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Coğrafya: Geçmiş-Kavramlar- Coğrafyacilar

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Coğrafya: Geçmiş-Kavramlar- Coğrafyacilar COĞRAFYA: GEÇMİŞ-KAVRAMLAR- COĞRAFYACILAR COĞRAFYA LİSANS PROGRAMI DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ATİLLA KARATAŞ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ COĞRAFYA LİSANS PROGRAMI COĞRAFYA: GEÇMİŞ-KAVRAMLAR- COĞRAFYACILAR Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Atilla KARATAŞ ÖNSÖZ İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Coğrafya programı kapsamında, Coğrafya: Geçmiş-Kavramlar-Coğrafyacılar dersi için hazırlanmış olan bu notlar, ders içeriğinin daha iyi anlaşılması amacıyla internet üzerinde erişime açık görsellerle zenginleştirilmiş ve “Ders Notu” formunda düzenlenmiştir. Bu sebeple kurallarına uygun olarak yapılmakla birlikte metin içerisindeki alıntılar için ilgili bölümlerde referans verilmemiş, ancak çalışmanın sonundaki “Kaynakça” bölümünde faydalanılan kaynaklara ait bilgiler sıralanmıştır. Bu çalışmaya konu olmuş bütün bilim insanlarını minnet ve şükranla yâd eder, muhtemel eksik ve hatalar için okuyucunun anlayışına muhtaç olduğumuzun ikrarını elzem addederim. Öğrencilerimiz ve Coğrafya bilimine gönül vermiş herkes için faydalı olması ümidiyle… Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Atilla KARATAŞ 20.07.2017 1 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .............................................................................................................................................. 1 İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................................................. 2 KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................................................... 7 YAZAR NOTU .................................................................................................................................. 8 1. İLKÇAĞ VE COĞRAFİ ALGI ...................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Anadolu ve Mezopotamya ......................................................................................................... 15 1.2. Antik Yunan ve Roma ............................................................................................................... 17 1.2.1. Miletli Thales .................................................................................................................. 17 1.2.2. Herodotus ....................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.3. Erastosthenes .................................................................................................................. 19 1.2.4. Aristotle .......................................................................................................................... 20 1.2.5. Strabo ............................................................................................................................. 21 1.2.6. Ptolemaios ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.7. Plinius ............................................................................................................................. 23 1.2.8. Seneca............................................................................................................................. 23 1.2.9. Hipparchus ...................................................................................................................... 24 1.2.10. Anaximander ................................................................................................................. 24 1.3. Hint ve Çin ................................................................................................................................ 25 1.4. Mısır.......................................................................................................................................... 25 2. ORTAÇAĞ VE COĞRAFİ ALGI ................................................................................................ 34 2.1. Müslüman Coğrafyacılar............................................................................................................ 40 2.1.1. İdrisî ............................................................................................................................... 41 2.1.2. İbn Batuta ....................................................................................................................... 42 2.1.3. İbn Haldun ...................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.4. Ebu-l İz El-Cezerî ........................................................................................................... 44 2.1.5. İbn-i Sîna ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.1.6. Mesûdî ............................................................................................................................ 46 2.1.7. İstahrî.............................................................................................................................. 46 2.1.8. Harezmî .......................................................................................................................... 47 2.1.9. Ebu Reyhan El-Birûnî ..................................................................................................... 49 2.1.10. Uluğbey ........................................................................................................................ 50 3. RÖNESANS, ORTAÇAĞ SONU SEYAHAT VE KEŞİFLER ..................................................... 58 2 3.1. Marco Polo ve Seyahati ............................................................................................................. 64 3.2. Christopher Columbus ............................................................................................................... 64 3.3. Vasco de Gama .......................................................................................................................... 65 3.4. Ferdinand Magellan ................................................................................................................... 66 3.5. Jacques Cartier .......................................................................................................................... 66 3.6. Martin Frobisher ........................................................................................................................ 67 3.7. Francis Drake ............................................................................................................................ 68 3.8. John ve Sebastian Cabot ............................................................................................................ 68 3.9. John Davis ................................................................................................................................. 69 3.10. Martin Behaim ......................................................................................................................... 70 4.MODERN DÖNEM ÖNCESİ 16. VE 17. YÜZYILLAR ............................................................... 78 4.1. Bernhardus Varenius ve The Geographia Generalis Başyapıtı .................................................... 84 4.2. Haritalar ve Gerardus Mercator’un Dünya Haritası..................................................................... 87 5. 18. YÜZYIL VE MODERN COĞRAFYANIN DOĞUŞU, COĞRAFYANIN ÜNİVERSİTELERE GİRİŞİ ............................................................................................................................................. 97 5.1. Alman Ekolü ........................................................................................................................... 103 5.1.1. Immanuel Kant ............................................................................................................. 103 5.1.2. Alexander von Humboldt ve Kozmozu .......................................................................... 104 5.1.3. Carl Ritter ..................................................................................................................... 106 5.2. Fransız Ekolü........................................................................................................................... 107 5.3. Amerikan Ekolü ve George Perkins Marsh ............................................................................... 107 6. 20. YÜZYIL ............................................................................................................................... 116 6.1. I. ve II. Dünya Savaşları ve Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Doğuşu ....................................................... 122 6.2. Hava Fotoğrafları ..................................................................................................................... 122 6.3. Uzaktan Algılama, Infrared ve Uydu Fotoğrafları..................................................................... 123 6.4. Bilgisayarlar ve Sayısal Analizler ............................................................................................ 124 6.5. Coğrafyada Sayısal Analizin Kurucuları .................................................................................. 125 6.5.1. Erward Ullman .............................................................................................................. 125 6.5.2. William Garrison .........................................................................................................
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