Birds of the Internet: Towards a field guide to the organization and governance of participation Adam Fish1, Christopher Kelty2,3, Luis F.R. Murillo1, Lilly Nguyen3, Aaron Panofsky2,4 1Department of Anthropology, UCLA; 2Center for Society and Genetics, UCLA; 3Department of Information Studies, UCLA; 4Department of Public Policy, UCLA Corresponding Author: Christopher Kelty (
[email protected]), Center for Society and Genetics 1323 Rolfe Hall, Box 957221, Los Angeles, CA, 90095. +1 310 880 2433 Abstract: Scholarly attention to new forms of participation on the Internet has proliferated classifications and theories without providing any criteria for distinctions and diversity. Labels such as “peer production,” “prosumption,” “user-led innovation” and “organized networks” are intended to explain new forms of cultural and economic interaction mediated by the Internet, but lack any systematic way of distinguishing different cases. This article provides elements for the composition of a “birder’s handbook” to forms of participation on the Internet that have been observed and analyzed over the last 10 years. It is intended to help scholars across the disciplines distinguish fleeting forms of participation: first, we highlight the fact that participation on the Internet nearly always employs both a “formal social enterprise” and an “organized public” that stand in some structural and temporal relationship to one another; second, we map the different forms of action and exchange that take place amongst these two entities, showing how forms of participation are divided up into tasks and goals, and how they relate to the resource that is created through participation; and third, we describe forms of governance, or variation in how tasks and goals are made available to, and modifiable by, different participants of either a formal enterprise or an organized public.