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Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing Opening Science Sönke Bartling • Sascha Friesike Editors Opening Science The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing 123 Editors Sönke Bartling Sascha Friesike German Cancer Research Center Alexander von Humboldt Institute Heidelberg for Internet and Society Germany Berlin Germany and Institute for Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Mannheim University Medical Center Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany ISBN 978-3-319-00025-1 ISBN 978-3-319-00026-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013953226 Ó The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2014 The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for commercial use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for commercial use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Initially the Internet was designed for research purposes—so was the World Wide Web. Yet, society deviated from this intended use and as such many aspects of our daily lives have changed drastically over the past 20 years. The Internet has changed our ways of communicating, watching movies, interacting, shopping, and travelling. Many tools offered by the Internet have become second nature to us. At first, the net was designed as a plain data transfer network for researchers, yet it has since morphed into a vivid, transforming, living network. The evolution of the Internet came with barely foreseeable cultural changes, affecting core elements of our society, such as collaboration, government, participation, intellectual property, content, and information as a whole. Novel online research tools pop up constantly and they are slowly but surely finding their way into research culture. A culture that grew after the first scientific revolution some 300 years ago and that has brought humanity quite far is on the verge of its second profound metamorphosis. It is likely that the way that researchers publish, assesses impact, communicate, and collaborate will change more within the next 20 years than it did in the past 200 years. This book will give researchers, scientists, decision makers, politicians, and stakeholders an overview on the basics, the tools, and the vision behind the current changes we see in the field of knowledge creation. It is meant as a starting point for readers to become an active part in the future of research and to become an informed party during the transition phase. This is pivotal, since research, as a sensitive, complex process with many facets and millions of participants, hierar- chies, personal networks, and structures, needs informed participants. Many words are used to describe the future of research: ‘Science 2.0’, ‘Cyber- science 2.0’, ‘Open Research’, ‘Open Science’, ‘Digital Humanities’, ‘eScience’, ‘Mode 2’, etc. … They may trigger feelings of buzzwordism, yet at the same time the struggle for precise definitions highlights the current uncertainty regarding these and shows the many possible outcomes the current changes in research might bring. It seems contradictory in itself to publish a ‘traditional’ book on this topic— why don’t we simply go online? The book is and will be an important medium in research, just as papers and abstracts, and most importantly human interactions, will continue to be. However, all will be supplemented by novel tools, and accordingly so is this book. You can find, download, and even edit the entire book online at www.openingscience.org. It is published under the Creative Commons v vi Preface license, and everyone is invited to contribute to it and adopt and reuse its content. The book was created using a collaborative authoring tool, which saved us many meetings and tedious synchronizations of texts among authors. We made this book a living example of the communication culture research can have—not only in the future—but already today. We thank all authors; their contributions and invested efforts are highly appre- ciated. The authors participated in the review process of the book. Besides our authors, many thanks go to our discussion partners and reviewers of our work, and to those who have not (yet) contributed a particular text, who are Annalies Gartz, Ayca-Nina Zuch, Joeseph Hennawi, Prof. Fabian Kiessling, Christine Kiefer, Thomas Rodt, Kersten Peldschus, Daniel Schimpfoessl, Simon Curt Harlinghausen, Prof. Wolfhard Semmler, Clemens Kaiser, Michael Grasruck, Carin Knoop, Martin Nissen, Jan Kuntz, Alexander Johannes Edmonds, Aljona Bondarenko, Prof. Marc Kachelrieß, Radko Krissak, Johannes Budjan, Prof. Henrik Michaely, Thomas Henzler, Prof. Christian Fink, Prof. Stefan O. Schönberg, Tillmann Bartling, Rajiv Gupta, and many others … Heidelberg Sönke Bartling Berlin Sascha Friesike Contents Part I Basics/Background Towards Another Scientific Revolution........................ 3 Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought .............. 17 Benedikt Fecher and Sascha Friesike Excellence by Nonsense: The Competition for Publications in Modern Science....................................... 49 Mathias Binswanger Science Caught Flat-Footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication................................... 73 Alexander Gerber Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to all Domains of Knowledge Creation ........................ 81 Michelle Sidler Part II Tools (Micro)Blogging Science? Notes on Potentials and Constraints of New Forms of Scholarly Communication .................... 89 Cornelius Puschmann Academia Goes Facebook? The Potential of Social Network Sites in the Scholarly Realm ............................... 107 Michael Nentwich and René König Reference Management ................................... 125 Martin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga and Sönke Bartling vii viii Contents Open Access: A State of the Art ............................ 139 Dagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann Novel Scholarly Journal Concepts ........................... 155 Peter Binfield The Public Knowledge Project: Open Source Tools for Open Access to Scholarly Communication.......................... 165 James MacGregor, Kevin Stranack and John Willinsky Part III Vision Altmetrics and Other Novel Measures for Scientific Impact ........ 179 Martin Fenner Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring ........ 191 Lambert Heller, Ronald The and Sönke Bartling Open Research Data: From Vision to Practice .................. 213 Heinz Pampel and Sünje Dallmeier-Tiessen Intellectual Property and Computational Science ................ 225 Victoria Stodden Research Funding in Open Science .......................... 237 Jörg Eisfeld-Reschke, Ulrich Herb and Karsten Wenzlaff Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences ............. 255 Thomas Schildhauer and Hilger Voss The Social Factor of Open Science........................... 271 Tobias Fries Part IV Cases, Recipes and How-Tos Creative Commons Licences ............................... 287 Sascha Friesike Organizing Collaboration on Scientific Publications: From Email Lists to Cloud Services.......................... 289 Sönke Bartling Contents ix Unique Identifiers for Researchers ........................... 293 Martin Fenner and Laure Haak Challenges of Open Data in Medical Research .................. 297 Ralf Floca On the Sociology of Science 2.0 ............................. 309 Vladimir B. Teif How This Book was Created Using Collaborative Authoring and Cloud Tools ........................................ 313 Sönke Bartling History II.O ........................................... 317 Luka Oreškovic´ Making Data Citeable: DataCite ............................ 327 Jan Brase About the Authors....................................... 331 Part I Basics/Background Towards Another Scientific Revolution Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike But even
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