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MALACOFAUNA BENTÓNICA DE LOS CANALES OCEÁNICOS DEL SUR DE CHILE (43O - 45O S)*

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MALACOFAUNA BENTÓNICA DE LOS CANALES OCEÁNICOS DEL SUR DE CHILE (43O - 45O S)* Cienc. Tecnol. Mar, 29 (1):Malacofauna 103-114, 2006 bentónica de los canales oceánicos del sur de Chile 103 MALACOFAUNA BENTÓNICA DE LOS CANALES OCEÁNICOS DEL SUR DE CHILE (43o - 45o S)* BENTHIC MALACOFAUNA OF OCEANIC CANALS IN SOUTHERN CHILE (43o- 45o S)* CECILIA OSORIO 1 RENÁN PEÑA 2 LAURA RAMAJO 1 NICOLE GARCELON 1 1 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile. Casilla 653, Santiago. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello. Recepción: 30 de julio de 2004 - Versión corregida aceptada: 25 de noviembre de 2005. RESUMEN En el análisis de las muestras biológicas del crucero CIMAR 8 Fiordos realizado en julio de 2002 (43o- 45o S), se determinó la presencia de 52 taxas de moluscos, mostrándose un claro predominio de las Clases Gastrópoda y Bivalvia. El bivalvo: Nuculana cuneata, el cefalópodo: Semirossia patagonica, y los gastrópodos: Calyptraea decipiens, Trophon acanthodes, Trophon veronicae, Aeneator (Ellicae) loisae, Drillia janseni, y Mangelia magellanica, son nuevos registros geográficos para el área de los fiordos. Se constató la presencia de oviposturas de gastrópodos y de cefalópodos Loliginidae. El análisis merístico de la relación largo/ancho en tres especies de bivalvos y cuatro especies de gastrópodos mostró un significativo factor de correlación. Se establece que el área es una zona de transición faunística al no encontrarse especies endémicas. Palabras claves: Moluscos, nuevos registros, fiordos, sur de Chile. ABSTRACT During the CIMAR 8 Fjords cruise on July 2002 (43o-45o S), 52 taxa of molluscs were found. Gastropods and bivalves were dominant. Eight species represent new geographical record for the area: Nuculana cuneata, Semirossia patagonica, Calyptraea decipiens, Trophon acanthodes, Trophon veronicae, Aeneator (Ellicae) loisae, Drillia janseni y Mangelia magellanica. Also found were capsules of the gastropods and cephalopods. The meristic analysis of relation length/width into three species of bivalves and four species of gastropods showed a significant correlation. This area is a transitional zone, because no endemic species were found. Key words: Molluscs, new record, Fjord, Southern Chile. *Proyecto CONA-C8F 02-11. 104 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, Vol. 29 (1) - 2006 INTRODUCCIÓN solución de formalina al 10% en agua de mar, y preservados en alcohol 70o. Se trabajó a nivel En el sur de Chile se encuentra uno de los fiordos taxonómico más específico posible, mediante bi- más grandes del mundo con más de 50.000 km de bliografía especializada (Castellanos, 1967; 1988; costa (Camus, 2001). Es una región relativamente 1992; Castellanos & Landoni 1988; 1989; 1990; aislada, con un clima lluvioso (2.000 a 5.000 mm 1993; Forcelli, 2000; Guzmán et al., 1998; por año) y escasa población humana (0,7 hab/km2). Pastorino, 2005; Ramorino, 1968; Reid & Osorio, El conocimiento de la flora y fauna marina de esta 2000; Schrödl, 1996, 2003; Villarroel & Stuardo, región es insuficiente. Los resultados de los cruce- 1998) y por comparación con colecciones deposi- ros CIMAR 1, 4 y 7 Fiordos han permitido incremen- tados en el British Natural History Musem de Lon- tar sustancialmente el conocimiento de la dres. Los registros de moluscos en reproducción biodiversidad del área de los canales de la XI re- fueron trabajados separadamente, se contaron y gión. Ello ha generado un significativo avance en el midieron las cápsulas y los juveniles intracapsulares. conocimiento de la diversidad biológica del plancton (Avaria et al., 1997, 1999; Palma & Rosales, 1997; Para los estudios de correlación de tamaño Mujica & Medina, 1997, 2000; Balbontín & Bernal, (longitud v/s ancho) se consideraron sólo bivalvos 1997; Palma et al., 1999; Bernal & Balbontín, 1999; y gastrópodos con un número superior a 30 ejem- Marín & Delgado, 2001); de los peces (Pequeño & plares. En cada ejemplar se midió la longitud y Lamilla, 1997; Pequeño, 1999, 2000), de los crus- ancho de la concha por medio de un vernier de táceos Decápodos (Retamal & Gorny, 2001) y de 0,1 mm de precisión. Los gráficos y datos de la paralarvas de cefalópodos (Vega et al., 2000). línea de regresión se obtuvieron utilizando el pro- grama estadístico Microsoft Excel. Los resultados del crucero CIMAR 7 (Osorio & Reid, 2004; Osorio et al., 2005) se refieren a la diversidad de moluscos en los canales interiores RESULTADOS del área de estudio (43o - 46o S). El crucero CIMAR 8 Fiordos agrega como área de estudio los canales Se recolectaron moluscos en 24 de las 78 es- exteriores u oceánicos: Tuamapu, King, Memory, taciones de la primera etapa del crucero CIMAR 8 Ninualac, Darwin y Pulluche que tienen conexión Fiordos. Se identificaron un total de 1.115 ejem- directa al océano Pacífico. Estas áreas son vías plares en 52 taxa. La lista de las especies identifi- naturales de migración de especies marinas entre cadas, las estaciones donde fueron encontradas y el océano abierto y las aguas interiores donde ocu- el rango de profundidad de cada una de las espe- rren procesos de reproducción, desove, desarrollo cies se encuentra en la Tabla II. El análisis de los y crecimiento de larvas, vitales para la mantención taxa mostró un claro predominio de las Clases de los ecosistemas que sustentan las principales Gastropoda (15 familias) y Bivalvia (12 familias), pesquerías de la Región. tanto en la cantidad de familias y especies; en con- junto estas clases están representadas en el área El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la com- con el 90% de las especies (Fig. 2). Polyplacophora posición taxonómica, distribución geográfica y estuvo representada por una familia, y la clase batimétrica de especies de moluscos bentónicos Scaphopoda y Cephalopoda estuvieron organiza- que habitan el área de canales, recolectados duran- das en dos familias, cada una. te la primera etapa de la campaña científica del cru- cero AGOR 60 “Vidal Gormaz” de la Armada de Chi- Los nuevos registros geográficos para el área le, realizado en julio de 2002 en la región de Aysén. son 9 especies, un Bivalvo (Nuculana cuneata), un Cefalópodo (Semirossia patagonica) y siete espe- cies de Gastrópodos (Tabla I). Del total de las espe- METODOLOGÍA cies mencionadas anteriormente, 2 tienen distribu- ción geográfica indicada para latitudes menores al Las muestras biológicas de bentos se obtu- área de estudio (Aeneator loisae y Nuculana vieron entre el 6 y 20 de julio de 2002, durante la cuneata). Las otras especies tienen su área de dis- primera etapa del crucero científico realizado por tribución en zonas más australes y Atlántica, el AGOR 60 “Vidal Gormaz” desde Boca del Guafo Epitonium magellanica, Calyptraea decipiens, (43o 40’ 57” S, 74o 24’ 07” W) hasta Anna Pink Trophon acanthodes, Mangellia magellanica, Drillia (45o 50’ 09” S, 75o 09’ 70” W) (Fig. 1), (Tabla I). janseni, Drillia suxdorfi y Semirossia patagonica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas mediante una rastra Agassiz. En 24 estaciones se recolectaron En cuatro estaciones se recolectaron 3 espe- moluscos, a profundidades que variaron entre 62 cies de cefalópodos. En la estación 2 en la boca y 345 m. Los especímenes fueron fijados en una del Guafo, a 200 m de profundidad, 3 ejemplares Malacofauna bentónica de los canales oceánicos del sur de Chile 105 Tabla I. Localidades, latitudes y longitudes de las estaciones donde se encontraron moluscos durante el crucero CIMAR 8 Fiordos (43o S - 45o S). Table I. Locality, latitude and longitude of stations during cruise CIMAR 8 Fjords (43o S - 45o S). Estación Latitud S Longitud W Localidad 1 43º 45’,29 74º 36’,78 Boca Guafo 2 43º 40’,57 74º 24’,07 Boca Guafo 4 43º 39’,36 73º 51’,11 Boca Guafo 6 43° 59’,43 73° 21’,43 Moraleda 8 44° 26’,11 73° 27’,54 Moraleda 9 44º 41’,37 73º 30’,10 Moraleda 14 45º 22’,21 73º 40’,40 Moraleda 43 43º 54’,33 73º 42’,41 Leucayec 45 43º 59’,5 74º 00’,77 Tuamapu 46 43º 58’,5 74º 19’,58 Tuamapu 51 44º 34’,5 74º 08’,19 King 53 44º 35’,40 74º 27’,13 King 54 44º 44’,52 74º 22’,76 Memory 56 44º 51’,36 74º 05’,34 Goñy 59 44º 58’,17 73º 51’,79 Ninualac 61 45º 01’,08 74º 07’,66 Ninualac 63 45º 02’,9 74º 21’,94 Ninualac 65 45º 26’,16 74º 21’,18 Darwin 67 45º 23’,49 74º 06’,2 Darwin 69 45º 26’,38 73º 49’,85 Darwin 71 45º 43’,55 74º 03’,48 Chacabuco 72 45º 42’,00 74º 10’,13 Chacabuco 76 45º 49’,34 74º 32’,65 Pulluche 78 45º 49’,76 74º 53’,89 Anna Pink de Semirossia patagonica, dos hembras y un ma- profundidad, sobre fango (Est. 72), también pre- cho, junto con gastrópodos y equinoideos. En la sentaron cápsulas sobre sus conchas. estación 45, en el canal Tuamapu a 220 m de pro- fundidad, un ejemplar macho de Enteroctopus Se registraron dos oviposturas de Loliginidae, megalocyathus, grande, entre juvenil y adulto. En estructuras gelatinosas semitransparentes, alarga- la estación 56 en las proximidades de la isla Goñy, das, con una base de fijación y su parte distal pun- a 180 m de profundidad, se recolectó un ejemplar tiaguda. Por transparencia se observaron interna- adulto de Semirossia patagonica, y también una mente paralarvas en desarrollo (26 y 37) con saco ovipostura de Loliginidae, junto con abundantes vitelino, presencia de tentáculos con ventosas, ojos ostiones (Zygochlamys patagonica), gastrópodos, grandes, sifón cerrado y manto completo con ale- braquiópodos y poliquetos y por último en la esta- tas posteriores. ción 71 en el canal Chacabuco a 70 m de profundi- dad, un ejemplar inmaduro de Robsonella Se realizó un análisis merístico de la relación fontainiana junto a gastrópodos y bivalvos. largo/ancho (Fig. 3) en los bivalvos Lucinoma antartica (Fig. 3a), Ennucula puelcha (Fig.
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