n. Discourseon theHistory orArchaeology

Oavid George Hogarth at Asyut, Egypt. 1906-1907 The History of a "lost" Excavation

by

DonaldP.Ryan Divisionof Humanities PacificLutheran University

Introduction;

Whileengaged in a studyof ancientE gyptiancordage in the British Musemn during 1984. I came across a fiagmentof rope recoveredAsyut, from E gyptby the British archaeologist, D.G. Hogarth. Inin vestigatingthis artifact, I learnedthat this ex cava­ tionby Hogarth was known very to few scholarsand bad never been published.(I) Intrigned by thedata I encounteredin Hogarth'snotes, I initiateda projectto organize,c1arify. and make available the information foundtherein. A reconstructed excavationbased report on Hogarth'sfield notes,corres pondenceand British Museumrecords curren is tlyin press (Ryan, in press).

Apartfrom thearchaeological data itself which is ofsignificant EgyptOlogica1 interest, Hogarth's materialprovides an intriguing personalglimpse at thegoings-on of anEgyptian excavation in the early partof the 20th century. Variousdocuments provide much of thestOIy from the conception of theidea for an expedition to the ultimatedisposition of manyof theartifacts derived therefrom.

Theof Beginnings an E xcajation:

In 1894, B.A. WalIisBudge wasappointed of Keeper theDepartment o f Egyptianand AssyrianAntiquities in theBritish Mu ­ seum. Academically diverse,energetic, and unsw ervinglyloyal tohis Musewn. Budge worked very hard to enhance his Department's collections.(2) Dminga meeting ofthe Trus teesof theBritish Museumon Ihe 13th of January, 1906, thefollowing motion waspassed:

TheTrus teesved appro a recommendationby the Director [Sir Edward Thompson] thatDr. Budge besent out on a visit of aboutthree weeksto Egypt, to confer with Mr. Maspero (3) [Directorof theEgyptian Service des AntiquMs] witha viewto obtaining a concessionfrom Egyptian the Government to the Trusteesof the BritishMuseum of a smallsite for excavation... {TM, 13 Jan. 1906, p. 2178).

In pursuanceof this directive,Budge leftLondon for Egypt on March3, 1906 and returned onthe30th of thatmonth. Budge reportedthat he haddiscussed Maspero wilh the subjectof obraininga concession withan objective ''to obtain objects necessary � fill up thegaps in OlD' collection"(BM1283). He notedthat the British Museum "could not afford toissue largepublications or " plansof sites on a largescale" (BM 1283). As a result,Maspero suggested thesite of Khawaled,(4) near AsyuL Partof the site hadalready been concededto the Italian,Em estoSchiaparelli,(S) but anarea extending tothe town of Dronkawas fe asible. Khawaled wassaid to contain "many tombs of theXVIllth [c.1SS0-1307 Dynasty B.C.], and tombsof a farearlier period, containing woodensratnes , etcH (BM 1283). Budge indicatedthat the" British ,Museum was willing pay £1,000 "fora few years provided theresults weresatisfactory" (BM 1283). MasperolD'ged Budge to apply and offeredto geamm for anothersite should Khawaledprove unproductive (BM 1283).

Budge returned to England on March30th, and on April7th, the Trus tees consideredhis report and directed him to apply for the recommendedconcession ('I'M 7 April1906 p. 2205). Budge applied atonce on behalfof the Trustees pennissionfor toexcavate at Khawaled. While his letterof applicationwas in transit,however, be received wordfrom Maspero that the conces sion at Khawaledhad been granted to W.M. Flinders Petrie (6) by theComite d'Egyptologie of theService des Antiquit6s (BM 1621). As consolation,Maspero offered two othersites: Abydos (7)and Asynt, "thelatter containing tombs of the X-Xllth dynasties" (BM 1621). Weighingthe meritsof each, Budge selectedAsyut andthe Director of the British Museum telegraphedthis inten­ tionto Maspero on Apri124th(BM 1621).

Budge's preferencefor the sitewas given as follows:

The sitenow askedfor contains certaintombs of the last princesof Manetbo'sXth Dynastyand nobles of 3 the HerakleopolitanDynasty, who wereengaged in resistingto [sic] advance ofUteTheban princes to the north. Of thehistory of thatperiod very little is knownan4 it may reasonablyexpected be that successful excavations on the site will materially advance the knowledge of the historyof that time" (BM 1621, TM, 12 May 1906,pp. 2216-2217).

On May 30th, 1906,a letterfrom Maspero ived arr grantiDga concessionto the British Mu seum for

•• les localit6s voisines d' Assiout, sous lareserve que vous devrez vous arranger, pourles limites, avec Mr.Schiaparelli a qui nous avons deja concedeune partie de ces localit6s."(8)

Thispermit '"for the proposed excavation" was notedby the Trusteeson the14th of July,and Budge's prosecutionof the project was approved('I'M. 14 July 1906,p.2241).

Ina letter to theTrustees datedOctober 12th, 1906, Budge suggestedthat steps betaken to begin the excavationin Novemberand describedthe site asfollows:

Thesite is situateda littleto the north of Asyut,and the southernend of it hasbeen granted to Prof. Schiaparelli. It containstombs of all periods,from the IXthto the XXXth dynasty. [c.2134-343 B.C.] andin Coptictimes a flourishingcommunity of Christianslived there" (BM 3468).

D.G. Hogarth was recommendedfor the taskas one "whoseskill and experience arewell known." Hogarth,an archaeologist trainedin the Classics, had been involvedsporadically in archaeological projects in Egyptduring theprevious dozen years. Though not anEgyptologist, his generalarchaeological were abilities quite COmpetenL Budge suggestedthat Hogarth be paid £3 perday, round-trip fare from England and otherttavel expenses (BM 3468). It was anticipatedthat the season's worlcwould be

completedin threeor fourmonths and a sum for allexpenses was suggestedat £1,500. TheTrus teesapproved all (I'M13 Ocl . 1906 p.2260. TM 10 Nov. 1906p.2274).

David George HOiarth:

Pavid GeorgeHogarth was bornon the 23rd of May,1862 atBarton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire. Eogland. Biographicalinforma­ tion on Hogarthis rare. It is found hereand therein obituaries(e.g. Courtney 1928. Fletcher 1928, Kenyon 1931-40,Sayce 1927. alsoWWE p.204·05), biographies of T.E. Lawrence (e.g. Aldington 1955. Mack 1976)and sporadicallyin some of his own works (e.g. Hogarth 1896a,1910,1925). Aldington wrote: "Hogarthwas one of those 'hide thylife' Oxford scholars who seems to have beensuccessful in evading any attempts whichmay have been made to publicisehim " (Aldington 1955. p.75). A definitive biographyof 'thisimportant man has yet tobe written.

In 1881. Hogarth·s collegecaree r beganat Magdalen College. Oxford, where his studies centered uponthe Classics. He com­ pleted his undergraduatedays in 1885 and Oxford would remainhis academichome for the durationof his life,as a Fellow and lateras a Museum Keeper. In 1886. Hogarthwas elected the first Craven Fellow. which allowed him to ttavel and study in the Classical world and the following yearhe set off to reeceG toserve as the apprentice to WilIiam Martin Ramsay,the epigrapher andexplorer of AsiaMinor. He journeyedto Cyprusin 1886 wherebe assisted in an excavation at Paphosand exploredand recorded the.less-visited sites of antiquity on theisland (Hogarth (1889).

In 1894, Hogarth visited Egypt for the flISttime at the behestof the EgyptExploration Fundin order to assist Swiss Egyptologist Edouard Naville withhis excavationsat Deirel-Bahri (Davies 1982 p.58). Thenext twoyears found Hogarthexploring a few other sitesin Egypt,with a distinctpreference for Greek remains. as exemplifiedby his explorationof a Graeco-Romancemetery in Alexandriain 1895 (Hogarthand Benson 1895), and his papyrihunting activities in theFayum (Grenfell. Hunt and Hogarth 1900). ThoughHogarth decidedly did not acquirea tastefor pharaonicart and culture(Hogarth 1896a,pp. 157-170), it was neverthelessin Egyptthat he learnedthe higher archaeologicalstandards of his time asthey were being developedby W.M.F. Petrie at sites such as Koptos (Hogarth 1896b; 1910. pp.19-20).

In 1897. Hogartliserved as a warcorrespo ndentfor the London Times inCrete and Thessaly. Thatsame year he wasappointed directorof theBritish School of Archaeologyin Athens. While director,he workedin 1899 at the site of Naukratis,an ancient Greek town located in theEgyptian delta and alsothe site ofPhylakopi at Melos (Hogarth1904). He wasalso able to join Arthur Evans withhis excavationsat Knossos, Crete.

Hogarth excavated briefly at Zakroon Crete in 1901 (Hogarth 1901) andreturned to Naukratis in 1903 (Hogarth.Lorimer and Edgar1905). During 1904-1905,he excavatedthe temple of Artemis at Ephesus forthe BritishMu seum (Hogarth 1908),and thenjourneyed back to Egyptat therequest of theMuseum, to excavate at Asyutduring the winter of 1906-1907. MterAsyut, Hogarthwould neveragain dig inEgypt and his careeras anexcavator would continue for only a few moreyears. Verynotable is 4 his work.at the ancientHittite site of Carchemishin northernSyria where he wouldinitiate season thefirst of excavationsthere under the auspicesof theBritish Museum in 1911 (HOgarth1914). Hogarthwas appOin tedKeeper of theAshmolean Museum at Oxfordin 1909.

While themajority of Hogarth'slife wasdedicated to archaeological pwsuits, he is knownto manyas the mentor of T.E. Lawrence.the famed "Lawrence of Arabia". With theoutbreak of theFmt WorldWar. Hogarth offered his services toBritain in 1915 andwas appointed Director of theArab Bmeauin Cairo where he served from 1916-1919 (BidwellI978). During the war, Hogarth earned,among otherhonors. a DLitt. Degreefrom Oxford andthe Gold Medal of theRoyal GeographicalSociety. Following thewar, he partiCipatedin the VersaillesPeace Conference as theBritish Commissioner for theMiddle East. Return­ ing toOxford, his career continuedwith distinction as his leadership ability was activelyapplied to theUniversity. Hogarth also found time'tolend his service to such organizations as thePalestine Exploration Society and tothe Royal Geographical Society, where he served as President from 1925 untilhis death. While still Keeperof the Ashmolean, David GeorgeHogarth passed away on November6. 1927.

Thesite o f AsyuL

Asyut islocated on thewest bankof theNile about 400 kilometres upstream from modern-day Cairo. Situatedas it is opposite the southernmost end of theGehel Abu Fed&. a natural barrier of steep cliffson theEast Bank,and with mountains on the desert edge to thewest, Asyut servedas a gateway to MiddleEgypt fromthe south. This geographical situation.in fact, made the region of thetown a frontierbetween north and southin times of politicaldisunity. The town itselfsits in a fertile plain with the back­ drop of a large limestone mountainrunning generallywest to east, honey-combed withtombs (Beinlich 1975. pp.489-490;Kees 1961. pp.99-100,212).

Ancient Asyut isknown primarily for the following: asthe capital of theXInth Upper Egyptian name (Brunner 1937, pp.38-41; Gomaa1986, pp.264-267;Helck 1974. pp.l02-104; Montet 1961.pp.135-140); for itsrole in the tumultuousevents of the"Fll'St IntermediatePeriod" [c.2134-2040 B.C.J (Gomaa1980; Hayes1971; Helck1968, pp.93-103;Leospo 1988); as a cultcenter for itslocal god Wepwawet. and others such as Anubis andOsiris (Gaillard 1927; Gomaa1986. pp.268-274; Graefe 1985) asthe ancient Greekcity ofLycopolis (Calderini1922; 1935.pp.210-212; Kees 1927) for itsfive inscribedtombs ofHerakleopolitan [c.2134-2040 B.C.J andMiddle Kingdom [c.2040-1640B.C.] nomarchs which bear important historical,biographical. and funerary texts (Brunner1937; Porterand Moss 1934, pp.259-264) and for itsvast necropolis from which many wooden funerary figures and coffinsbearing texts have been recovered (porterand Moss 1934, pp.265-269).

A number of Westem antiquarians visitedAsyut duringthe late 18thand 19th centuries. several copying thetexts found in the inscribedtombs.(9) Thefirst full collection of thetexts from the fiveprincipal inscn'bed Asyut tombsappeared in 1889 as copied by the EnglishEgyptologist Francis Uewellyn Griffith (Griffith 1889 also1886-1887). Local exploitation of the Asyut necropolisfor thepurpose of obtainingsaleable antiquities was no doubt extensive through much of this time. In 1893. a native digger by the name of Faraq"excavated" a large uninscribed tombof Mesehti, a high officialof theHerakleopolitan Period. The tomb contained,among other things,Mesehti's coffins bearingfunerary texts and most notably.two now-celebratedmodel groups of foreign soldiers(Porter and Moss 1934 p.265).(10)

The fIrSt officialforeign excavationin the ancient cemeteryof Asyut was conducted in1903 by theFrenchmen Emile Chassinat and Charles Palanque.(II) Workingprimarily in the areaabove the inscribedtomb of KhetyII, theexcavations uncovered twenty-six smalland uninscribed tombswere, only five of which had been violated. Of thesixty-one coffins recoveredfrom thesetombs, thirty-fourwere inscribed, thusoffering a wealthof biographical,funerary. and religious . textualdata (Chassinat 1904;Chassinat andPalanque 1911; Pa1anque1903).

The ItalianEgyptologist Emesto Schiaparelliexcavated at Asyut beginningin 1905. His concession contained most of the large inscribedtombs and thearea extendingeastward. He worked at Asyut through1913 and though his labors were apparently productive,Schiaparelli published nothing on the subjecL(l2) Many objectsfrom his Asyut excavationsare presently housed in theTurin EgyptianMuseum. Archaeologicaland epigraphic worksubsequent toHogarth·s workin 1906-190707 WiU not he describedhere.

TheExcavation .(13)

Hogarth wrote:

I was bidden to search the tombs in'part of thehill behindAssiut, whose softcalcerous cliffs are honeycombedwith gravesof every age. Thisvast cemetery, lying near a large town,has been ransacked overand over again, chiefly for woodenstatuettes and models, which seem to have beencarved at theWolf Town more oftenand morecleverly than anywhere else inold Egypt. I was warned toexpect na untouched 5 burial,but tocontent myself with rakingthe leavings of hastierrobbers (Hogarth1910, pp. 154-155).

His mission was characterizedby him as

that ,body-snatching son, which Science approves and will doubtlessjustify to theAngel of Resurrection by pleadinga statute of limitations. To rob a tomb appears, in fact, to be held dastardly or laudable accordingas the tenancy of thecorpse has beenlong or old (Hogarth1910, p.154).

Theexcavation concession was establishedin theimmense tomb-pocketedmountain directly behind thetown of Asyut. A magnetically-oriented linewas establishedfrom the mountain'sbase beginningnear, and slightly tothe east of the tomb of Hepzefa m. The British Museum was free to explore the mountainside to the west and 15 kilometresnorth as far as the village of Beni Adi. The easternside of the linewas thedomain of Schiaparelli.(14)

Hogarth apparentlybegan his excavation on the 15thof December1906, although his pay sheetsindicate that he hiredseven men the day before and his field notebook beginson the 17th. Before workbegan, French EgyptologistGustave Lefebvre (15), the local antiquities inspector,pointed out whererobbers in thelast yearhad discoveredan inscribed tomb doorat the footof the hill in thecourtyard of theso-called Salkhana or slaughter-housetomb [HepzefallI] (Moss1933, Porterand Moss 1934 p.264). Hogarthbegan at this spotand revealed, over the comseof the next ten days, a tombbearing inscriptions on itslintels and jambs andcontaining a variety of objectsin its fill. Thetomb was given the number"I" and thus begana tomb numberingsequence that would end with 57 tombs"cleared with goodresult" by the end of the season(BM 143; FN, pp.l-6).

Tomb I was mapped and others in the immediate vicinity wereinvestigated as thegeneral boundaries of theconcession were explored. Trials of other "paintedand inscribedtombs" inthe vicinity proved"fruitless"(BM 143). Though the concession extended far West fromits border with Schiaparelli,its operativeboundary ended inthis direction wheremodem qu arries ensue.

Many trialexcavations were madein the search for relatively unravaged tombs. In one account, Hogarth estimated that"For every profitable tomb at least twenty profitless had to beopened and, moreover,examined scrupulously..... (Hogarth1910 p.155). Ina letterwritten by Hogarthfrom Asyut on the Ist of January,1907, he wrote:

Meanwhile I began tombs high up the mountain... but, although again and again tombs were found which had not been robbedin modemtimes, they were never intact The tombs lie in terraces, and it was not till werehad worked systematicallydown to the thirdterrace from our starting point that we hit a virgin grave (BM 143). (16)

Thesize of theexpedition's labor force increased greatlyduring the fltStthree weeks. OnDecember 15th, there were13 employ­ ees, by the 18th there were 27, on the19th, 40; andby December24th, 54 locals were on the payroll. Overall therewere at least 63 Egyptians employed, a few dropping out andsome workingpart-time.

The average wage was5 piastersper daythough one fellow, Omar Hussein, received 6 perday (probablyas headman)and Gabr Seidan received3 lfl per day (perhapsa child). Achmet Hussein was paid 10 piasters perday for his services andthilt of his donkey. Bonuses were occasionally paid, assumable for exemplaryservice, hardship. orbakshish. ("Bakshish" means"tip", and many archaeologists in Egypt would rewardtheir workers by paying a competitiveprice for objects discovered. At best,the bakShishsystem "kept the workers honestand at worst, it encouraged!saltingi"'.) (17) On the24th day of December,for ex­ ample. 21 piasterswere paid out forthe discovery of the missing fragments of a statue found in Tomb 1.

Weeklybonuses could exceed as much as 20 additional piasters. FaraqAli Aliand Mussi Hassan weretwo of the most successful diggers, receivingan additional 23 Ifl and 24 piastersrespectively during the weekof December31 - January5. Perhaps they were involved in the discovery of the intactTomb IX on January 1st. Salaries were paid on Saturdays, and Sundays were a day of rest with the exceptionof a very busy January 27th when seven tombs were in progress. In the flIst three weeksof digging (December 14th - January5th), salariesaIld bonuses amounted to£20.18. (18)

Early on, Hogarth expressed certain doubts of success in his concession. Hisarea appeared to beexceedingly plundered and quarried and lacked the big tombs found in Schiaparelli's neighboring concession and that ofPetrie's tothe south. Hogarth wrote,

Thefacts mitigateagainst success here. The Coptsin the earlycenturies of theChristian era evidently used this cemetery as adwelling place, turnedtombs intohomes and systematically robbed grave pits,etc; and in very recent times- especially sinceFaraq's discovery of the soldiers - therehas beenmost thoroughplundering. I oftenfmd a dozen tombs communicatingby holes andpassages made by these robbers who workedconstantly underground. But the most serious consideration is theabsence of the 6 largertype of tombin om partof thecemetery - ifone may judgeby such tombsas have longbeen opened. The central and southernparts, conceded to MM. Schiaparelli andPetrie respectively, seem to contain the larger graves. I have littledoubt that I can find smallgraves here and thereintact andof goodperiod; but about large and well furnished gravesI feel much doubt unless M. Schiaparelli's concession is ceded to me (BM 143). (19)

It is clearthat Hogarth's ultimateambition was to findintact burials in largetombs. Thiscan explainthe extraordinary effortand staminaexpended inthe excavation of twolarge collapsed tombs, Nos. xxvnand XLn. Tomb xxvnoccupied his serious attention from January 14th through February 1st. as he blasted away at fallen blocks of stone. Teased by what appeared to be a shaftsealed with palm logs, wherein "the dust fromthe [ancient workmen's] chisels still clung to the walls andfloor"(BM 890). Hogarthpersisted and found the shaftessentially emptyand unused.

Tomb XLn was addressedfrom January 22 through February 16 producingvery little for the effort. Nearthe end of the season Hogarthwrote:

What-hasnever been forthcoming during the seaso n has been one fairly large virginMiddle Kingdom tomb,wherein both upperand lowerchambers were well furnished. I havefound virgin upper chambers,and virgin pits but never the twotogether (BM 890).

Schiaparelli's concession expired on December31, 1906,and Hogarth wrote to Maspero regardingthis, presumably to request that theBritish Museum beceded that territory (BM 143). By the end of the excavation,word had been heard that Schiaparelliwould be backand Hogarthresponded as follows:

He [Schiaparelli] would probably not exhaust it [the concession],if the results of his excavations elsewhereafford any guide,but he would, inany case,make it more difficult foranyone else tos_ucceed by disturbing the superficialindications. On the other hand he may only do a littlework, sufficient to retain his claim, andonce more renew his concession at the end of the year,as he did on the lastoccasion (BM 1252).

Hogarthdoubted that Masperowould react against sucl)conc essio� maintenancegames.

By the end of January,Hogarth had achieved a certainlevel of success in findingseveral intactsmall tombs and others still containing a variety of objects. The unviolatedtombs were often very smalland with their doors intact. Many closed doors and chambers were found andopened to revealthat the tombs hadbeen robbed from above. below. or fromthe sides. sometimes producing vast networks of communicatingchambers . Theunviolated tombs tended tobe ''bidden awayin oddcorners of the cemetery, or cut inpromontories of rock,which have, by theirposition, escaped the methodical subterraneanprogress of the nativeplunderers"(BM 754). Some of the larger plunderedtombs were found to containmore and betterobjects than thevirgin tombs which, though intact,tended to be quitesmall and sparseor common in their artifacrual content Bemoaning the paucity of objects in the intacttombs, Hogarth wrote:

One [intacttomb], for example, opened yesterday, contained no less than ten coffins, allplain, but . of theMiddle Kingdom, apparently, and nothing else but rough pottery. On the other hand, two large tombs plunderedin antiquity,and reclearedby me in thelast two days,have yielded three boats with rowers,etc.; several woodenfigures, and other objectsof value (BM 754).

Duringabout the second monthof excavation.Hogarth transferredthe focusof his operations to the vicinity of Schiaparelli's concession boundaryin hope of making higherquality discoveries.

. Hogarthwas very worried about thieves in the area. He tended to clearquickly tombs found in the afternoon rather thanwaiting until the next morning and he made note of seveml objects havingbeen stolen. From Tomb LV, for example,I hear� inspite of my 'bakshishsystem' , there was some leakage to thedealers from this tomb. Two wooden statuettesare reported stolen, besides some smallobjects e.g. scarabs. Lying as thiscemetery doesjust above Assiout it is as favorablea spotfor intrigue between dealersand workmen as any in Egypt (BM890).

InAccidents of anAntiq Ullry'sLife, Hogarth wrote:

Had I been an annual diggerin Egypt, able to calla trained and trustedcrew to Siut. and had the scene not lain so neara largetown notorious for itsillicit traffic in antiquities,that penance might have been 7 avoided. And evenin performing it one wasrobbed. Dealerswaited for my men' at sunset below thehill and besetthem all the way to town.and one digger. a youthof brighterwit and face - he washalf a Bedawi - gained somuch in the few weeksbefore I 1l1med him offthat he boughta camel, a donkey and a wife. The orderof hispurchases.was alwaysstated thus (Hogarth1910. pp.155-156).

It seemsClear that Hogarth was very concernedabout such problemsand endeavored to remove looseobjects as quickly as , possible. DescribingTomb XXXIX. forexample, he notes:"got intotomb at 3:30 p.m. - only 1/2hour to get 8 coffins out" (FN p.98).

Hogarthentertained at leasttwo visitors who perfOImedEgyptological tasks while in thearea. On January 2nd, English philolo­ gist ArchibaldSayce (20) wasnoted as having copiedthe inscription on a statuefound in Tomb I. FrenchEgyptologist Pierre Lacau(21) inCairo was askedby Hogarth to copy the fragileinscription belonging to thatsame tomb. Lacaudid soand copied the statuefrom the tomb as well andalso offered his opinion ''thatmost of our paintedand inscribedcoffins are Xth Dynasty" (BM754).

Thereare several references in Hogarth'sfield notes to a certain"'R.N.", especi allyin regardto the planning of tombs. In the notesconcerning Tomb XXVI,for example, is found the rubric,"Plan in R.N:s book" (FNp.69). Theplan of thattomb had been cut from elsewhereand added to theadjacent blankpage. Tomb XV commentaryindicates that "'This tomb was not plannedby N." due to an earthslip (FNp.43). Indeed, thereis a distinctionin the tombplans. The plans inserted latertend to beara great detailin noting actualmeasurements whereas the plansdrawn directly into thenotebook, presumably by Hogarth himself, tendto be andsimple lacking in detailed measurement. Altogether it appears that nine tombs were plannedby this individualbeginning with Tomb XXVI, fll'Stdescribed on January 17th to Tomb XLVI, which wascompleted on February 26th.

Giventhe above evidence,it seems very plausiblethat Hogarth bad some manner of assistancefrom "R.N." who possessedgood mapping skills. Ifthis isindeed the case , thismight explain Hogarth's oftenless thanprecisely detailedwritten descriptions, especiallyif the plans were not immediatelyavailable when the descriptionwas being written. R.N. is not men- ' tioned in any of the correspondence.

Reading through Hogarth's materialregarding this excavation,one feelshis growing sense of frustration: the hit and miss processof sortingthrough many hundredsof plunderedtombs in hopes of findingsomething lBIgeand unplundered,but at best,recovering relatively intact yet patheticallyfurnished burials;thieves in the midst; a seemingly betteryet unexploited concession next door; anda sincere desireto provide his employers withquality objectslikely contributed to his anxiety. Ex­ pending much effortonly to findan English beerbottle; diggingall day and hitting the wrong tomb door; eXploringempty shafts: a continuousbattery of excitation andexpectation followed by disappointment. On February3rd he wrote,

In thecourse of the monthI have openedsome twenty virgintombs, mostly,to judge by the style of thecoffins. burial.and pottery, of theMiddle Kingdom. From theseI have taken out nearlyfifty coffins, of which about fifteen arepainted. Asa whole, however,these tombs with doors intact,are smalland contain littlebesides coffins (generally plain) andrough pottery. Bows andarr ows and in a few cases, wooden ushabtisand other statuettes,have been the only companions of the dead .. lt is hardlyworthwhile to fmd anymore of thesmall types... One can go on fmding tombs everyday and allday. I shall bring home a considerable mass of antiquities from which you will be able to judge whetherfurther searc h is desirable. Thequestions for you to decideis whether the tenpercent of these tombs which arerich, make it worth­ whileto fmd the ninety-percentwhich are comparativelypoo r, or have been completelyrobbed (BM 754).

Hogarth apparentlyinhabited accommodations commonfor 1l1m of the century excavators: a local tomb. He evidently occupied the Tomb ofKhetyn, though it lay within Schiaparelli's concession. Hisevenings werespent in this

.. .huge grotto with storied walls, becausethe lower Nlle Valleyis a thoroughfare,of furious winds all winter long, andtent life, a constantmisery inEgypt, would have beenmost miserableon the faceof the Siut bluff, which stands out into the wind's track.and is buffettedby alltheir stonns. Not that ourwide­ mouthed grotto, however, provedmuch betterthan a tent. Thenorth wind struck itsfarther wall, and was sucked aroundthe other two in anunceas ing. unsparingdraught which droppeddust by the way on every­ thing we ate or drank or kepL Warmth afterthe day'stoil we never felt December toFebruary, even when sittingclosest to theflIe which we kindlednightly withunpainted slats of ancientcoffms on a hearthof Old Empirebricks. The dead wood,seaso ned by four thousand yearsof drought,threw off an ancient and corpse-likesmell, which left its faint savouron the whichtoast we scorched at theembers; and a clear smokeless light fell fitfullyon serried coffms, eachhiding a gaunt tenantswatbec:t and bound, to whose quiet presencewe grew so little sensitivethat we ranged our storesand bottles, ourpans and ourspare garmentson his convenient lid (Hogarth 1910, p.1S7). (22) 8 And there were dangers, too. The threatsof earthslips and ca ve-ins occasionally presented themselves.

...to pursue [success] was dangerous, where rock was rotten andscrees of loose chips, thrown out from plundered tombsabove, might slipat any momentover the onlychannel of airand escape, and condemn us tothe deathof trapped rats in a most unworthy cause and most unpleasant company" (Hogarth 1910 p.156).

One workman washalf buried when a constantly threatening largebank of earthslipped while excavating Tombxxxm (FN p.86). Whileblasting away some large stone blocks in Tomb XXVII,cracks developed along the cliffand what remained of the original roof collapsed (FNp.74).

Hogarth mentioned other unpleasantries such as,"the dimlight of smoky candies in the choking dust-laden airof a narrow cell, which reeked of mummy clothes and the foul rags of fellahin"(Hogarth 1910 p.155). Another description is reminis­ cent of Giovanni Belzoni'stomb crawling adventures of the previous century:

Crawling on all foursin the dark one often found thepassage barr ed by a heap of dim sWaddled . mummies turned out of their coffins by some earlier snatcherof bodies; and over these one hadto go, feeling theirbreast-bones crack lDlder one's knees andtheir swathedheads shift horribly this way or that under one's hands. And having found nothing to loot ina thriceplundered charnel-house, one crawled back by the same grisly path to the sunlight, choked with mummy dust andredolent of more rotten grave­ clothes that the balms of Arabia could sweeten (Hogarth 1910 pp. 156- 157). (23)

Hogarth nonetheless persisted. and by theend of February had explored the whole of the "Middle Kingdom" cemetery within the British Museum's concession.

Thelower part ofthe concession had beentested and had beenfound to contain Late, Ptolemaic, and Romangraves carved into poor rock. At Budge's request, and under protestby Lefebvre, a certain Hassan Abu Lifa -(a fo rmer associate of Chassinat) wasemployed to makespecial explorations in this lower section. He located a fewcommon Graeco-Romantomb s and sevetal objects including manymostly broken andlate ushabtis and a largestele thathad been thrown into ashaft (BM890).

Hogarth considered the principal discoveries of February to be 'a smal1group of tombs earlier thanany known hitherto... '(BM890), they being tombs which he dated to the late Old Kingdom by a cartouche of PepiI [6thDynasty: (c.2289-2255)] found inscribedon a coffin and a cylinder sealof that sameking. The regionjust along Schiaparelli's easternborder proved disappointing andwith one small potentially promising arearemaining. the expedition began to wind down.

The last field notebookentry is dateFebruary 27, 1907. The expedition's finalefforts proved fruitless. The border areaand the lower section revealed only more late plundered tombs. Addressing the Director of the British Museum, Hogarth wrote, "In my opinion, there is nothing whatsoever to be done furtherin your present concession, which would be in the least worthwhile..... (BM 1252). To Budge he wrote, "I would not advise anyone, unless he wants things Ptolemaic andRom an, toput a spade into your partof the site again." (24)

"A good representative selection" of the objects was packed and others, including unpainted coffins, "hundreds of common vases, and other things not worth sending" were left in the tomb of Khety 11. (25) By March 7th, Hogarth hadpacked and sent off 37 elatesof objects fromthe excavation to the Museum in Cairoand thenhe himselfdeparted for Khartoumin the Sudan. Onthe 20th of March, he returned to Asyut, and on the 21st, he proceeded to Cairoto deal with theob jects.

Themandatory division was withmade Maspero . Nineteen of the 37 caseswere leftthe Cairo Muse um. Hogarth retained some of the earlier tomb groups for the British Museum in exchange for some other items. Masperoevidently was not interested in examining the contents of allof the crates and Hogarth urged Budge to consider making a claim for more objects during some future trip to Egypt. The eighteenremaining caseswere repacked into 27 and shipped for England on the 28thof March, 1907 (BM 1252; TM, 13 April 1907, p.I252).

The casesreached Britain where the objects werecatalogued in the British Museum beginning on the 11th of May, 1907. Alto­ gether, about 700 objects were registered. Several of the wooden figures and models,and a few of the coffins, have been dis­ played over the years. (26) Interestingly, two coffms from the excavation were donated by Baron E. Empain (27) to the Musees Royaux doCinquantenaire in Brussels,their acquisition being reported in anarticle dated1909 (Capart 1909). Some time before, then, thesetwo coffinshad beensold orotherwise bargained for fromthe CairoMuseum . At thattime the Museum operated a "saIle de vente", and it is not known whatother objects of the Cairo Museum's sharehave been uadedaway and nowrest in foreign collections. 9 A thorough examinationof the CairoMuseum 's JourlUlld' Entree in 1986 indicated only one registereditem direcdyattributed to Hogarth'sexca vation: a New Kingdom stele, perhapsthe one discovered in the shaftby HassanAbu Lira. A few otheritems from 1907 entries in the Journal have Asyut listedtheir as provenance but without positive ascription toHo garth'swork. The complete fate ofMasjlero'snin eteencases is unknown.

Hogarth'sphotographs have beenlost. Two, however, were published in Accidents of an Antiquary'sLif e andprovided tantaliz­ ing glimpses of a tomb's sealeddoor andthe in-situ contents of a burialchamber.(28) A few of the obj ects have been published in the British Museum's ongoing Catalo gue of Objects (29) while others arepresentlybeing enjoyedby aninternational audience of thatMus eum'svisitors. The vast majority of these Asyut objects, however. remain behind the scenes in the collection of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities.

For the scholar, theAsyut ob jects hold a vast body of as yet scarcely tappeddata relevant to awide range ofpotential research topics. There is littledoubt that many other ''lost" or unpublished excavations await rediscovery in museum archives worldwide. As these resources areinvestigated. many surprisescan be expected as well as valuable con1I1butions to the history of archaeol­ ogy.

References Cited

Abbreyiations:

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FN FieldNo tebookof D.G. Hogarth,excavations at Asyut,Egypt, 1906/07.

'IM Minutes of the Trusteesof the British Museum.

WWE Dawson, W.R.,D.P. Uphill andM.L. Bierbrier 1995 Who was who inEgyptology. 3rd edition. Egypt Exploration Society.London.

Andrews, C. 1981 "Jewellery." Catalogue ofEgyptian Antiquities inthe BritishMus eum 6.

AldingtOn, R. 1955 Lawrence ofArabia: A Biographical Inquiry. Collins, London.

Beinlich, H. 1975 "Assiut". Lexikon tierA.gypto logie 1:490-495.

Belzoni, Giovanni Baltista 1820 Narrative ofthe Operations andRecent Discoveries in Egypt andNubia. John Murray, London.

Bidwell, RL. 1978 ''Hogarlh and the Handbookof Hej az."I n, D.G. Hogarth,Ha ndbookof Heja z, reprintof 2nd ed., 1917, Oleander Press, New Yark.

Brugsch, H. 1862 Recueil de MonumentsEgy ptiens. r.c. Hinrichs,Leipzig.

Brunner, Helmut 1937 ''Die Texte aud den Grlibemder Herakleopolitenzeit von Siut" A.gypto iogischeF or shungen 5.

Budge, E.A.Wallis 1913 Hieroglyphic Texts fro m Egyptian Stele, etc. in the British Museum. British Muse1,Ull,London.

1920 By Nile an dDms . John Murray, London. 10 Cailliaud, F. 1831 Recherches sur les Artset Metiers,... deI' Egypte de la Nubiaet de I"E.thlopie. DebureFreres, Paris.

Calderini,, A. 1922 ''Nella patriaPlotino di Licopoli." Aegyptus3: 255-274.

1935 Dizionar;o dei Nomi Geograji ci e Topograjici dell'Egitto Greco-Romano. Cairo.

Capart, J. 1909"Une Importante Donation d'Antiquit6s Egyptiennes." Bulletindes Musees oyauxflu Cinquantenaire,pp.5 9-61.

Chassinat, E. 1904 "Mr . Chassinat's Reportof the InstitutFran� inCairo's Work During 1902-4." In,"Progress of Egyptology: Archaeology, Hieroglyphic Studies, etc. ed.by Griffith, FL., Egypt Exploration Fund Archaeological Reports 1903- 1904.

Chassinat. E. and C. Palanque 1911 "Une Campagne de Fouilles dansla Necropole d'AssiouL" Memoires de I'lnstitut Francais (/Arche ologie Orientale du Caire, 24.

Cooney, J. 1976 "Glass." Catalogue of EgyptianAntiquities in theBritish Museum 4.

Courtney, J.E. 1928 "DavidGeorge Hogarth." Fortnightly Review 123:23-33.

Davies, W.V. . 1982 ''Thebes." In,Excava tingin Egy pt. editedby T.G.H. James,pp.51- 70 EgyptExploration Society, London.

Dawson, W. andP. Gray 1968 "MumOiies and Human Remains." Catalogue ofEgy ptianAntiquiti es inthe BritishMuseum 1.

Dawson; W.R., D.P. Uphilland ML. Bierbrier 1995 Who Was Who inEgyp tology. 3rd edition. Egypt Exploration Society. London.

Edwards. I.E.S. 1938 A Handbookto the Egyptian Mummiesand CoffinsDis played in the British Museum. BritishM useum. London.

Fletcher� C.RL. 1928 ·'David GeorgeHogarth ". The Geographical Joumal 71(4):321-344.

Gaillard. C. 1927 "LesAnimaux Consacres a la Divinite de I" Ancienne Lycopolis." Annalesdu Servicedes Antiquit6s de l'Egypte 27:33-42.

Gtanville, S.R.K. 1972 ·'Wooden Model Boats." Catalogue of EgyptianAntiqu ities inthe British Museum2.

GO_ F. 1980 ·'EgyptenW1lhrend derErsten Zwisc henzeiL" TubingerAtlas des Vorderen Orients 66.1

1986 Die Besiedlung Egyptens WiJhrend desMit tleren Reiches. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden.

Graefe. E. 1985 ''UpuauC' Lexiconder Egyptologie 6:862-864.

11 Grenfell, B.P., A.S. Hunt, and D.G. Hogarth 1900Fayum To wns andTh eirPapyri. Egypt Exploration Fund, London.

Griffith.F.L. 1886-1887 "Theinscriptions of Siut andDer Rifeh ." Th e Babylonian and Oriental Record 3:121-129. 164-168, 174- 184, 244-252.

1889 The Inscriptions of Siut and Der Rifeh. Trubner and Co., London.

Griffith,F L.t editor 1908''Progress of Egyptology: Archaeology, Hieroglyphic Studies,Etc. " Egypt Exp loration SocietyArchaeological Reports , 1907-1908.

Hayes, W. 1971 ''The Middle Kingdom inEgypt." Cambridge AncientHistory, 3rd edition,pp.464-53 1.

Helck, W. 1968"G eschichte des altenEgyp ten." Handbuch der Orientalistik 1(3).

1974 Die Altllgyptischen Gaue. LudwigReichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.

Hogarth. D.G. 1889 DeviaCypria. H. Frowde, London.

1896a A Wandering Scholar inthe Levant. Charles Scnbner's,New York.

1896b ''Theclassical Inscriptions." In,W.M.F. Petrie, Koptos. pp.26-35. London.

1901 "Excavationsat Zakro, Crete." Annual ofthe British School at Athens 7: 121- 149.

1904 "TheE xcavation." In.Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos. BritishSchool at Athens,London.

1908 Excavations atEp hesus. BritishMuseum, London.

1910 Accidents of an Antiquary'sLife. Macmillanand Co., London.

1914 Carchemish. British Museum, London.

1925 The Wandering Scholar. Oxford University, Oxford.

Hogarth. D.G. andE.F. Benson 1895 Report on Prospects of Research in Alexandria. Macmillan,London.

Hogarth. D.G., H.L. Lorimer. and C.C. Edgar 1905 "Naulaatis, 1903." Journal ofHellenic Studies 25:105-136.

James, T.G.H •. 1981 The BritishMuseum and Ancient Egypt. British Museum,London.

12 Jomard, E.F.,editor 1802-1825 Description de l'Egypte. Paris.

Kees,H. 1927 ''Lykonpolis." Paulys Realencyclopiidie der ClassischenAltertumswissenschaft 26:2310-2312.

1961 Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

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1931·1940 "David GeorgeHogarth". In,Dictionary ofBiography •

. Lawrence. M.R.. ed. 1954 The Home Letters of T.E. Lawrence and His Brothers. Macmillan, New York.

Leospo. E. 1988 ''Gebe1ein andAsyut during theFirst Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom." In,Egyptian Civilization: Religious Beliefs. pp. 82.103, ed. by A.M. Donadoni Roveri, Electra, Milan.

Mack, John E.

1976 A Prince oj Our Disorder: The life ofT.E. Lawrence. Little, Brown andCo •• Boston.

Mariette,F. 1881Monuments Divers Recueil en Egypte et en Nubie. F. Vieweg. Paris.

Montet, P. 1961 Geographie de l' Egypte Ancienne. C. Klincksieck, Paris.

Moss. Rosalind 1933 "An Unpublished Rock-Tomb atAsyut." Joumal of Egyptian Archaeology 19:33.

Palanque, C. 1903 ''Notes deFouilles dansNecropole la d' Assiut." Bulletin de " Institut Fran,ais d'Archeologre Orientale 3: 119· 128.

Petrie, W.M.F. 1904 Methods and Aims in Archaeology. Macmi1lan. London.

Porter. B. and R. Moss 1934 TopographicalBibliography oj Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts. Reliefs, andPaintings. Vol.lV.

1937 Topographical Bibliography oj Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyp hic Texts, Reliefs , and Paintings. Vo1.V.

Ryan. D.P. inpress "Archaeological Excavations at Asyut, 1906-7: A Record of Work Carried out by DavidGeorge Hogarth for the British Museum". British Museum OccasionalPapers 102.

Sayce, A.H. 1927 "David George Hogarth." Proceedings of the British Academy 13:379· 383.

Documents:

Notebooks: (Departmentof Egyptian Antiquities. TheBritish Mu seum)

• Field NotebookofD.G. Hogarth, Excavations at Asyut,

December 1906 - March 1907

• Register of Objects.Excavations at Asyut. December 1906 -March 1907 13 : (Departmentof EgyptianAntiquities. TheBritish Museum)

- BM 1283 (4 April 1906).E .A. Wallis Budge to Sir Edward

Thompson.. 3 April 1906. � BM 1621 (4 May 1906). Budge to British Museum Trustees. 3 May 1906. - BM 3468 (12 October 1906),Budge toTrustees. 12 October 1906. - BM 143 (10 January 1907). Hogarth to British Museum Director. 1 January 1907 (from Asyut). - BM 754 (28 February 1907). Hogarth toBritish Museum Director, 3 February 1907 (from Asyut). - BM 890 (8 March 1907). Hogarth toBritish Museum Director. 28 February 1907 (from Asyut). - BM 1252 (6 ApriI 1907), Hogarth toBritish Museum Director. 31 March 1907 (from Asyut). - Letter from Hogartbto Budge, 6 March 1907 (from Asyut).

Minutes of Trusteesthe o f the BritishMuse um:

13 January 1906, 7 April 1906. 14 July 1906, 12 May 1906. 13 October 1906, 10 November 1906, 12 January 1907, 9 March 1907. 13 ApriI 1907.

Other Documents:

- Excavation Pennit from Servicedes Antiquites (Gaston Maspero tothe British Museum/E.A.W.Budge) , 30 March 1906. - Map of Excavation at Asyut, c.February 1907 - (forwarded in letter fromHogartb to Budge). - "Report on excavations inthe cemetery of AssiuL" D.O. Hogarth to theDirector of theBritish Museum. c.March 1907. - Paysheet for workmen. Asyut excavation, 14 December 1906 - 6 January 1907.

Ackn owleduments:

I wish to acknowledge several individuals and institutions who have assisted inthe progress of my work with this material: T.O.H. James and W. V. Davies of theDepartment of Egyptian Antiquities atthe British Museum; theDivision of Humanities at Pacific Lutheran University; the British Library; the Egyptian Museum. Cairo; Dr. DianaMagee. Dr. Angela Tooley. Dr. Hennan de Meulenaere. Dr. David Locton.and Dr. MarkPapwor th. I am thankful "for the generosity of Mr. andMrs. M.D. Schwartz. Dr. and Mrs. Don Annstrong. Mrs. Sherry L. Ryan and Mr. Samuel M.M. Ryan. I would like espe.cially to acknowledge three gentlemen, Mr. James D. Ryan, Mr. Maurice D. Schwartz. and Dr.David Oeorge Hogarth.

1. There is but a brief mention of Hogarth·s efforts reported in the annual Archaeological Report of the Egypt Exploration Fund (Oriffith 1908. pp.23-24). As noted below. there wasnever any intent by Budge toproduce a publication for this excavation.

2. Budge [1857-1934] wasKeeper of Assyrian and Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum from 1894-1924. He was an extremelyprolific writer withover 140 booksto his credit on Egyptological and other ancient subjects along with numerous scholarly articles (WWE, pp.71-72). Budge's acquisitional strategy emphasized networks of dealers andcollectors in the appro­ priate countries, and a series of personal collecting trips. Indeed. Budge's effortsduring histenure were very successful in obtaining many fm e Egyptian obj ects for the British Museum. Though not without its problems in tenDs of obtaining fu ll and accurate contextual knowledge for each artifact, Budge's well-developed collecting skills remained his preferred means of building the Egyptian collection and was not an unusual approach. 10the earlyyears thisof century. however, Budgedecided that an excavation in Egypt would likewise beapprop riate. James (1981. p.25) states, "[Budge] never encouraged the Trustees actively to supportexcavation in Egypt by the grant of funds." The Asyut excavation is anexcep tion. Some of thearchaeological adventures of Bpdge arefo und in hisautobi ography.By Nile and Tigris (1920). James (1981 pp.22-27) discusses his role at the 14 BritishMuseum .

3. Gaston Maspero[1846-1916] wasdirector oftbeAntiquities Servicefrom 1881.1886 andthen again from 1899·1914. His archaeologicalproje cts, museumwork and pub licationsplay a prominentin role the development ofEgyptology (WWE. pp.278. 9).

4. Khawaled isl ocatedsouth ofAsyut on theNi le's eastbank and is a poss1Dle siteof Asyut's New Kingdom cemetery (Porter andMoss 1937. p.6O).

5. Schiaparelli [1856-1928] was responsiblefor many impressive archaeological discoveries at several differentsites Egypt in andis well-known forhis association with the Egyptian Museum inTurin , Italy CWWE,pp� 377-78).

6. Pettie [1853-1942] wasan English arehaeologist considered todaymany by asa ''fatherof modemarchaeology" due tohis early advocacyof rigorous methodology. During hislong arehaeological career he excavated at numerousin sites E gypt,and also inPalestine (WWE329-32).

7. Locatedon the NiIe's westbetween baDk Asyut and Luxor , Abydos is a very important sitewi thremains spanning Predynastic through GraecoJRoman times. Itis especiallynoted as themajor cultcenter forOsiris (porterand Moss 1937, pp.39-10S).

8. Excavation Peunit Servicefrom des Antiquit6s. (Gaston Masperoto the British Museum,lE.A.W. Budge) 30 Marcb 1906.

9. Epigrapbers include theFrencb Exped.ition: JomBl'd (1802·1825,Text volume4:133-157 andPlate volume IV. Nos. XLllI­ XLIX),Frederic Caj]Jiaud(1831 PlateXIX). James Button(mss. inthe British Library).Robert Hay (mss.in theBritish Library). HeinricbBmgscb (1862. pp.21-22, Plate XI), and � Mariette(1881 platesLXIV -LXIX).

10. Thistomb of Mesehti discovered by Faraqis Hogarth's Tomb No. m.

11. :EmiJ.eChassinat [1 868-1948] excavatedat a variety ofsites Egypt in and served as director of theFrench Institute inCairo from 1898-1911 (WWBpp.95 -6}. Charles[1865-1909] Palanquc wasinvolved in excavations in Egypt for only a briefperiod during1900-1902 (WWBp.317).

12. Hogarthwould observe thatSchiappare lli'sconcession in theAsyut necropolis possessedgreat archaeological potentialand he also noted that Scbiapparelli'scon cessionseem ed tocontain "largergrav es" (BM 143).

13. No noteswere available concerning Hogarth's acceptance of the task,his prepamtion,or his arrival and establis1unent at Asyut. The primaryof sources information oonceming theexcavation aretwo note books.one being his day by day fieldaccoun t whichspecific allyaddresses a selection of individual tombs,the otherbeing verya straightf orwardregister of objects. Hogarth wrote regular reportsto the Director of the British Museumat about monthly intervals, and atleast twiceto Budge atthe British Museum. Five letters writtenthe from field offera few but not many ancedotes. Somepays heetsfor the workmen alsosurvive. A band-written FinalReport to theDirector of the British M useumseems foreshortened; perhaps it was unfinished. Romanticized reminiscences of the excavation appearin Hogartb's Accidents ofan Antiquaries Lije . laterrepeated ina sort.ofHogarth anthol­ ogy. The Wandering Scholar.

14. "Report on Excavations inthe Cemetery of Assiut." D.G. Hogarth to theDirector of the British Museum. c. March 1907. pp.I-2.

15. Lefebvre [1879-1957] served as theinspector of MiddleEgypt for the Antiquities Servicefrom 1905-1914 (WWE p.24 4).

16. Refers toTomb IX.

17. Petrie (1904 pp33-35) offers sageadvice on the '"bakshishsystem ". Thepaying baksbish of also encouraged carefuldigging for discovery of unbroken objects for those which areespecially small. The system did not work inall situations as the and . Hogartb f01Dld while workingwith Naville at Deirel-Bahri in 1893/94 (seeD avies 1982p.S8).

18. Most of theabove infmmation concerning employees. salaries. etc. was derived from survivingpa ysheets dating 14 Dec.

1906 - 5 Jan. 1907.

19. BM 143. Hogartb wrote tothe Directorof theBritish Museum . "IfM. Scbiaparelli's share were to yoube tIansferredto next year. itm igbt payyou toundertake a second campaign" (BM 1252).

15 20. Sayce [1845·1933]"traveled extensively inEgypt where he spent manywinters in his own boaton theNl le copying inscrip­ tions. etc.; he had widea ciJcleof friends amongEgyptologists •.• " (WWE, p.375).

21. Lacau [1873·1963] would be the directorof the Antiquities Serviceduring 1914- 1936 (WWE. pp.233-234).

22. Thoughmost archaeologists of today would considerthe blU'Dingof ancient coffins toplanks be outrageous, therewas certainly forprecedent such behavior inHo garth'sday. Ina letter home writtenfrom Kafr Ammar,Egypt in the year 1912. T.E. Lawrencewrote: ''Even our very firewoodcomes from 24thdynasty coffins. andour charcoalbrazier first performed that officein thedays of the faIl of Carchemish" (Lawrence 1954, p.185). Lawrence was writingfrom the campof one of Hogarth's mentors, none other thanPettie himselfl

23. In hisNarra tive (1820 p.1S7). Belzoni describesa similaratmosphere: "OnceI wasconducted from such a place toanother resembling it [a tmmel withmummiesJ, througha passageof about twenty feet in length, and nowider than that a bodycould be forced through. It waschoked withmummies, andI could not passwithout putting my facein contactwith thatof some decayed Egyptian; but as the passage declined downwards, my own weight helped me on: however, I could not avoid being covered with bones,legs, arms., and heads rolling from above."

24. Letterto Budge, 6 March 1907.

25. Ibid.

26. See. for example, several coffins from theexcavation described in Edwards (1938. pp. 23-24, 26).

27. EdouardEmpain [1852-1929J wasa wealthy Belgian engineerinvolved in a variety of industrialprojects in Europeand

Egypt anda benefactor toEgyptological institutions in Belgium (WWE, p.141).

28. Hogarth (1910. plates Opposite pages 155 and158).

29. Objects from theexcavation inthe British Museum Caralogue of Egyptian Antiquities can fobe und in Andrews(1981 pp. 47,;, 48, SO). Cooney (1976 pp.49. 131, 154), Dawson andGray (1968 pp.6).and Glanville(1972 pp.27-37).

Historyof Latin American Archaeology

by

David L. Browman Departmentof AnthropolOgy Washington University - Sl Louis

Two recent conttibutions (Oyuela-Caycedo 1994 andPolitis 1995) toanalyses of the intellectualdeve lopment of archaeology in Latin America provide us with new perspectives. A theme sharedby both is the perceptionby the authors of a need to distance the development of archaeology inLatin American countries from the overweening infiuence of Europe. and especially U. S., archaeologists. Politis argues thatU. S • influencehas beenount tantam to 'cultural imperialism' (1995:226) . He seesU.S. archaeologistsas having a historyof appropriating andmanipulating theknowledge of the pastwhich ignoresthe localpeoples own traditional perceptions of theirpatrimony, and argues thatthe U. S. perspective is designed to satisfy the needs of western scholarshipbut fails to enter a dialog with the legitimate concernsof thesubj ectcountties . Oyuela·Caycedo's introductory essay in his book ''Nationalism and Archaeology" carries a very similar message. He faults U. S. archaeologistsfor failing tolocate their studies inthe areas social andlocal context, which he seesas leading the U. S. scholars toemploy a model derived from "dependency theory" (1994:5), resulting in an overly simplistic perception of the contextfo r the development of archaeological disciplines inrespective Latin American countries.

Politis sttives todiscuss the historyof intellectual developmentof allof South Americafrom the perspective of Argentina. This endeavor is thearticle 's extraordinary strength aswell as its weakness, for on theone hand the intellectual development of other countries in South America arecast in the Argentinemodel, which leads tosome provocative new insigbts.but on the other hand, this leads to areconstruction that is heavily biasedtoward Argentinedeve lopments. Oyuela-Caycedo approaches the issue from another tact: he is the editor of a volume which containscontributions on the intellectual heritage of archaeology in seven countries. by natives of thosecountries. which gives the volume specific authenticity in covering those countries. but on the other hand ignores theintellectual traj ectoryof the scoreof otherLatin American countries. as wen as suffering from the typical edited 16