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CUSTOS BOREALIS the Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975

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CUSTOS BOREALIS the Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975 CUSTOS BOREALIS The Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975 KENNETH C. EYRE Edited by P. WHITNEY LACKENBAUER CUSTOS BOREALIS © Kenneth C. Eyre and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, 2020 North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network c/o School for the Study of Canada Trent University Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted electronically, without prior written consent of the copyright holder or a copyright licensing agency. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Custos Borealis: The Military in the Canadian North / Ken Eyre; edited with an introduction and afterword by P. Whitney Lackenbauer (NAADSN Monograph Series, no. 1) Issued in electronic and print formats ISBN: 978-1-989811-01-6 (e-book) 978-1-989811-00-9 (print) 1. Canada—Military—History. 2. Canada—Arctic—History—20th century. 3. Canada—Northern Development—History. 4. Canada—Sovereignty— History. 5. Canada, Northern—History. I. Eyre, Ken, author II. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney, author, editor. III. Title: Custos Borealis: The Military in the Canadian North IV. Series: NAADSN Monograph Series; no.1 Designer: Ryan Dean Cover Design: Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer Distributed by the North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network (NAADSN) CUSTOS BOREALIS The Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975 Kenneth C. Eyre Edited with an Introduction and Afterword by P. Whitney Lackenbauer Foreword by BGen Patrick Carpentier Monograph Series 2020 This book is dedicated to the men and women of the Canadian Forces who have served in the North, and to the Northerners who have supported them. Contents FOREWORD by BGen Patrick Carpentier ............................................................ i KEN EYRE, CUSTOS BOREALIS, AND THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN NORTH by P. Whitney Lackenbauer .................................. v Editor’s Note .......................................................................................... xxxv Kenneth Charles Eyre: A Biographical Profile ............................... xxxviii CUSTOS BOREALIS by Ken Eyre PREFACE ................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 5 2. FALSE START: The Yukon Field Force: 1898-1900 .................................... 15 3. HIATUS: The Empty Years: 1900-1922 ......................................................... 31 4. NATION BUILDING I: The Interwar Years 1922-1939 ............................. 37 5. OPENING THE NORTH: Northern Military Projects during the Second World War ............................................................................................................. 65 6. THE DEFENCE OF A STRATEGIC FRONTIER: The Aerial Defence of North America ..................................................................................................... 103 7. NORTHERN APPROACHES: The Defence of Northern Lands ............. 121 8. THE OTHER OCEAN: Naval Operations in the North ............................ 145 9. NATION BUILDING II: The Postwar Years: 1945-1964 .......................... 165 10. RESURGENCE: The Military in the Contemporary North .................... 201 11. CONCLUSION: The Land of Tomorrow .................................................. 229 AFTERWORD ..................................................................................................... 239 THE CANADIAN ARMED FORCES AND THE NORTH SINCE 1975: A BRIEF SURVEY by P. Whitney Lackenbauer .................................................. 239 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY by Ken Eyre ..................................................... 287 FURTHER READING by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ....................................... 295 INDEX .................................................................................................................. 316 List of Maps ii Joint Task Force (North) Area of Responsibility. Joint Task Force (North) iii Joint Task Force (North) Area of Responsibility overlaid on a map of the Continental United States. Joint Task Force (North) 4 The Canadian North. Ken Eyre 7 Canadian Northern communities. Ken Eyre 14 Route of the Yukon Field Force. Ken Eyre 36 Trading Posts, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Posts, and Missions, 1921. Diamond Jenness, Eskimo Administration: II. Canada (Montreal: Arctic Institute of North America, 1964) 47 Chart Indicating Routes and Special Patrols, Hudson Strait Expedition, 1927-1928. N.B. McLean, Report of the Hudson Strait Expedition 1927-28 (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1929) 53 Northwest Territories & Yukon Radio System Locations, 1923-1939. Ken Eyre 68 Joint Military Projects, 1943. Shelagh Grant, Sovereignty or Security? (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1988) 94 Air Ferry Routes to Britain, 1941-45. Grant, Sovereignty or Security? 106 North Polar Projection. Ken Eyre 112 Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line System. Federal Electric Corporation map reproduced from Matthew Farish, “Frontier Engineering: From the Globe to the Body in the Cold War Arctic,” Canadian Geographer 50:2 (2006) 123 Northern Military Exercises, 1944-1946. Ken Eyre 128 Exercise Musk-Ox, 15 February-6 May 1946. Canadian Army map reproduced in C.S. Beals and D.A. Shenstone, eds., Science, History and Hudson Bay, vol.2 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1968). 150 Northwest Passage Transit, HMCS Labrador, 23 July-20 September 1954. Leeming, “HMCS Labrador and the Canadian Arctic” in RCN in Retrospect, ed. James A. Boutilier (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1982) 153 Eastern Arctic Operations, HMCS Labrador, July-October 1956. J.M. Leeming, “HMCS Labrador and the Canadian Arctic” 163 U.S. submarine paths in the Arctic, 1958-79. Waldo Lyon Papers, US Navy History and Heritage Command Archives, reproduced in Adam Lajeunesse, Lock, Stock and Icebergs: A History of Canada’s Arctic Maritime Sovereignty (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2016), 228. 168 Northwest Territories & Yukon Radio System Locations, 1940-1963. Ken Eyre 175 The Alaska Highway. Ken Coates, North to Alaska (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1992) 184 Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS). Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer 200 Northern Region. Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer 207 Route of the SS Manhattan, 1969. Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer 246 Canada’s Arctic Islands and Mainland Baselines. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Chart M-400 (March 2000) Acronyms AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme ANPF Arctic and Northern Policy Framework AOPS Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ships AOR area of responsibility ASW anti-submarine warfare ATB Advisory Technical Board BGen Brigadier General CADIZ Canadian Air Defence Identification Zones CAF Canadian Armed Forces Canol Canadian Oil CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CCGS Canadian Coast Guard Ship CDS Chief of the Defence Staff CE Common Era CF Canadian Forces CFNA Canadian Forces Northern Area CIRNAC Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada CJOC Canadian Joint Operations Command CRPG Canadian Ranger Patrol Group CSIS Canadian Security Intelligence Service DCASS Documents on Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security DEW Line Distant Early Warning Line DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade DHH Directorate of History and Heritage DIAND Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development DIS Directorate of Information Services DM Deputy Minister DND Department of National Defence (Canada) DoD Department of Defense (United States) DoT Department of Transport DPW Department of Public Works Acronyms DRB Defence Research Board DRDC Defense Research and Development Canada FOL Forward Operating Location HMCS His / Her Majesty’s Canadian Ship HME Highway Maintenance Establishment HMS His / Her Majesty’s Ship ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile IMO International Maritime Organization JAWS Joint Arctic Weather Stations JTFN Joint Task Force (North) LAC Library and Archives Canada LORAN Long Range Aid to Navigation LCol Lieutenant Colonel Lt Lieutenant MP Member of Parliament NARA National Archives and Records Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDHQ National Defence Headquarters NESP Northern Employment Support Plan NORAD North American Air/Aerospace Defense Command NORPAT Northern Patrol (air) NORPLOY Northern Deployment (maritime) NRHQ Northern Region Headquarters NSC National Security Council NWHS Northwest Highway System NWS North Warning System NWSR Northwest Staging Route NWT Northwest Territories NWT & YRS Northwest Territories and Yukon Radio System OGD other government department OGDAs other government departments and agencies PAME Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment PCMR Pacific Coast Militia Rangers PJBD Permanent Joint Board on Defence PPC Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Centre Acronyms PSEPC Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada RC Sigs Royal Canadian Corps of Signals RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force RCCS Royal Canadian Corps of Signals RCE Royal Canadian Engineers RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCN Royal Canadian Navy RG Record Group RN Royal Navy RNWMP Royal North-West Mounted Police SAC Strategic Air Command SAR search and rescue SCEAND Subcommittee on Maritime Defence of the Standing Committee on External Affairs and National Defence Shoran short-range navigation SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile SSBN nuclear-power, ballistic-missile carrying submarine SSE Strong, Secure, Engaged - Canada’s June 2017 defence
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