DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution and Function of the Plant Cell Wall Synthesis-Related Glycosyltransferase Family 81[W][OA]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution and Function of the Plant Cell Wall Synthesis-Related Glycosyltransferase Family 81[W][OA] Evolution and Function of the Plant Cell Wall Synthesis-Related Glycosyltransferase Family 81[W][OA] Yanbin Yin, Huiling Chen, Michael G. Hahn, Debra Mohnen*, and Ying Xu Computational Systems Biology Laboratory and Institute of Bioinformatics (Y.Y., H.C., Y.X.), BioEnergy Science Center (Y.Y., M.G.H., D.M., Y.X.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (M.G.H., D.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., Y.X.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 Carbohydrate-active enzyme glycosyltransferase family 8 (GT8) includes the plant galacturonosyltransferase1-related gene family of proven and putative a-galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT) and GAUT-like (GATL) genes. We computationally identified and investigated this family in 15 fully sequenced plant and green algal genomes and in the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant protein database to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of the GAUTs and GATLs to other GT8 family members. The GT8 proteins fall into three well-delineated major classes. In addition to GAUTs and GATLs, known or predicted to be involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis, class I also includes a lower plant- specific GAUT and GATL-related (GATR) subfamily, two metazoan subfamilies, and proteins from other eukaryotes and cyanobacteria. Class II includes galactinol synthases and plant glycogenin-like starch initiation proteins that are not known to be directly involved in cell wall synthesis, as well as proteins from fungi, metazoans, viruses, and bacteria. Class III consists almost entirely of bacterial proteins that are lipooligo/polysaccharide a-galactosyltransferases and a-glucosyltransferases. Sequence motifs conserved across all GT8 subfamilies and those specific to plant cell wall-related GT8 subfamilies were identified and mapped onto a predicted GAUT1 protein structure. The tertiary structure prediction identified sequence motifs likely to represent key amino acids involved in catalysis, substrate binding, protein-protein interactions, and structural elements required for GAUT1 function. The results show that the GAUTs, GATLs, and GATRs have a different evolutionary origin than other plant GT8 genes, were likely acquired from an ancient cyanobacterium (Synechococcus) progenitor, and separate into unique subclades that may indicate functional specialization. Plant cell walls are composed of three principal plants, cell walls also have many economic uses in types of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose, and human and animal nutrition and as sources of natural pectin. Studying the biosynthesis and degradation of textile fibers, paper and wood products, and compo- these biopolymers is important because cell walls have nents of fine chemicals and medicinal products. The multiple roles in plants, including providing structural study of the biosynthesis and biodegradation of plant support to cells and defense against pathogens, serv- cell walls has become even more significant because cell ing as cell-specific developmental and differentiation walls are the major components of biomass (Mohnen markers, and mediating or facilitating cell-cell com- et al., 2008), which is the most promising renewable munication. In addition to their important roles within source for the production of biofuels and biomaterials (Ragauskas et al., 2006; Pauly and Keegstra, 2008). 1 Analyses of fully sequenced plant genomes have re- This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy vealed that they encode hundreds or even thousands (grant no. DE–PS02–06ER64304), the National Science Founda- of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy; Henrissat tion (grant nos. NSF/DBI–0354771, NSF/DEB–0830024, NSF/ITR –IIS–0407204, NSF/DBI–0542119, NSF/CCF0621700, and NSF/ et al., 2001; Yokoyama and Nishitani, 2004; Geisler- MCB–0646109), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (grant no. Lee et al., 2006). Most of these CAZy enzymes (Cantarel NRI–CREES–2006–35318–17301 and grant no. 2010–65115–20396 et al., 2009) are glycosyltransferases (GTs) or glycoside from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture). The BioEnergy hydrolases, which are key players in plant cell wall Science Center was supported by the Office of Biological and biosynthesis and modification (Cosgrove, 2005). Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of The CAZy database is classified into 290 protein Science. families (www.cazy.org; release of September 2008), * Corresponding author; e-mail [email protected]. of which 92 are GT families (Cantarel et al., 2009). A The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the number of the GT families have been previously findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy characterized to be involved in plant cell wall biosyn- described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Ying Xu ([email protected]). thesis. For example, the GT2 family is known to [W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data. include cellulose synthases and some hemicellulose [OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a sub- backbone synthases (Lerouxel et al., 2006), such as scription. mannan synthases (Dhugga et al., 2004; Liepman et al., www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.110.154229 2005), putative xyloglucan synthases (Cocuron et al., Ò Plant Physiology , August 2010, Vol. 153, pp. 1729–1746, www.plantphysiol.org Ó 2010 American Society of Plant Biologists 1729 Yin et al. 2007), and mixed linkage glucan synthases (Burton their role(s) in plant cell wall synthesis. The apparent et al., 2006). With respect to the synthesis of xylan, a disparate functions of the GT8 family (i.e. the GAUTs type of hemicellulose, four Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis and GATLs as proven and putative plant cell wall thaliana) proteins from the GT43 family, irregular polysaccharide biosynthetic a-galacturonosyltrans- xylem 9 (IRX9), IRX14, IRX9-L, and IRX14-L, and two ferases, the eukaryotic GolSs as a-galactosyltransfer- proteins from the GT47 family, IRX10 and IRX10-L, are ases that synthesize the first step in the synthesis of the candidates (York and O’Neill, 2008) for glucurono- oligosaccharides stachyose and raffinose, the putative xylan backbone synthases (Brown et al., 2007, 2009; PGSIPs, and the large bacterial GT8 family of diverse Lee et al., 2007a; Pen˜a et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2009). In a-glucosyltransferases and a-galactosyltransferases addition, three proteins have been implicated in the involved in lipopolysaccharide and lipooligosaccha- synthesis of an oligosaccharide thought to act either ride synthesis) indicate that the GT8 family members as a primer or terminator in xylan synthesis (Pen˜a are involved in several unique types of glycoconjugate et al., 2007): two from the GT8 family (IRX8/GAUT12 and glycan biosynthetic processes (Yin et al., 2010). [Persson et al., 2007] and PARVUS/GATL1 [Brown This observation led us to ask whether any of the GT8 et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2007b]) and one from the GT47 family members are sufficiently closely related to family (FRA8/IRX7 [Zhong et al., 2005]). GAUT and GATL genes to be informative regarding The GT families involved in the biosynthesis of GAUT or GATL biosynthetic function(s) and/or mech- pectins have been relatively less studied until recently. anism(s). In 2006, a gene in CAZy family GT8 was shown to To investigate the relatedness of the members of the encode a functional homogalacturonan a-galacturo- GT8 gene family, we carried out a detailed phyloge- nosyltransferase, GAUT1 (Sterling et al., 2006). GAUT1 netic analysis of the entire GT8 family in 15 completely belongs to a 25-member gene family in Arabidopsis, sequenced plant and green algal genomes (Table I) and the GAUT1-related gene family, that includes two also included GT8 proteins from the National Center distinct but closely related families, the galacturono- for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant syltransferase (GAUT) genes and the galacturonosyl- protein database (NCBI-nr), the largest protein se- transferase-like (GATL) genes (Sterling et al., 2006). quence database worldwide. Our specific goal was to Another GAUT gene, GAUT8/QUA1, has been sug- define GT8 orthologs across different plant genomes gested to be involved in pectin and/or xylan synthesis, and to investigate the evolutionary relationships based on the phenotypes of plant lines carrying mu- among the different GT8 subfamilies. During this tations in this gene (Bouton et al., 2002; Orfila et al., study, we also identified both conserved amino acid 2005). It has further been suggested that multiple sequence motifs present in all GT8 subfamilies and members of the GT8 family are galacturonosyltrans- those motifs specific to the GT8 subfamilies relevant to ferases involved in pectin and/or xylan biosynthesis cell wall synthesis. Lastly, we analyzed these motifs in (Mohnen, 2008; Caffall and Mohnen, 2009; Caffall terms of their structural locations and possible func- et al., 2009). tions based on a predicted GAUT1 protein tertiary Aside from the 25 GAUT and GATL genes, Arabi- (3D) structure to provide information that can be used dopsis has 16 other family GT8 genes, according to the to direct future GAUT and GATL structure-function CAZy database, which do not seem to have the con- studies. served sequence motifs found in GAUTs and GATLs: HxxGxxKPW and GLG (Sterling et al., 2006). Eight of these 16 genes are annotated as galactinol synthase (GolS) by The Arabidopsis Information Resource RESULTS (TAIR; www.arabidopsis.org),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphology, Genome Plasticity, and Phylogeny in the Genus
    Protist, Vol. 164, 643–659, xx 2013 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date xxx ORIGINAL PAPER Morphology, Genome Plasticity, and Phylogeny in the Genus Ostreococcus Reveal a Cryptic Species, O. mediterraneus sp. nov. (Mamiellales, Mamiellophyceae) a,b c d a,b Lucie Subirana , Bérangère Péquin , Stéphanie Michely , Marie-Line Escande , a,b,2 a,b e a,b Julie Meilland , Evelyne Derelle , Birger Marin , Gwenaël Piganeau , a,b a,b a,b,1 Yves Desdevises , Hervé Moreau , and Nigel H. Grimsley a CNRS, UMR7232 Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Organisms Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France b UPMC Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France c Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1 V 0A6, Canada d INRA UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Micalis, Bimlip, Bât. CBAI, BP 01, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France e Biozentrum Köln, Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany Submitted December 4, 2011; Accepted June 18, 2013 Monitoring Editor: David Moreira Coastal marine waters in many regions worldwide support abundant populations of extremely small (1-3 ␮m diameter) unicellular eukaryotic green algae, dominant taxa including several species in the class Mamiellophyceae. Their diminutive size conceals surprising levels of genetic diversity and defies classical species’ descriptions. We present a detailed analysis within the genus Ostreococcus and show that morphological characteristics cannot be used to describe diversity within this group. Karyotypic analyses of the best-characterized species O. tauri show it to carry two chromosomes that vary in size between individual clonal lines, probably an evolutionarily ancient feature that emerged before species’ divergences within the Mamiellales.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Photosynthetic Eukaryotes Inhabited Low-Salinity Habitats
    Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited PNAS PLUS low-salinity habitats Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldoa,1, John A. Ravenb,c, Davide Pisanid,e, and Andrew H. Knollf aSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United Kingdom; bDivision of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom; cPlant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; dSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; eSchool of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; and fDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Edited by Peter R. Crane, Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, Virginia, and approved July 7, 2017 (received for review December 7, 2016) The early evolutionary history of the chloroplast lineage remains estimates for the origin of plastids ranging over 800 My (7). At the an open question. It is widely accepted that the endosymbiosis that same time, the ecological setting in which this endosymbiotic event established the chloroplast lineage in eukaryotes can be traced occurred has not been fully explored (8), partly because of phy- back to a single event, in which a cyanobacterium was incorpo- logenetic uncertainties and preservational biases of the fossil re- rated into a protistan host. It is still unclear, however, which cord. Phylogenomics and trait evolution analysis have pointed to a Cyanobacteria are most closely related to the chloroplast, when the freshwater origin for Cyanobacteria (9–11), providing an approach plastid lineage first evolved, and in what habitats this endosym- to address the early diversification of terrestrial biota for which the biotic event occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Analysis of the Smallest Free-Living Eukaryote Ostreococcus
    Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote SEE COMMENTARY Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features Evelyne Derellea,b, Conchita Ferrazb,c, Stephane Rombautsb,d, Pierre Rouze´ b,e, Alexandra Z. Wordenf, Steven Robbensd, Fre´ de´ ric Partenskyg, Sven Degroeved,h, Sophie Echeynie´ c, Richard Cookei, Yvan Saeysd, Jan Wuytsd, Kamel Jabbarij, Chris Bowlerk, Olivier Panaudi, BenoıˆtPie´ gui, Steven G. Ballk, Jean-Philippe Ralk, Franc¸ois-Yves Bougeta, Gwenael Piganeaua, Bernard De Baetsh, Andre´ Picarda,l, Michel Delsenyi, Jacques Demaillec, Yves Van de Peerd,m, and Herve´ Moreaua,m aObservatoire Oce´anologique, Laboratoire Arago, Unite´Mixte de Recherche 7628, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universite´Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP44, 66651 Banyuls sur Mer Cedex, France; cInstitut de Ge´ne´ tique Humaine, Unite´Propre de Recherche 1142, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 141 Rue de Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; dDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and eLaboratoire Associe´de l’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; fRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149; gStation Biologique, Unite´Mixte de Recherche 7144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universite´Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France; hDepartment of Applied Mathematics, Biometrics and
    [Show full text]
  • Red and Green Algal Monophyly and Extensive Gene Sharing Found in a Rich Repertoire of Red Algal Genes
    Current Biology 21, 328–333, February 22, 2011 ª2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.037 Report Red and Green Algal Monophyly and Extensive Gene Sharing Found in a Rich Repertoire of Red Algal Genes Cheong Xin Chan,1,5 Eun Chan Yang,2,5 Titas Banerjee,1 sequences in our local database, in which we included the Hwan Su Yoon,2,* Patrick T. Martone,3 Jose´ M. Estevez,4 23,961 predicted proteins from C. tuberculosum (see Table and Debashish Bhattacharya1,* S1 available online). Of these hits, 9,822 proteins (72.1%, 1Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources including many P. cruentum paralogs) were present in C. tuber- and Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers culosum and/or other red algae, 6,392 (46.9%) were shared University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA with C. merolae, and 1,609 were found only in red algae. A total 2Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay of 1,409 proteins had hits only to red algae and one other Harbor, ME 04575, USA phylum. Using this repertoire, we adopted a simplified recip- 3Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 rocal BLAST best-hits approach to study the pattern of exclu- University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada sive gene sharing between red algae and other phyla (see 4Instituto de Fisiologı´a, Biologı´a Molecular y Neurociencias Experimental Procedures). We found that 644 proteins showed (IFIBYNE UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y evidence of exclusive gene sharing with red algae. Of these, Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, 145 (23%) were found only in red + green algae (hereafter, Argentina RG) and 139 (22%) only in red + Alveolata (Figure 1A).
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Grazing Rates of the Herbivorous Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium Sp
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published December 16 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Growth and grazing rates of the herbivorous dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sp. from the open subarctic Pacific Ocean Suzanne L. Strom' School of Oceanography WB-10, University of Washington. Seattle. Washington 98195, USA ABSTRACT: Growth, grazing and cell volume of the small heterotroph~cdinoflagellate Gyrnnodin~um sp. Isolated from the open subarctic Pacific Ocean were measured as a funct~onof food concentration using 2 phytoplankton food species. Growth and lngestlon rates increased asymptotically with Increas- ing phytoplankon food levels, as did grazer cell volume; rates at representative oceanic food levels were high but below maxima. Clearance rates decreased with lncreaslng food levels when Isochrysis galbana was the food source; they increased ~vithlncreaslng food levels when Synechococcus sp. was the food source. There was apparently a grazlng threshold for Ingestion of Synechococcus: below an initial Synechococcus concentration of 20 pgC 1.' ingestion rates on this alga were very low, while above this initial concentratlon Synechococcus was grazed preferent~ally Gross growth efficiency varied between 0.03 and 0.53 (mean 0.21) and was highest at low food concentrations. Results support the hypothesis that heterotrophic d~noflagellatesmay contribute to controlling population increases of small, rap~dly-grow~ngphytoplankton specles even at low oceanic phytoplankton concentrations. INTRODUCTION as Gymnodinium and Gyrodinium is difficult or impos- sible using older preservation and microscopy tech- Heterotrophic dinoflagellates can be a significant niques; experimental emphasis has been on more component of the microzooplankton in marine waters. easily recognizable and collectable microzooplankton In the oceanic realm, Lessard (1984) and Shapiro et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Evolution an Introduction to the History of Life
    Plant Evolution An Introduction to the History of Life KARL J. NIKLAS The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 1 Origins and Early Events 29 2 The Invasion of Land and Air 93 3 Population Genetics, Adaptation, and Evolution 153 4 Development and Evolution 217 5 Speciation and Microevolution 271 6 Macroevolution 325 7 The Evolution of Multicellularity 377 8 Biophysics and Evolution 431 9 Ecology and Evolution 483 Glossary 537 Index 547 v Introduction The unpredictable and the predetermined unfold together to make everything the way it is. It’s how nature creates itself, on every scale, the snowflake and the snowstorm. — TOM STOPPARD, Arcadia, Act 1, Scene 4 (1993) Much has been written about evolution from the perspective of the history and biology of animals, but significantly less has been writ- ten about the evolutionary biology of plants. Zoocentricism in the biological literature is understandable to some extent because we are after all animals and not plants and because our self- interest is not entirely egotistical, since no biologist can deny the fact that animals have played significant and important roles as the actors on the stage of evolution come and go. The nearly romantic fascination with di- nosaurs and what caused their extinction is understandable, even though we should be equally fascinated with the monarchs of the Carboniferous, the tree lycopods and calamites, and with what caused their extinction (fig. 0.1). Yet, it must be understood that plants are as fascinating as animals, and that they are just as important to the study of biology in general and to understanding evolutionary theory in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Construct a Plant Evolution Timeline
    Constructing a Timeline of Plant Evolution Use this photo as a guide to creating an interactive timeline. Refer to Geologic Time Scale charts. A good resource is http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.php Use the “Plant Timeline Cards” found at the end of this document. Attach pictures with Velcro to allow for manipulation by students, and to “build” the timeline in increments. Teachers will need to find and print photos for “seed ferns” or omit that step in the timeline. Cut and paste the text below under each picture. Cyanobacteria: Also known as blue- Mosses: These have the first identifiable green algae, these are bacteria transport systems for water (xylem), and (prokaryotes – no nucleus) that can reproduce via spores, which encase sex photosynthesize. cells to prevent desiccation. They still need to live near water. First eukaryotes (cell nucleus): Scientist think that eukaryotes evolved via Hornworts: These developed the cuticle symbiosis, with one bacteria engulfing (waxy coating to prevent water loss) and another, but not digesting it. stomata (openings in the cuticle to allow Chloroplasts were originally for gas exchange.) All land plants except cyanobacteria engulfed by another liverworts have these two features. bacterium. Development of a true vascular system Anabaena: These water organisms allowed for better transport of water evolved from being unicellular to more and provided structural support for the complex, multicellular organisms. Their plant to grow taller. specialized cells help with nitrogen fixation. Club mosses: These were the first plants to have true leaves with veins. They also Stoneworts: Scientists think that developed roots as an anchoring system colonization of land occurred only once, to allow plant to grow taller.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Bloom—How Flowering Plants Changed the World
    The Big Bloom—How Flowering Plants Changed the World Written by Michael Klesius Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine -- July 2002 In the summer of 1973 sunflowers appeared in my father's vegetable garden. They seemed to sprout overnight in a few rows he had lent that year to new neighbors from California. Only six years old at the time, I was at first put off by these garish plants. Such strange and vibrant flowers seemed out of place among the respectable beans, peppers, spinach, and other vegetables we had always grown. Gradually, however, the brilliance of the sunflowers won me over. Their fiery halos relieved the green monotone that by late summer ruled the garden. I marveled at birds that clung upside down to the shaggy, gold disks, wings fluttering, looting the seeds. Sunflowers defined flowers for me that summer and changed my view of the world. Flowers have a way of doing that. They began changing the way the world looked almost as soon as they appeared on Earth about 130 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period. That's relatively recent in geologic time: If all Earth's history were compressed into an hour, flowering plants would exist for only the last 90 seconds. But once they took firm root about 100 million years ago, they swiftly diversified in an explosion of varieties that established most of the flowering plant families of the modern world. Today flowering plant species outnumber by twenty to one those of ferns and cone-bearing trees, or conifers, which had thrived for 200 million years before the first bloom appeared.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Chloroplastic Class IIA Aldolase a Marine Enzyme&Quest;
    The ISME Journal (2016) 10, 2767–2772 © 2016 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/16 www.nature.com/ismej SHORT COMMUNICATION Is chloroplastic class IIA aldolase a marine enzyme? Hitoshi Miyasaka1, Takeru Ogata1, Satoshi Tanaka2, Takeshi Ohama3, Sanae Kano4, Fujiwara Kazuhiro4,7, Shuhei Hayashi1, Shinjiro Yamamoto1, Hiro Takahashi5, Hideyuki Matsuura6 and Kazumasa Hirata6 1Department of Applied Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan; 2The Kansai Electric Power Co., Environmental Research Center, Keihanna-Plaza, Kyoto, Japan; 3School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan; 4Chugai Technos Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan; 5Graduate School of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan and 6Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Expressed sequence tag analyses revealed that two marine Chlorophyceae green algae, Chlamydo- monas sp. W80 and Chlamydomonas sp. HS5, contain genes coding for chloroplastic class IIA aldolase (fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase: FBA). These genes show robust monophyly with those of the marine Prasinophyceae algae genera Micromonas, Ostreococcus and Bathycoccus, indicating that the acquisition of this gene through horizontal gene transfer by an ancestor of the green algal lineage occurred prior to the divergence of the core chlorophytes (Chlorophyceae and Treboux- iophyceae) and the prasinophytes. The absence of this gene in some freshwater chlorophytes, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Volvox carteri, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella variabilis and Coccomyxa subellipsoidea, can therefore be explained by the loss of this gene somewhere in the evolutionary process. Our survey on the distribution of this gene in genomic and transcriptome databases suggests that this gene occurs almost exclusively in marine algae, with a few exceptions, and as such, we propose that chloroplastic class IIA FBA is a marine environment-adapted enzyme.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae
    21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae RS. Salomon and I. Imai 2L1 Introduction Pathogens are any organisms that cause disease to other living organisms. Parasitism is an interspecific interaction where one species (the parasite) spends the whole or part of its life on or inside cells and tissues of another living organism (the host), from where it derives most of its food. Parasites that cause disease to their hosts are, by definition, pathogens. Although infection of metazoans by other metazoans and protists are the more fre quently studied, there are interactions where both host and parasite are sin gle-celled organisms. Here we describe such interactions involving microal gae as hosts. The aim of this chapter is to review the current status of research on pathogens of harmful microalgae and present future perspec tives within the field. Pathogens with the ability to impair and kill micro algae include viruses, bacteria, fungi and a number of protists (see reviews by Elbrachter and Schnepf 1998; Brussaard 2004; Park et al. 2004; Mayali and Azam 2004; Ibelings et al. 2004). Valuable information exists from non-harm ful microalgal hosts, and these studies will be referred to throughout the text. Nevertheless, emphasis is given to cases where hosts are recognizable harmful microalgae. 21.2 Viruses Viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) have been found in more than 50 species of eukaryotic microalgae, and several of them have been isolated in laboratory cultures (Brussaard 2004; Nagasaki et al. 2005). These viruses are diverse both in size and genome type, and some of them infect harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing species (Table 21.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Responses of the Picoprasinophyte Micromonas Commoda to Light and Ultraviolet Stress
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Responses of the picoprasinophyte Micromonas commoda to light and ultraviolet stress Marie L. Cuvelier1☯¤a³, Jian Guo1☯¤b³, Alejandra C. Ortiz1¤c, Marijke J. van Baren1, Muhammad Akram Tariq2¤d, FreÂdeÂric Partensky3, Alexandra Z. Worden1,4,5* 1 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Moss Landing, CA, United States of America, 2 Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America, 3 Sorbonne UniversiteÂsÐUPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS UMR, Station Biologique, CS, a1111111111 Roscoff, France, 4 Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, a1111111111 United States of America, 5 Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced a1111111111 Research, Toronto, Canada a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. ¤a Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America ¤b Current address: Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America ¤c Current address: Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, OPEN ACCESS United States of America ¤d Current address: School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Citation: Cuvelier ML, Guo J, Ortiz AC, van Baren Pakistan MJ, Tariq MA, Partensky F, et al. (2017) ³ These authors are co-first authors on this work. Responses of the picoprasinophyte Micromonas * [email protected] commoda to light and ultraviolet stress. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0172135. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0172135 Abstract Editor: Amanda M. Cockshutt, Mount Allison University, CANADA Micromonas is a unicellular marine green alga that thrives from tropical to polar ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Neoproterozoic Origin and Multiple Transitions to Macroscopic Growth in Green Seaweeds
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/668475; this version posted June 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds Andrea Del Cortonaa,b,c,d,1, Christopher J. Jacksone, François Bucchinib,c, Michiel Van Belb,c, Sofie D’hondta, Pavel Škaloudf, Charles F. Delwicheg, Andrew H. Knollh, John A. Raveni,j,k, Heroen Verbruggene, Klaas Vandepoeleb,c,d,1,2, Olivier De Clercka,1,2 Frederik Leliaerta,l,1,2 aDepartment of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium bDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium cVIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium dBioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium eSchool of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia fDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic gDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA hDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA. iDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK jSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (M048), 35 Stirling Highway, WA 6009, Australia kClimate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia lMeise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected].
    [Show full text]