DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Diversity, Phylogenetic Relationships and Conservation of Edwards's Pheasant Lophura Edwardsi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Diversity, Phylogenetic Relationships and Conservation of Edwards's Pheasant Lophura Edwardsi Bird Conservation International (1999) 9:395-410. © BirdLife International 1999 Genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships and conservation of Edwards's Pheasant Lophura edwardsi ALAIN HENNACHE, ETTORE RANDI and VITTORIO LUCCHINI Summary An historical study shows that the present day ex situ population of Edwards's Pheasant Lophura edwardsi, now numbering over 1,000 living specimens, origin- ated in the 1920s from at least six different sources and c. 30 potential founders, including more males than females. Partial sequences, 820 nucleotides long, of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region were obtained in representat- ives of about half of 21 captive-reared bloodlines, identified from data in the revised International Studbook. All captive-reared birds had identical sequences. Sequences of mtDNA obtained from museum skins and samples of birds col- lected in the wild were slightly different from that representing the captive- reared birds. The lack of mtDNA variability in the captive stock is probably due to the small number of founding females and genetic drift during c. 30 genera- tions of captive breeding. Estimation of true extent of mtDNA sequence variabil- ity in historical and living wild Edwards's Pheasants awaits the procurement and analysis of more specimens. At least one bloodline of captive Edwards's Pheasant is polluted with exogenous genes resulting from past hybridization with Swinhoe's Pheasant L. sivinhoii. Edwards's Pheasant is more closely related to Vietnamese Pheasant L. hatinhensis and Imperial Pheasant L. imperialis than to several other taxa regarded as full species in the genus Lophura. However it is not yet possible to determine the extent of their evolutionary divergence and of their proper taxonomic rank. The initial results of this genetic research suggest that there should be efforts to (1) expand field sampling and genetic analyses of wild populations of Lophura species, (2) purge the captive stock of Edwards' Pheasant of all hybrids, (3) apply microsatellite analyses to estimate the level of genetic diversity in nuclear DNA. Introduction Edwards's Pheasant Lophura edwardsi is one of only four pheasant taxa currently classified as critically endangered according to the IUCN (1994) Red List Criteria (McGowan and Garson 1995, P. Garson, unpubl.). This is mainly a consequence of extensive habitat loss throughout its former range in the Annamese lowlands of central Vietnam. Several field surveys in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Provinces after the War failed to locate the species (Eames et al. 1992), which was consid- A. Hennache, E. Randi and V. Lucchini 396 ered extinct in the wild until its rediscovery in late 1996 (Eve 1997). The conserva- tion of Edwards's Pheasant, as well as two other critically endangered forms also endemic to this small area of Vietnam, the Imperial Lophura imperialis and Vietnamese Lophura hatinhensis Pheasants, is a high priority (McGowan and Garson 1995). Edwards's and Vietnamese Pheasants are currently breeding both in Vietnam and elsewhere. However, if these captive stocks are to constitute a valuable conservation resource for the future, they need extremely careful man- agement. Although generally considered to be a valid species (Collar et al. 1994), only slight plumage differences distinguish the Imperial and Vietnamese from Edwards's Pheasant. Thus it is important to determine their evolutionary rela- tionships in order to decide the extent to which they deserve separate conserva- tion action (McGowan and Garson 1995). The aims of this paper are to report on the extent of genetic variability in the Edwards's Pheasant captive stock, and to explore the molecular phylogenetics of these three Lophura taxa, with the object of contributing vital information to the process of defining a global conservation programme for them. However, our first task is to review all known historical information on the captive population of Edwards's Pheasant. The Edwards's Pheasant European endangered species programme In 1994, under the aegis of the World Pheasant Association (WPA), Han Assink and Alain Hennache accepted responsibility for running an International Stud- book for the Edwards's Pheasant, and initiated a European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) under the European Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria (EAZA). This EEP now has 51 participants (18 different countries) man- aging about 300 birds. The declared aim of the Edwards's Pheasant EEP is to establish and maintain an ex situ population in order to preserve and maintain 90% of its original gen- etic diversity for a period of at least 100 years. The determination of the size of population required to achieve this result depends on the available historical information, including knowledge of the number of original founders, their breeding history and transfers, as well as information on the current population size and its growth rate. Moreover, reliable information on historical and current populations size and structure is critical for estimating the expected amount of genetic diversity that has been retained so far in the captive stock. The maintenance of genetic diversity is important for the viability of a captive population. Loss of genetic diversity, through random drift and the occurrence of inbreeding depression can threaten the survival of any small population, as a result of lowered reproductive performance and raised sensitivity to infectious diseases (Rails and Ballou 1986). It is also likely that some interspecific hybridiza- tion has polluted the captive stocks (Carpentier et al. 1975), making them unsuit- able for a conservation breeding programme. In response to these problems with the ex situ population of Edwards's Pheas- ant, a research agreement was signed in 1996 between the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France, and the Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica (INFS), Bologna, Italy, with the aim of obtaining DNA sequence data on samples from wild and captive-reared Edwards's Pheasant with which to investigate these problems objectively. Genetic diversity of Edwards' Pheasant 397 Origin of the captive stock The first priority for the Edwards's Pheasant EEP was to review the historical information in an effort to determine the number of founders and their breeding and transfer history. The history of Jean Delacour's expeditions to Indochina, during which the first Edwards's Pheasants were collected, has been researched in detail by Ciarpaglini and Hennache (1995). Seven expeditions were organized between 1922 and 1939. At least 58-59 Edwards' Pheasants were collected during the first five expeditions in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces between 1922 and 1929 (Table 1), although only 28-29 °f those, including just 9 females, were exported with certainty (Ciarpaglini and Hennache 1995). Three countries benefited from these imports: France (Cleres) in 1924, 1928 and 1930, Japan in 1926 and Great Britain in 1928. These c. 30 Edwards's Pheasants probably included the founders of the present captive population. However, since 1995, new information has become available indicating that Jean Delacour was probably not the only person to import this species from Vietnam. Three other possible sources are of importance (Ciarpaglini and Hennache 1997): (1) Walter Goodfellow imported Edwards's Pheasants and other Indochinese birds to England in 1936 (Anonymous 1936), but nothing more is known than this; (2) American soldiers, returning after the war in Vietnam, may have brought living Edwards's Pheasants to the U.S.A. (T. Lovel in litt., R. Sumner in litt.), but this is not properly documented anywhere to our knowledge; and (3) in the early 1980s, eggs of Edwards's Pheasants were received from Vietnam by a well-known private breeder in the former East Ger- many. From these eggs he reared two females one of which bred later with one of his captive males. According to Dang Gia Tung (pers. comm. 1996) the export of anything from central Annam was very difficult in the 1980s because of the widespread destruction of roads. It is therefore possible that these eggs came from northern Annam, within what is now known to be the range of the Vietna- mese Pheasant. Thus these females may have been Vietnamese Pheasants, and the captive stock of Edwards's Pheasant may therefore contain some hybrid lines. Some of the Edwards's Pheasants imported by J. Delacour bred soon after their arrival: in France in 1925, in Japan in 1927, and in England in 1929. In France, reproduction by captive Edwards's Pheasants was very irregular and Delacour did not produce as many Edwards's Pheasants at Cleres as he reported in the literature. Only 18-25 Edwards's Pheasants were certainly reared at Cleres between 1925 and 1939 (Ciarpaglini and Hennache 1997) and some of these were transferred to other breeders in France, Belgium, Germany and England (Ciarpaglini and Hennache 1997). No data are available for Japan. In England, John Spedan Lewis gave his first Edwards's Pheasant offspring to other English breeders (Ciarpaglini and Hennache 1997). Unfortunately the origin of the Amer- ican population is completely unknown. Documented transfers While the ornithological literature reveals the names of the breeders who obtained the first offspring bred from wild Edwards's Pheasants at Cleres, no records exist that allow us to pinpoint accurately the first transfers between con- tinents or countries. World War II destroyed most of the pheasant collections in Table 1. Edwards's Pheasant captures and importations between 1922 and 1929 Collectors Years Number Females known Males known Registered in Jabouille Localities captures known notes Jabouill 1922 3 1 2 o Hailang, Vinhlinh Jabouille 1922/23 4 0 4 o Hailang, Vinhlinh Delacour/Jabouille 1923/24 22 3 !9 (2,2) Camlo (No 15, 5, 19, 7) ; (3,0) Huong Hoa (No 16, 17, 18); (1,0) Ba Long (No 8); (1,1) Mailanh (No 20,10) Jabouille 1925 1 1 0 o Unknown Delacour/Lowe 1925/26 7 0 7 (2,0) Mailanh (No 19,282) ; (3,0) Langkhoai (No 945,946,947) ; (2,0) Hai Van Pass (No 1788,1789) Jabouille 1926 6/7 (including 1 4/5 - 1 (1,0) Langkhoai (No 180) ; 1 juv.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proposal for Amendment of Appendix I Or II for CITES Cop16
    Original language: French CoP16 Prop. 17 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3-14 March 2013 CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A. Proposal Delete Lophura imperialis from Appendix I and Amend the standard reference for birds adopted by the Conference of the Parties in the Annex to Resolution Conf. 12.11 (Rev. CoP15): "Dickinson, E. C. (ed.)(2003): The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Revised and enlarged 3rd Edition. 1039 pp. London (Christopher Helm)", inserting the following text in square brackets: [for all bird species – except for Lophura imperialis and the taxa mentioned below] B. Proponent Switzerland, as Depositary Government, at the request of the Animals Committee (proposal prepared by France)1. C. Supporting statement 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: Aves 1.2 Order: Galliformes 1.3 Family: Phasianidae 1.4 Genus, species, including author and year: Lophura imperialis, Delacour et Jabouille, 1924 Birdlife International no longer recognizes the imperial pheasant (Lophura imperialis) as a species (2011). According to the IUCN Species Survival Commission / World Pheasant Association Galliformes Specialist Group, Lophura imperialis is no longer a valid name and the taxon should be considered a natural hybrid between the species Lophura edwardsi (Oustalet, 1896) and Lophura nycthemera (Linné, 1758). As a result, Lophura imperialis has been removed from the IUCN Red List. 1 The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat or the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 31St August 2021 Name and Address of Collection/Breeder: Do You Closed Ring Your Young Birds? Yes / No
    Page 1 of 3 WPA Census 2021 World Pheasant Association Conservation Breeding Advisory Group 31st August 2021 Name and address of collection/breeder: Do you closed ring your young birds? Yes / No Adults Juveniles Common name Latin name M F M F ? Breeding Pairs YOUNG 12 MTH+ Pheasants Satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra Satyr tragopan (TRS ringed) Tragopan satyra Temminck's tragopan Tragopan temminckii Temminck's tragopan (TRT ringed) Tragopan temminckii Cabot's tragopan Tragopan caboti Cabot's tragopan (TRT ringed) Tragopan caboti Koklass pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha Himalayan monal Lophophorus impeyanus Red junglefowl Gallus gallus Ceylon junglefowl Gallus lafayettei Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii Green junglefowl Gallus varius White-crested kalij pheasant Lophura l. hamiltoni Nepal Kalij pheasant Lophura l. leucomelana Crawfurd's kalij pheasant Lophura l. crawfurdi Lineated kalij pheasant Lophura l. lineata True silver pheasant Lophura n. nycthemera Berlioz’s silver pheasant Lophura n. berliozi Lewis’s silver pheasant Lophura n. lewisi Edwards's pheasant Lophura edwardsi edwardsi Vietnamese pheasant Lophura e. hatinhensis Swinhoe's pheasant Lophura swinhoii Salvadori's pheasant Lophura inornata Malaysian crestless fireback Lophura e. erythrophthalma Bornean crested fireback pheasant Lophura i. ignita/nobilis Malaysian crestless fireback/Vieillot's Pheasant Lophura i. rufa Siamese fireback pheasant Lophura diardi Southern Cavcasus Phasianus C. colchicus Manchurian Ring Neck Phasianus C. pallasi Northern Japanese Green Phasianus versicolor
    [Show full text]
  • Save Pdf (0.81
    FFPS news The Oryx 100% Fund threat from the cage-bird trade in Trinidad. The second will be concerned with forest regenera- tion on the Tobago Main Ridge, which was Grants awarded devastated by Hurricane Flora in 1965. The team At its meeting on 7 June the FFPS Council will assess natural regeneration and compare it approved funding for the following projects. with growth in areas replanted with fast-growing exotic species to combat erosion. The results £800 for a project focusing on conservation of should be of wide interest in the Caribbean forest birds in Vietnam. The team consists of where forests are ever prone to hurricane damage i three people from the UK and two from Vietnam, (Project number 89/22/8). who will carry out surveys to discover good populations of Vietnamese pheasant Lophura £300 for the University of East Anglia Comoro hatinhensis and Edward's pheasant L.edwardsi Islands Expedition 1989. One British and three in areas suitable for protection as part of a five- Comorian people will reassess the status of year agreement with the Government of Viet- Livingstone's giant fruit bat Pteropus livingstonii nam. The team will also carry out preliminary following cyclone Calasanji in January 1989. surveys for orange-necked partridge Arboro- The team will also census the rare Grand Com- phila davidi, green peafowl Pavo muticus and oro scops owl Otus pauliani and the mongoose Germain's peacock-pheasant Polyplecton ger- lemur Lemur mongoz. Conservation recommen- maini. All these birds are considered to be dations and the possibility of a breeding pro- threatened (Project number 89/24/9).
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnam Edwards's Pheasant Working Group Action Plan for The
    Vietnam Edwards’s Pheasant Working Group Action Plan for the Conservation of the Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi 2015 – 2020 Hanoi, March 2015 1 Table of content List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. The Species.................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Taxonomy and Ecology ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Distribution: .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Habitat Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Population Size and Trends ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado Birds the Colorado Field Ornithologists’ Quarterly
    Vol. 45 No. 3 July 2011 Colorado Birds The Colorado Field Ornithologists’ Quarterly Remembering Abby Modesitt Chipping Sparrow Migration Sage-Grouse Spermatozoa Colorado Field Ornithologists PO Box 643, Boulder, Colorado 80306 www.cfo-link.org Colorado Birds (USPS 0446-190) (ISSN 1094-0030) is published quarterly by the Colo- rado Field Ornithologists, P.O. Box 643, Boulder, CO 80306. Subscriptions are obtained through annual membership dues. Nonprofit postage paid at Louisville, CO. POST- MASTER: Send address changes to Colorado Birds, P.O. Box 643, Boulder, CO 80306. Officers and Directors of Colorado Field Ornithologists: Dates indicate end of current term. An asterisk indicates eligibility for re-election. Terms expire 5/31. Officers: President: Jim Beatty, Durango, 2013; [email protected]; Vice President: Bill Kaempfer, Boulder, 2013*; [email protected]; Secretary: Larry Modesitt, Greenwood Village, 2013*; [email protected]; Treasurer: Maggie Boswell, Boulder, 2013; trea- [email protected] Directors: Lisa Edwards, Falcon, 2014*; Ted Floyd, Lafayette, 2014*; Brenda Linfield, Boulder, 2013*; Christian Nunes, Boulder, 2013*; Bob Righter, Denver, 2012*; Joe Roller, Denver, 2012* Colorado Bird Records Committee: Dates indicate end of current term. An asterisk indicates eligibility to serve another term. Terms expire 12/31. Chair: Larry Semo, Westminster; [email protected] Secretary: Doug Faulkner, Arvada (non-voting) Committee Members: John Drummond, Monument, 2013*; Peter Gent, Boulder, 2012; Bill Maynard, Colorado Springs, 2013; Bill Schmoker, Longmont, 2013*; David Silver- man, Rye, 2011*; Glenn Walbek, Castle Rock, 2012* Colorado Birds Quarterly: Editor: Nathan Pieplow, [email protected] Staff: Glenn Walbek (Photo Editor), [email protected]; Hugh Kingery (Field Notes Editor), [email protected]; Tony Leukering (In the Scope Editor), GreatGrayOwl@aol.
    [Show full text]
  • Lophura Hatinhensis Is an Invalid Taxon
    FORKTAIL 28 (2012): 129–135 Lophura hatinhensis is an invalid taxon ALAIN HENNACHE, SIMON P. MAHOOD, JONATHAN C. EAMES & ETTORE RANDI The Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura hatinhensis was described in 1975 from one male specimen which was superficially similar to Edwards’s Pheasant L. edwardsi but for four white (instead of dark metallic blue) tail feathers. Like L. edwardsi it is poorly known and highly threatened in the wild. Its status as a species has rarely been questioned despite its curious distribution and dubious morphological distinctiveness. To elucidate the taxonomic status of L. hatinhensis we examined the morphology of captive birds of both taxa and analysed mitochondrial DNA. These lines of evidence demonstrated that birds exhibiting the L. hatinhensis phenotype probably represent inbred L. edwardsi. Thus L. hatinhensis should be removed from the IUCN Red List and other checklists of valid extant bird species. Its apparent recent appearance alongside wild populations of L. edwardsi might be taken as evidence that wild populations of this species are also highly inbred and possibly close to extinction. INTRODUCTION each other’s closest relatives (Randi et al. 1997, Scott 1997, Hennache et al. 2003) and that they diverged within the last The Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura hatinhensis was described by 100,000 years (Scott 1997, Hennache et al. 1999). Although their Vo Quy (1975) in his book Chim Viet Nam (translation: ‘Birds phylogenetic relationships could not be accurately determined, Vietnam’) and has been widely recognised as a species ever since Scott (1997) proposed that they should be considered evolutionary (Sibley & Monroe 1990, Inskipp et al. 1996, BirdLife International significant units.
    [Show full text]
  • Naamgeving Van Fazanten
    Nomenclatuur Phasianini; wetenschappelijke, Nederlandse, Engelse, Duitse en Franse naamgeving Door: Han Assink I.s.m.: Peter Garson (chairman Pheasant Specialist Group), Alain Hennache (chairman EAZA - Pheasant TAG, chairman WPA-France), Heiner Jacken (bestuur WPA-Deutschland), Ludo Pinceel (docent biologie aan de Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen en lector aan de Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Steven Vansteenkiste (curator vogels Zoo Antwerpen) en Ronald Wezeman (bestuur WPA-Benelux) World Pheasant Association – WPA-Benelux Nomenclatuur Phasianini (versie 1.0) Naamgeving van fazanten In het gebruik van fazantennamen komen veel verschillen voor. Deze brochure is bedoeld om mee te helpen om een standaard te maken voor naamgeving van fazanten. De bedoeling is om vertrekkende vanuit de wetenschappelijke namen het gebruik van namen in het Nederlands en in de andere talen Engels, Duits en Frans overzichtelijk te maken. Soms komt het voor dat namen overgenomen worden uit andere talen, maar dat de schrijfwijze enigszins afwijkt. Voorbeelden hiervan in het Nederlands / Vlaams zijn bijvoorbeeld: tragopan of tragopaan. In dit overzicht hebben wij gekozen voor tragopaan. Het oudere woord saterhoen wordt niet of nauwelijks nog gebruikt in de spreektaal van kwekers en wetenschappers. Bovendien zijn er Aziatische landen die er de voorkeur aan geven om de naamgeving van een fazant aan te passen aan deze tijd. Een goed voorbeeld hiervan is de bergpauwfazant, die voorheen en nu nog vaak als Rothschildpauwfazant werd aangeduid. Het document is slechts een
    [Show full text]
  • Phasianinae Species Tree
    Phasianinae Blood Pheasant,Ithaginis cruentus Ithaginini ?Western Tragopan, Tragopan melanocephalus Satyr Tragopan, Tragopan satyra Blyth’s Tragopan, Tragopan blythii Temminck’s Tragopan, Tragopan temminckii Cabot’s Tragopan, Tragopan caboti Lophophorini ?Snow Partridge, Lerwa lerwa Verreaux’s Monal-Partridge, Tetraophasis obscurus Szechenyi’s Monal-Partridge, Tetraophasis szechenyii Chinese Monal, Lophophorus lhuysii Himalayan Monal, Lophophorus impejanus Sclater’s Monal, Lophophorus sclateri Koklass Pheasant, Pucrasia macrolopha Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo Ocellated Turkey, Meleagris ocellata Tetraonini Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus Hazel Grouse, Tetrastes bonasia Chinese Grouse, Tetrastes sewerzowi Greater Sage-Grouse / Sage Grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus Gunnison Sage-Grouse / Gunnison Grouse, Centrocercus minimus Dusky Grouse, Dendragapus obscurus Sooty Grouse, Dendragapus fuliginosus Sharp-tailed Grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus Greater Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus cupido Lesser Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus White-tailed Ptarmigan, Lagopus leucura Rock Ptarmigan, Lagopus muta Willow Ptarmigan / Red Grouse, Lagopus lagopus Siberian Grouse, Falcipennis falcipennis Spruce Grouse, Canachites canadensis Western Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus Black-billed Capercaillie, Tetrao parvirostris Black Grouse, Lyrurus tetrix Caucasian Grouse, Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi Tibetan Partridge, Perdix hodgsoniae Gray Partridge, Perdix perdix Daurian Partridge, Perdix dauurica Reeves’s Pheasant, Syrmaticus reevesii Copper Pheasant, Syrmaticus
    [Show full text]
  • AC26 Doc. 13.2.1, Annex – 1 Species: Argusianus Argus
    AC26 Doc. 13.2.1 Annex English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais WORLD PHEASANT ASSOCIATION - CITES GALLIFORMES PERIODIC REVIEW FINAL REPORT The approach used by the World Pheasant Association in the preparation of this report was to: Outline information gathered about the species considered for evaluation in this review was first drawn from consolidated sources, with the intent of providing a baseline summary. Consequently, only a small number of base references (containing the most current information) were referred to. The term ‘Information is not readily available’ used in sections throughout the document, indicates that the sources consulted did not contain such information and, therefore, additional information may be available either in the literature or from informed sources., such as range states Draft accounts were then circulated to members of the IUCN SSC-WPA Galliformes Specialist Group who had particular knowledge about a species. For some species, there were no known species experts. Specialist Group members checked information provided and supplemented it where possible. Responses varied in the level of detail returned for each species. All information is taken from BirdLife International species factsheets 2011 unless otherwise referenced. Species considered for review: Scientific name Common name Status on IUCN Red List Argusianus argus Argus pheasant Near Threatened Catreus wallichii Cheer pheasant Vulnerable Crossoptilon harmani Tibetan eared-pheasant Near Threatened Gallus sonneratii Grey junglefowl
    [Show full text]
  • WPA Survey of Captive Birds 2020
    Private Breeders & Zoo Collections (109) Approx 50% ringed Common name Latin name Adults Juveniles M F M F ? Breeding 12 Pairs 2020 Young Pairs Mth+ Satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra 31 32 14 19 5 Temminck's tragopan Tragopan temminckii 42 45 15 18 36 Cabot's tragopan Tragopan caboti 39 31 11 13 9 Koklass pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha 13 14 23 16 23 Himalayan monal Lophophorus impeyanus 23 25 11 7 36 Red junglefowl Gallus gallus 6 6 11 7 5 Ceylon junglefowl Gallus lafayettei 6 5 6 8 Grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii 16 25 15 13 17 Green junglefowl Gallus varius 1 kalij pheasant - unknown subspecies Lophura leucomelana 3 1 1 White-crested kalij pheasant Lophura l. hamiltoni 5 4 2 Nepal Kalij pheasant Lophura l. leucomelana 7 7 1 4 Crawfurd's kalij pheasant Lophura l. crawfurdi Lineated kalij pheasant Lophura l. lineata 1 1 2 1 Silver pheasant - unknown subspecies Lophura nycthemera 2 3 1 True silver pheasant Lophura n. nycthemera 15 18 26 23 5 Berlioz’s silver pheasant Lophura n. berliozi 2 2 Lewis’s silver pheasant Lophura n. lewisi 5 5 3 3 Imperial pheasant Lophura imperialis 1 1 Edwards's pheasant Lophura edwardsi edwardsi 72 66 21 22 18 Vietnamese pheasant Lophura e. hatinhensis 50 45 17 20 18 Swinhoe's pheasant Lophura swinhoii 11 13 4 4 6 Salvadori's pheasant Lophura inornata 6 4 1 Malaysian crestless fireback Lophura e. erythrophthalma 7 10 4 2 2 Bornean crested fireback pheasant Lophura i. ignita/nobilis 3 4 1 1 Malaysian crestless fireback/Vieillot's Lophura i.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-Burmese Forests (PDF, 695
    Indo-Burmese forests F06 F06 Threatened species HE Indo-Burmese region includes the moist tropical and Tsubtropical forests which extend from north-east India and CR EN VU Total southern China across the lowlands and isolated mountains of — 7 11 18 South-East Asia, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The forests in this region support 24 threatened bird species, 18 of which —2 35 breed nowhere else; the other six include four which also occur in the Sundaland forests (F07) and two from the South-east Chinese forests —— 11 (F03). Seven threatened species are relatively widespread within this Total — 9 15 24 region (Table 2), and 17 are confined to one of the region’s six Endemic Bird Areas and two Secondary Areas. Nine species of this Key: = breeds only in this forest region. region are Endangered, including three low-density species which = also breeds in other region(s). inhabit forested wetlands, and six restricted-range species affected by = non-breeding visitor from another region. deforestation. The Indo-Burmese forests region corresponds closely to Conservation International’s Indo-Burma Hotspot (see pp.20–21). ■ Key habitats Lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen tropical rainforest, moist deciduous forest and hill evergreen forest, and associated wetlands. ■ Altitude 0–2,400 m. ■ Countries and territories China (Yunnan, Hainan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Andaman and Nicobar islands); Bhutan; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam. Much of the original forest in Thailand has been cleared, and most of the remaining forests are inside protected areas such as Nam Nao National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Galliforme Guidelines 260409
    Guidelines for the Re-introduction of Galliformes for Conservation Purposes Edited by the World Pheasant Association and IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 41 IUCN Founded in 1948, IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of nongovernmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 1000 members in all, spread across some 160 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. IUCN builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) The IUCN Species Survival Commission is a science-based network of close to 8,000 volunteer experts from almost every country of the world, all working together towards achieving the vision of, “A world that values and conserves present levels of biodiversity.” WPA-IUCN SSC Galliformes Specialist Groups The Grouse Specialist Group was established in 1993 when it developed from WPA’s long- standing grouse network. It was designed to be a global voluntary network of individuals involved in the study, conservation, and sustainable management of grouse. The Pheasant Specialist Group was established in 1991 as a voluntary self-help network of scientists, wildlife managers, conservationists, aviculturists and educators. It was particularly concerned with the plight of threatened pheasant species, and ensuring the survival of viable populations in their natural habitats whilst enhancing the quality of human life.
    [Show full text]