Informe Técnico (R. Pesq.) Nº 185-2016

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Informe Técnico (R. Pesq.) Nº 185-2016 Informe Técnico (R. Pesq.) Nº 185-2016 Establecimiento de veda biológica para el recurso Pulpo del sur (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) en la XIV Región de Los Ríos, X Región de Los Lagos, XI Región de Aysén y XII Región de Magallanes. X Región, Año 2016 Unidad de Recursos Bentónicos División de Administración Pesquera Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura Valparaíso, Septiembre de 2016 Distribución: • División de Desarrollo Pesquero, Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura • División Jurídica, Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura • Archivo Departamento de Pesquerías, Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura INFORME TÉCNICO (R. PESQ.) Nº 185/2016 2 1. OBJETIVO El objetivo del presente informe técnico es presentar los antecedentes que fundan la recomendación de modificar, el inicio del periodo de veda biológica del pulpo del sur Enteroctopus megalocyathus, en XIV Región de Los Ríos, X Región de Los Lagos, la XI región de Aysén y XII Región de Magallanes, dado que la medida actual, fue implementada en base a la información disponible en el año 1985, la que consideraba la existencia de una única especie a nivel nacional. Cabe señalar que mediante ORD./DZP/X/N° 68 del 30 de agosto de 2016, el Presidente del Comité de Manejo de pulpo del sur, X Región de Los Lagos, informa la recomendación de dicho Comité fundada en los antecedentes aportados por el IFOP, en el marco del Seguimiento de Pesquerías Bentónicas, relativa a establecer una veda biológica para el recurso pulpo del sur, entre el 15 de Octubre y el 15 de marzo, ambas fechas inclusive, a partir de la presente temporada 2016. Esta recomendación fue acordada por unanimidad del Comité de Manejo. INFORME TÉCNICO (R. PESQ.) Nº 185/2016 3 2. ANTECEDENTES 2.1. Aspectos biológicos de la especie 2.1.1. Distribución El pulpo chilote o del sur, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, cefalópodo de la Familia Octopodidae, se distribuye en el litoral de la provincia biogeográfica Magallánica (Fig. 1), extendiéndose latitudinalmente en Chile desde Puerto Montt (41°LS) hasta el Estrecho de Magallanes (53° LS). Sin embargo, Chong et. al., 2001 señalan que considerando las condiciones oceanográficas semejantes el límite de distribución en Chile podría extenderse más hacia el norte, al menos hasta la zona de Corral. En relación a su distribución batimétrica, habita desde la zona del intermareal inferior en cuevas o grietas hasta los 140 m de profundidad (Vega et al. 2005). Osorio et. al. (2006) indican haber encontrado esta especie a los 220 m de profundidad, en tanto los pescadores artesanales en la Región de Los lagos, señalan explotar este recurso entre 1 a 48 m de profundidad (Barahona et al., 2007). Estadios tempranos de cefalópodos fueron obtenidos con redes de zooplancton en el sur de Chile (41°-43°S) durante el crucero CIMAR 11 Fiordos en noviembre de 2005. Un total de cincuenta y dos individuos fueron recolectados, comprendiendo tres familias (Octopodidae, Sepiolidae and Onychoteuthidae) y cuatro especies (Robsonella fontaniana, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, Semirossia patagonica, y una especie indeterminada de Onychoteuthidae). Si bien existen descripciones previas de paralarvas de Octopodidae para el norte y sur de Chile, este trabajo provee el primer registro de estadios tempranos de vida de Sepiolidae y Onychoteuthidae para aguas chilenas (Carrasco et al., 2012). INFORME TÉCNICO (R. PESQ.) Nº 185/2016 4 Figura 1. Distribución latitudinal de Enteroctopus megalocyathus en Chile. (Fuente: www.andemar.cl). Respecto a la distribución batimétrica Osorio et al. (2006) señalan haber encontrado esta especie a los 220 metros (m) de profundidad, en tanto que en la pesquería chilena, localizada principalmente en la región de Los Lagos, los pescadores señalan extraer este recurso entre 1 y 48 m de profundidad (Barahona et al., 2007). 2.1.2. Morfología y biología Esta especie se caracteriza por su color gris o color pardo rojizo, manto oval de pared gruesa y textura de la piel lisa. La cabeza es relativamente estrecha con el cuello bien marcado. La identificación específica se basa principalmente en las características del tercer brazo derecho hectocotolizado que presenta un surco bien notorio cubierto de un repliegue desde la membrana interbraquial hasta el nacimiento del cálamus. La lígula es grande (de 11 a 22% del tamaño del brazo hectocotolizado), con un surco longitudinal profundo y cálamus corto Chong et al. (2001) y Vega et al. (2005) señalan como características externas de E. megalocyathus su color pardo rojizo a gris, su manto oval a redondeado de textura lisa; la cabeza más angosta que el manto; la abertura de la cavidad del manto amplia y el sifón tubular con aproximadamente un tercio de su longitud libre. Los brazos son moderadamente largos, presentando los machos el tercer brazo derecho hectocotilizado y de menor longitud INFORME TÉCNICO (R. PESQ.) Nº 185/2016 5 que los otros. El surco del hectocotilo es bien notorio, cubierto por un repliegue desde la membrana interbranquial hasta el nacimiento del cálumus. Dichas características permiten afirmar que la especie que se explota en las Regiones X y XI, no corresponde a Octopus mimus. Además, Chong et al. (2001) diferenciaron mediante electroforesis de proteínas el pulpo del sur de muestras provenientes del norte de Chile correspondientes a O. mimus. Gacitúa y Oyarzún (2001) realizaron un análisis multivariado de la morfometría de Enteroctopus megalocyathus de tres localidades del sur de Chile (Ancud, Quellón, Melinka) y los compararon con ejemplares de Octopus mimus provenientes de Iquique. Los resultados indicaron que el análisis de componentes principales realizado sobre 17 variables morfométricas muestra una completa sobreposición de las tres localidades, explicando las dos primeras componentes el 68% de la varianza total. Por otro lado, al comparar los pulpos del sur con ejemplares de Octopus mimus, se observa una clara separación explicando las dos primeras componentes el 70% de la varianza total. Del análisis morfométrico se concluye que los individuos de las localidades analizadas, corresponden a un sólo patrón morfológico que sería Enteroctopus megalocyathus, el que se diferencia claramente de Octopus mimus, implicando que el conocimiento acumulado que se tenía sobre esa especie no es atribuible a las poblaciones que se explotan en el sur de Chile. En Tabla 1 se entregan algunos caracteres morfológicos que ayudan a diferenciar a E. megalocyathus de O. mimus. (Datos obtenidos de Guerra et al., 1999; Rocha, 2003; Cardoso et al., 2004). INFORME TÉCNICO (R. PESQ.) Nº 185/2016 6 Tabla 1. Principales caracteres morfológicos establecidos para diferenciar a E. megalocyathus de O. mimus. (Datos obtenidos de Guerra et al., 1999; Rocha, 2003; Cardoso et al., 2004). Carácter Enteroctopus megalocyathus Octopus mimus Laminillas branquiales En un número de 10 a 11 En un número de 7 u 8 De tamaño medio, grandes sólo en los brazos Ventosas Grandes en todos los brazos 2 y 3 Se extiende a lo largo de la cara ventral Umbrela Moderadamente profunda de los brazos. Textura de la piel Lisa Rugosa De 11 a 22% del tamaño del brazo De 1,4 a 1,5% del tamaño del brazo Lígula hectocotolizado hectocotolizado Cálamus Corto Largo Equivalentes entre un 30 a 41% de la Equivalentes entre un 70 a 298% de la Espermatóforos longitud dorsal del manto longitud dorsal del manto Toll (1991) realizó una revisión sistemática de la familia Octopodinae, ordenando al grupo en 12 géneros de un número total de 25 que poseía antes de su revisión, entre los que se cuenta a Enteroctopus. Este autor, sin embargo, establece que a pesar de reducirse el número de géneros, muchos de estos caracteres requieren un estudio adicional para determinar su utilidad en la sistemática del grupo. Hudelot en el año 2000, fue más lejos y estudió al grupo de los octópodos, basado en caracteres moleculares (la extremidad 3' de la gran subunidad del ARNr (16S) y la tercera subunidad del citocroma c oxidasis) con el fin de establecer información complementaria en cuanto a las relaciones de parentesco entre las especies actuales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran, entre otros aspectos, que la clasificación del grupo Octopoda requiere una revisión completa, entre los que se incluye a la subfamilia Octopodinae (géneros Octopus y Enteroctopus). Los análisis moleculares ponen de manifiesto que esta revisión no debe solamente procurar redefinir las familias y las subfamilias sino que debe comenzar por estabilizar todos los géneros incluido Enteroctopus (monofilético1 ) y Octopus (polifilético2 ). Nuevos caracteres morfológicos por establecer, junto a análisis moleculares llevados en 1 En filogenia, un grupo es monofilético (del griego: de una rama) si todos los organismos incluidos en él han evolucionado a partir de un ancestro común, y todos los descendientes de ese ancestro están incluidos en el grupo 2 Es un grupo taxonómico que contiene organismos pero carece de un ancestro común. INFORME TÉCNICO (R. PESQ.) Nº 185/2016 7 paralelo permitirán aportar una mirada complementaria indispensable sobre la clasificación del grupo. E. megalocyathus es un organismo de cuerpo blando musculoso y flexible, propiedad que les permite la capacidad de esconderse en espacios 10 veces más pequeños que su cuerpo. La concha típica de moluscos es vestigial. Los ocho brazos del pulpo cuentan con ventosas pegajosas y convergen en el cuerpo del animal, en su punto de convergencia presentan la boca en forma de pico córneo. En la cabeza se alojan los ojos, muy desarrollados, el cerebro y tres corazones. En el manto se ubican el resto de vísceras (Barnes, 1986; Rocha, 2003). El aparato digestivo en forma de U, con disposición dorsal del esófago y estómago y ventral del ciego e intestino. El color de los órganos es crema-amarillento, salvo la glándula digestiva (pardo oscuro), los apéndices glandulares digestivos (blanco-cremosos) y el saco de la tinta (azul oscuro a negro) (Garri y Ré, 2002). Este último, segrega un líquido negruzco, la tinta, con la que enturbian el agua con objeto de ocultarse.
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