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Les Juifs D'ex-URSS En Israël: Chronique D'une Décennie D'immigration

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Les Juifs D'ex-URSS En Israël: Chronique D'une Décennie D'immigration Les juifs d’ex-URSS en Israël: Chronique d’une décennie d’immigration. William Berthomière To cite this version: William Berthomière. Les juifs d’ex-URSS en Israël: Chronique d’une décennie d’immigration.. 2010. halshs-00097442 HAL Id: halshs-00097442 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00097442 Preprint submitted on 21 Sep 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LES JUIFS D’EX-URSS EN ISRAËL Chronique d’une décennie d’immigration par William BERTHOMIERE LES JUIFS D’EX-URSS EN ISRAËL Chronique d’une décennie d’immigration par William BERTHOMIERE Chargé de recherche CNRS Equipe MIGRINTER (Migrations internationales Espaces et Sociétés) UMR 6588 CNRS [email protected] MSHS POITIERS 99, Av. du Recteur Pineau, 86000 POITIERS Visitez notre site internet http://www.mshs.univ-poitiers.fr/migrinter/index.htm 2 A Dorith et à Stan. 3 Ce texte est une version écourtée de la thèse de doctorat en géographie que j’ai soutenu en janvier 2000 sous la direction du Professeur Gildas Simon à l’Université de Poitiers. Afin de ne pas charger le fichier pdf, un nombre important de cartes a été supprimé de ce volume électronique. Vous pouvez disposer du texte complet par « prêt inter-bibliothèques » à l’Université de Poitiers - cotes : TL 27- 2000-4(1)-B et TL 27-2000-4(2)-B et au centre de documentation de Migrinter (MSHS Poitiers) - cote: T 41. Référence bibliographique complète : Titre : Israël et l'immigration : les Juifs d'ex-URSS, acteurs des enjeux territoriaux et identitaires Auteur(s) : Berthomière , William Simon , Gildas , directeur de these Université de Poitiers . Département de géographie , université de soutenance) Date : 2000 Editeur : [S.l.] : [s.n.] Langue : français Description : 2 vol. (568 f.) : ill. ; 30 cm Note(s) : Bibliogr. p. 470-504 Note de thèse : Thèse de doctorat : Géographie : Poitiers : 2000 4 Résumé: Israël a connu au cours des années quatre-vingt-dix, une des aliya les plus importantes de son histoire. L'immigration juive a en effet connu suite à l'effondrement du bloc communiste, une nette recrudescence avec l'arrivée de milliers de Juifs soviétiques. Au cours des dernières années, plus d'un million de Juifs ont quitté l'ex-URSS pour l'occident dont la majorité s'est dirigée vers Israël (environ 800 000), seul véritable pays d'accueil. Cette vague migratoire a totalement perturbé le régime démographique d'Israël et a conduit ses dirigeants à repenser leur stratégie territoriale. Les impératifs territoriaux, qu'étaient la déconcentration spatiale de la frange littorale au profit des espaces sous-peuplés du sud, l'impulsion d'une mobilité interne du centre vers le nord du pays (Galilée) ou vers Jérusalem-est afin de maîtriser démographiquement ces espaces disputés aux populations arabes, et qui avaient été quelque peu délaissés faute de dynamisme démographique suffisant, ont pu être totalement reconsidérés. Néanmoins, la mise en place d'une politique d'intégration directe laissant le libre choix de résidence aux nouveaux immigrants, n'a pas permis un interventionnisme direct de l'Etat dans la répartition spatiale de l'immigration. Cette thèse s'est donc attachée à montrer quelles ont été les interactions entre logiques de groupes et logiques d'Etat dans le contexte de la migration juive d'ex-URSS. Par l'esquisse d'une typologie des pratiques de l'espace des Juifs ex-soviétiques nous avons tenté d'amener des éléments de conclusions sur les convergences ou divergences des actions de ces deux acteurs de la scène socio-politique israélienne des années quatre-vingt-dix. L'ensemble des résultats avancés dans l'analyse de la répartition des nouveaux immigrants ont également permis de déceler les reconfigurations identitaires sous-jacentes qui nous ont poussé à penser Israël autrement. Mots-clefs: démographie ; flux migratoire ; vague migratoire ; territoire ; répartition géographique ; réseaux communautaires ; intégration ; logement ; pratique urbaine ; développement régional ; diaspora ; Israël ; Russes ; Soviétiques. Abstract: Israel has known during the 90's, one of the most important aliya of its history. The Jewish immigration with the collapse of the communist bloc faced a net recrudescence with the arrival of thousands of Soviet Jews. During the last years, more than a million of Jews left the FSU for the West whose the majority moved to Israel (more than 800 000). This new migration completely disturbed the demographic mode of Israel and led its leaders to reconsider their territorial strategy. The territorial imperatives, that were the population dispersal of the littoral fringe to the profit of under-populated spaces of the south, the impulse of an internal mobility of the centre towards the north of the country (Galilee) or to East- Jerusalem in order to control demographically these spaces disputed with the Arab population, and which had been somewhat forsaken fault of sufficient demographic dynamism, could be completely reconsidered. Nevertheless, the set-up of a policy of direct absorption leaving the free choice of residence to the new immigrants, did not allow a direct interventionism of the State in the spatial distribution of the immigrants. This thesis thus attempted to show which were the interactions between logic of groups and logic of State in the context of the Jewish migration from FSU. By the draft of a typology of the practices of the space of the Soviet Jews we tried to bring elements of conclusion on convergence or divergence of the actions of these two actors of the Israeli socio-political scene of the 90'S. The results advanced in the analysis of the spatial distribution of the new immigrants also allowed to detect some subjacent reconfigurations of identity which pushed us to think Israel differently. 5 Sommaire INTRODUCTION GENERALE 8 PREAMBULE - L’ETAT D’ISRAËL DE 1948 A L’APRES GUERRE FROIDE : LECTURE DES INTERACTIONS ENTRE RECONFIGURATIONS TERRITORIALES ET REGIMES DEMOGRAPHIQUES 12 PREMIERE PARTIE L’IMMIGRATION OU LA CLEF DEMOGRAPHIQUE D’ISRAËL CHAPITRE UN - LES JUIFS RUSSES ET L’EDIFICATION D’ISRAEL 19 I « morphogénèse de l’etat d’Israël » : un lieu, une population, un homme........................................ 20 II Vers une reconfiguration de l’environnement géopolitique du sionisme............................................ 30 III L’emergence des Juifs sovietiques comme acteurs de la scène géopolitique israélienne........................ 46 CHAPITRE DEUX - ISRAËL : UN TERRITOIRE CONSTRUIT SUR LE BINOME IMMIGRATION/GEOSTRATEGIE 52 I Occuper l’espace : Des Ma’abaroth aux villes de développement.................................................... 52 II De nouveaux territoires, une nouvelle vision de l’aménagement territorial ...................................... 64 III L’état d’Israël à la veille des événements de 1989, une architecture socio-spatiale complexe............ 70 CHAPITRE TROIS – UNE STRATEGIE TERRITORIALE REMISE EN QUESTION 82 I L’après 1967 : vers une inadéquation du discours stratégique et du contexte démographique.......... 82 II Les Juifs soviétiques, un élément clef de la scène géopolitique israélo-palestinienne .......................... 91 CONCLUSION DE LA PREMIERE PARTIE 100 DEUXIEME PARTIE 1989, L’EFFONDREMENT DU BLOC SOVIETIQUE : « MANNE » DEMOGRAPHIQUE VERSUS NOUVELLE REALITE SOCIALE ? CHAPITRE QUATRE – UNE IMMIGRATION MASSIVE A L’IDENTITE PLURIELLE 102 I Analyse démographique de la minorité juive de l’ex-URSS dans son contexte national ............... 102 II Analyse géoculturelle des Juifs d’ex-URSS................................................................................ 107 III L’aliya d’ex-URSS : un « seisme » migratoire pour Israël......................................................... 123 6 Sommaire CHAPITRE CINQ - L’ACCUEIL DES JUIFS EX-SOVIETIQUES : « GERER L’URGENCE » 131 I Spécificités socio-démographiques de l’immigration d’ex-URSS................................................... 131 II De l’assistanat à l’autonomie, parcours d’insertion des immigrants ex-sovietiques........................ 139 CHAPITRE SIX – RESIDENCE ET PRATIQUES DE L’ESPACE. UNE CONVERGENCE D’INTERETS ENTRE LOGIQUES D’ETAT ET LOGIQUES DES MIGRANTS 169 I Facteurs socio-économiques et filières migratoires ........................................................................ 169 II Typologie des pratiques de l’espace chez les immigrants d’ex-URSS ........................................... 183 III Immigration et géostratégie : une synthèse « réussie » ?................................................................ 194 CHAPITRE SEPT - VERS UNE NOUVELLE REALITE SOCIO- DEMOGRAPHIQUE D’ISRAËL 213 I Le déclin de l’immigration d’ex-URSS, symbole d’un nouvel israel ?.......................................... 213 II « Unicité ou normalité », une problematique émergente en Israël................................................. 230 CONCLUSION DE LA DEUXIEME PARTIE 245 CONCLUSION GENERALE : PENSER ISRAËL AUTREMENT ? 247 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 252 7 INTRODUCTION GENERALE Israël, ce nom évoque pour certains l’avènement d’un rêve, répété au fil des siècles
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