus thatinveliquo the velique distance rerchil at conclusionsestibus inveliquo byvelique Stiller rerchil and McBrayer (2013), we predicted which escape behavior is initiated erspienimus,increases quos with accullabo. predation Ilibus erspienimus,that juveniles quos accullabo. would Ilibus allow the closest approaches and exhibit aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum risk and decreases with costs of fleeingfugiatis or maionsequat remaining eumque in a ref- thefugiatis shortest maionsequat escape eumque distances. moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as accullabo. Fig. 1. An adult female San Salvador Curly-tailed Lizard (Leiocephalus Fig. 2. A juvenile San Salvador Curly-tailed Lizard (Leiocephalus loxogram- loxogrammus parnelli) from scrub habitat near Rocky Point. Photograph mus parnelli) from “Watling’s Castle.” Photograph by Robert Powell. by Robert Powell. Copyright © 2015. Benjamin C. Dlugolecki. All rights reserved. 24 DLUGOLECKI ET AL. IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 22(1):24–26 • MAR 2015 Methods tion and the site to which the individual moved. To avoid We conducted our study near Watling’s Castle approaches to the same lizards, we did not approach animals (23°57’16.49”N, 74°32’46.53”W) on San Salvador Island in the same size class within 20 m of a previous observation. (Fig. 3), Commonwealth of the Bahamas. Based on data We used StatView® 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North collected during a concurrent study (Dlugolecki et al. 2015) Carolina) for statistical tests; ANOVA to compare responses and to reduce variable effects attributable to time of day, of lizards in the three size classes, t-tests for comparisons of we limited approaches of lizards to morning peak-activity any two size classes, and Kendall Correlation to examine periods (0900–1130 h). Mean temperature during the study relationships between approach and escape distances. All periods was 31.5 ± 0.8 °C. means are presented ± one SD. For all tests, a = 0.05. We adapted methods used previously by Nelson et al. (2001) and Gifford et al. (2008). We approached lizards Results only if they had not reacted to our presence. The same per- We approached 46 individuals (5 adult males, 31 small adults, son, moving at a standard speed of 0.8–1.0 m/sec, halted 10 juveniles). Insolation (F = 0.26, df = 2, P = 0.77), initial immediately when the focal individual initiated an escape. microhabitat (F = 0.30, df = 2, P = 0.74), and escape micro- We then measured the distance to where the lizard had habitat (F = 0.19, df = 2, P = 0.83) did not differ significantly been and the distance it moved before stopping. For each by size class, but approach distances (Fig. 4) varied signifi- approach, we recorded the size class of the individual (adult cantly (F = 10.55, df = 2, P = 0.0002), with juveniles allowing male, small adult of undetermined sex, juvenile), insola- the closest approaches (1.03 ± 0.21 m, 0.35–2.30 m), followed tion (sun/shade) at the original location of the lizard, and by small adults (1.45 ± 0.13 m, 0.38–3.50 m) and adult males microhabitat (rocks versus ground) for both the initial loca- (2.83 ± 0.32 m, 2.34–4.10 m). Differences in escape distances by size class (Fig. 5) approached significance (F = 2.52, df = 2, P = 0.09); however, those of adult males (0.73 ± 0.14 m, 0.40–1.10 m) and small adults (0.73 ± 0.07 m, 0.08–1.46 m) were significantly greater than those of juveniles (0.45 ± 0.06 m, 0.15–0.75 m) (t = 2.42 and 2.52, respectively; P = 0.02 for both). Approach and escape distances were not significantly correlated for all lizards (Z = -0.34, P = 0.74), adult males (Z = 0.94, P = 0.35), small adults (Z = -1.90, P = 0.058), or juve- niles (Z = 0.19, P = 0.85). Discussion Our predictions that juveniles would allow the
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