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The Church of Scotland, Past and Present

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The Church of Scotland, Past and Present ™^ MAR 27 t?94 3!!?ii3emst»'^ -BR ,5647 V.2 s M' ,J i [^ P^ _ KM r^\ from the Xnqraviac in Beza's Icones. THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, PAST AND present: ITS HISTORY, ITS RELATION TO THE LAW AND THE STATE, ITS DOCTRINE, RITUAL, DISCIPLINE, AND PATRIMONY. EDITED BY EGBERT HERBERT STORY, D.D. [Edin.] E.S.A., PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN THE UfaVERSITY OF GLASGOW, AND ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S CHAPLAINS. LONDON: WILLIAM MACKENZIE, 69 LUDGATE HILL, E.C. EDINBURGH. GLASGOW, & DUBLIN. In compliance with current copyright law, LBS Archival Products produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1993 (a r &TG^iD©&S [}flAMO[L¥®W r FROM THE ORIGINAL PAlNTiiiG' IN GLASGOW UNIVERS'T-i r ALE^AKKEiE [HEWIDE^S r THE 0Ri3:'.AL FAINTING' IN GLASGOVv UI-IVERSiTY "^ a © !>^ T © !f^ [E (S; ® E R L S ARCHBISHOP OF GLAS60 W- Eain"buron University. Frnin The Oriq:miJ Painrinc in /^ THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. BOOKS II. -Ill THE CHURCH FROM THE REIGN OF MALCOLM CANMORE TO THE REFORMATION ; AND FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE REVOLUTION OF 1688. r.EV. JAIMES EANKIN, D.D, AfTHOR OF "HANDBOOK OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND," "CHARACTER STUDIES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT;- "THE YOUNG CHURCHMAN,- &<;., ic. BOOK II. THE SCOTTISH CHURCH FROM QUEEN MARGARET TO THE REFORMATION. CHAPTEE IX. Character of the Celtic Church preceding Queen Margaret—Personal history of Queen Margaret—The successors of Malcolm III. and Queen Margaret: Alexander I., 1107-1124; David I., 1124-1153; William I. (the Lion), 1165-1214— Scottish sees as at 1200—Religious houses before 1200— Terms and principles of the new Eoraan system—The clergy and religious houses. Alexander II. and III., 1214- 1249-1286 : Ancient code of canons— Bishop Bernham of St. Andrews, his decrees of 1242. Alexander III., 1249-1286: Stages of the Papal claims on Scotland- Alexander's heir, the Maid of Norway. The Forty Years' War of Scottish Independence— Claimants for the throne, John Baliol and Robert Bruce—Scotland overrun by Edward I. in 1296—Checked by Wallace—Scotland again overrun by Edward I. in 1303— Coronation of Robert I. (the Bruce) in 1306—Independence of Scotland recognized by treaty, 1328. David II., 1329-1370 : First collegiate church in 1342. Robert II., 1370-1390, first of the Stuart kings. Robert III., 1390-1406 : Regency in 1398, Duke of Rothesay, and in 1402, Robert, Duke of Albany —Regency of Murdac, Duke of Albany, in 1419. In the history of Scottish Christianity few dates are of greater importance than the arrival in Scotland and marriage of Mar- garet of England to Iving Malcolm III, at Dunfermline. The marriage is variously assigned to 1068, 1069, and 1070. Before 1070 there was no Eoman Church in Scotland, although Scottish Christianity had of course a great many rites and ceremonies in common with Eome, and Scottish churchmen in not a few cases had visited Eome. The difference between the Eoman and the Scottish Churches consisted in such matters as these : — The Scottish Church while acknowledging many of the saints common to Christen- dom, especially those of the East, had in addition a very- extensive local Calendar, deeply venerated, which outnum- bered the Eoman element. It had also peculiarities in a 18 202 THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. frontal instead of a coronal tonsure for monks; in a shorter Lenten Fast, which made up the forty days by including Sun- days, and began on Monday instead of on Wednesday; in a different time for Easter, dependent on a more ancient method of reckoning; in the absence of special or obligatory Easter Supper Communion ; in the regular celebration of the Holy with what were by Eomanists called " barbarous rites." The most marked features of the Scottish Church were in its government and orders, where monasteries took the place of dioceses, where abbots were above bishops, where bishops were without dioceses, where ordination was conferred occasionally, if not habitually, by one single bishop instead of three, where bishops were too numerous to be diocesan, and where (latterly at least) abbots were frequently married, making church lands hereditary in their families. Between the marriage of Queen Margaret in 1070 and the death of her son, David I., in 1153, there took place a fierce struggle of a new with an older form of Christianity, wdierein the new prevailed, being zealously supported by the Anglicized royal family and new Norman nobility, who revolutionized in this country both secular property and church government. When this struggle had ended in the overthrow of the ancient Celtic Church, the violence was hidden, or attempted to be hidden, by appropriating the old saints, as if there had been no difference or break between their Christianity and that of St. Margaret and St. David. Queen Margaret—called, from margarita, " the Pearl of Scot- land" — was a Saxon princess of Northumbria, granddaughter St. the of Edmund Ironside ( + 1017), and niece to Edward the Conqueror began his Confessor ( + 1066). When William reign he forced the Saxon princes and nobles to flee to Scotland in 1068. Edgar Atheling,^ his mother Agatha, and his two sisters, Margaret and Christina, took refuge with King Malcolm III., called Canmore ( = Great Head, born 1024, king 1057). The refugees landed near Dunfermline, at St. Mar- <Taret's Hope, and the king met his future wife at a great stone on the roadside, ever since called St. Margaret's Stone, between Dunfermline and the shore. ^ Add, noble, and in'/, son of. DEATH OF QUEEN MARGAEET. 263 ]Margaret, at Dunfermline, laboured in peace and piety, founding a monastery there in 1075, and rebuilding the church of lona. She restored Sunday observance by making Sunday field-work illegal. She also procured more regular and frequent celebration of the Lord's Supper, and purified marriage by firmly stopping it within the prohibited degrees. The brave king could not read, but he rejoiced in her knowledge, and helped her plans, kissing often her books of devotion, and furnishing their jewelled binding. Each morning she prepared food for nine orphans, and on her knees fed them. Nightly she washed the feet of six paupers. Her fastings were frequent and prolonged (to the injury of her health), and in Lent she read the whole Psalter twice in every twenty-four hours. With all this austerity she dressed richly as a queen, kept a large retinue, and used dishes of silver and gold for her plain food. She was careful of her children's education, and had them wholesomely whipped for their faults. Thus her influence and policy descended through her three sons who reigned—Edgar, 1097-1107; Alexander I., 1107-1124; and especially David L, devout mind moulded Scotland 1124-1153 ; whereby really one ecclesiastically for eighty-three years — from St. Margaret's marriage to St. David's death (1070-1153). Her husband and her eldest son fell when besieging Alnwick, 13th November, 1093. " How fares it with the king and my Edward?" was her first question asked of her son Edgar on his return. The tidings proved her own death. " Praise and blessing be to Thee, Almighty God, that Thou hast been pleased to make me endure so bitter anguish in the hour of my departure, thereby, as I trust, to purify me in some measure from the corruption of my sins ; and Thou, Lord Jesus, who, through the will of the Eather, hast enlivened the w^orld by Thy death, oh deliver me." Pronouncing deliver me, she ex- pired, in the Castle of Edinburgh, 16th November, 1093, hold- ing in her hands her favourite and famous Black Hood—a cross of gold wath a Christ of ebony—which gave its name to Holy- rood Abbey. In 1249 she was canonized, and next year the relics of Malcolm and Margaret were buried in the same tomb at Dunfermline. The Queen's Ferry became the name of the rocks where pilgrims embarked to visit the shrine of St. 264 THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. Margaret and St. David. It is a just recognition of the claims of " the Pearl of Scotland," when in our own day we have Queen Margaret colleges. The character of Queen Margaret (like that of Columba, David I., and Leighton) is one of the rare points of unity among historians of all churches and politics. Her life has been written by her confessor, Turgot, prior of Durham, and afterwards Bishop of St. AndreM^s. This biography is a most precious contemporary record, with one transparent fault—of too many superlatives, which is a common drawback to ecclesi- astical biography written by contemporaries and friends. In early youth the Saxon princess had for her instructor the great Lanfranc, archbishop— of Canterbury, who, in a letter quoted by Bellesheim,^ says : " Dear queen, the space of a letter permits not my telling how my heart overflows with joy on reading your pages." The author of "Celtic Scotland"^ thus warmly characterizes the good queen : —" There is perhaps no more beautiful character recorded in history than that of Margaret. For purity of motives, for an earnest desire to benefit the people among whom her lot was cast, for a deep sense of religion and great personal piety, for the unselfish performance of whatever duty lay before her, and for entire self-abnegation, she is unsurpassed, and the chroniclers of the time all bear witness to her exalted character." On the deaths of Malcolm III. and Queen Margaret, in 1093, there followed a period of indecision, during which Donald Bane was quasi king for a few months, and then Duncan, an illegi- timate son of ]\Ialcolm, reigned two years.
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