Open Source Licensing
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Classification of Computer Software for Legal Protection: International Perspectivest
RAYMOND T. NIMMER* PATRICIA KRAUTHAUS** ARTICLES Classification of Computer Software for Legal Protection: International Perspectivest Computer and software technology are international industries in the full sense of the term. United States and foreign companies compete not only in U.S. markets, but also in the international marketplace. These are new industries created during an era in which all major areas of commerce have obviously international, rather than purely domestic frameworks. The technology industries are viewed as central to national economic development in many countries. However, the technology and products are internationally mobile. They entail an information base that can be recreated in many countries, and is not closely confined by local resources. International protection in this context is highly dependent on reciprocal and coordinated legal constraints. The computer industry deals in new and unique products that have no clear antecedents. Defining the character of international legal protection entails not merely defining a framework for protection of particular products, but also developing frameworks of international technology transfer, information flow, and the like. International patterns of legal protection and classification of computer software serve as a case study of legal policy adaptations to new technologies; undoubtedly, in this era of high technology many more such adaptations will be necessary. In this article, we review the developing patterns of international legal protection for software. This review documents a marked differentiation of technology protection themes. In technologically advanced countries, *Professor of Law, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. **Attorney at Law, Houston, Texas. tThe Editorial Reviewer for this article is Larry D. Johnson. 734 THE INTERNATIONAL LAWYER national decisions about software protection reflect an emerging consen- sus that supports copyright as the primary form of product and technology protection. -
Copyleft, -Right and the Case Law on Apis on Both Sides of the Atlantic 5
Less may be more: copyleft, -right and the case law on APIs on both sides of the Atlantic 5 Less may be more: copyleft, -right and the case law on APIs on both sides of the Atlantic Walter H. van Holst Senior IT-legal consultant at Mitopics, The Netherlands (with thanks to the whole of the FTF-legal mailinglist for contributing information and cases that were essential for this article) DOI: 10.5033/ifosslr.v5i1.72 Abstract Like any relatively young area of law, copyright on software is surrounded by some legal uncertainty. Even more so in the context of copyleft open source licenses, since these licenses in some respects aim for goals that are the opposite of 'regular' software copyright law. This article provides an analysis of the reciprocal effect of the GPL- family of copyleft software licenses (the GPL, LGPL and the AGPL) from a mostly copyright perspective as well as an analysis of the extent to which the SAS/WPL case affects this family of copyleft software licenses. In this article the extent to which the GPL and AGPL reciprocity clauses have a wider effect than those of the LGPL is questioned, while both the SAS/WPL jurisprudence and the Oracle vs Google case seem to affirm the LGPL's “dynamic linking” criterium. The net result is that the GPL may not be able to be more copyleft than the LGPL. Keywords Law; information technology; Free and Open Source Software; case law; copyleft, copyright; reciprocity effect; exhaustion; derivation; compilation International Free and Open Source Software Law Review Vol. -
Pirating in Lacuna
Beijing Law Review, 2019, 10, 829-838 http://www.scirp.org/journal/blr ISSN Online: 2159-4635 ISSN Print: 2159-4627 Pirating in Lacuna D. S. Madhumitha B.com LLB (Hons), Tamil Nadu National Law University, Tiruchirapalli., India How to cite this paper: Madhumitha, D. S. Abstract (2019). Pirating in Lacuna. Beijing Law Review, 10, 829-838. With development of industries and a welcome to the era of globalization https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2019.104045 along with information technology, many software companies came into be- ing. Tech and tech experts made it easier to pirate the software of the pro- Received: May 31, 2019 Accepted: August 17, 2019 ducers. Problems to the customer as well as to the content owner are present. Published: August 20, 2019 One of major lacunas is the Judiciary being indecisive with the adamant growth of digital world as to the punishment and the reduction of crime, no Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and separate laws by the legislators to protect the software piracy as a distinct Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative crime. Lack of enforcement mechanism by the executive and administrative Commons Attribution International bodies leads to the increase of piracy in software. License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Keywords Open Access Software, Law, Piracy, Judiciary, Punishment 1. Introduction Software piracy is a theft by both direct and indirect means such as use of soft- ware, copying or distribution of software by illegal means. It is such profitable business that causes heavy losses for the publishers of the software, the result is the inflation in price for the consumer. -
50109195.Pdf
UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ORIENTAL DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA Y ARQUITECTURA TRABAJO DE GRADO: IMPACTO DEL SOFTWARE LIBRE EN LAS INSTITUCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA DEL MUNICIPIO DE SAN MIGUEL DURANTE EL AÑO 2019 Y CREACIÓN DE PLATAFORMA VIRTUAL PARA EL REGISTRO DE DICHA INFORMACIÓN. PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE: INGENIERO DE SISTEMAS INFORMÁTICOS PRESENTADO POR: EVER FERNANDO ARGUETA CONTRERAS. ROBERTO CARLOS CÁRDENAS RAMÍREZ. GERSON ALEXANDER SANDOVAL GUERRERO. DOCENTE ASESOR: INGENIERO LUIS JOVANNI AGUILAR CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA ORIENTAL, 11 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2020 SAN MIGUEL, EL SALVADOR, CENTRO AMÉRICA UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR AUTORIDADES Msc. ROGER ARMANDO ARIAS RECTOR PhD. RAÚL ERNESTO AZCÚNAGA LÓPEZ VICERECTOR ACADÉMICO INGENIERO JUAN ROSA QUINTANILLA VICERECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO INGENIERO FRANCISCO ALARCÓN SECRETARIO GENERAL LICENCIADO RAFAEL HUMBERTO PEÑA MARÍN FISCAL GENERAL LICENCIADO LUIS ANTONIO MEJÍA LIPE DEFENSOR DE LOS DERECHOS UNIVERSITARIOS FACULTAD MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ORIENTAL AUTORIDADES LICENCIADO CRISTÓBAL HERNÁN RÍOS BENÍTEZ DECANO LICENCIADO OSCAR VILLALOBOS VICEDECANO LICENCIADO ISRRAEL LÓPEZ MIRANDA SECRETARIO INTERINO LICENCIADO JORGE PASTOR FUENTES CABRERA DIRECTOR GENERAL DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA AUTORIDADES INGENIERO JUAN ANTONIO GRANILLO COREAS. JEFE DEL DEPARTAMENTO. INGENIERA LIGIA ASTRID HERNANDEZ BONILLA COORDINADORA DE LA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA EN SISTEMAS INFORMATICOS INGENIERA MILAGRO DE MARÍA ROMERO DE GARCÍA COORDINADORA DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACIÓN TRIBUNAL EVALUADOR INGENIERO LUIS JOVANNI AGUILAR JURADO ASESOR INGENIERO LUDWIN ALDUVÍ HERNÁNDEZ VÁSQUEZ DOCENTE JURADO CALIFICADOR INGENIERA LIGIA ASTRID HERNANDEZ BONILLA DOCENTE JURADO CALIFICADOR AGRADECIMIENTOS A DIOS: Por darme la oportunidad de vivir y por haberme dado la sabiduría para poder culminar mis estudios y por fortalecer mi corazón e iluminar mi mente, por haber puesto en mi camino a aquellas personas que han sido mi soporte y compañía durante todo el periodo de estudio. -
L'exemple De Wikipédia Laure Endrizzi Chargée D'études Et De Recherche, Cellule Veille Scientifique Et Technologique, INRP, Lyon
La communauté comme auteur et éditeur : l’exemple de Wikipédia Laure Endrizzi To cite this version: Laure Endrizzi. La communauté comme auteur et éditeur : l’exemple de Wikipédia. Journée nationale du réseau des URFIST : Evaluation et validation de l’information sur internet, Jan 2007, Paris, France. edutice-00184888 HAL Id: edutice-00184888 https://edutice.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00184888 Submitted on 2 Nov 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journée d'études des URFIST 31 janvier 2007, Paris « Evaluation et validation de l'information sur internet » La communauté comme auteur et éditeur : l'exemple de Wikipédia Laure Endrizzi chargée d'études et de recherche, cellule Veille scientifique et technologique, INRP, Lyon Résumé L’ensemble des technologies dites 2.0 place l’usager au cœur de la création des contenus numériques tout en l’inscrivant dans une dynamique collective. Ces transformations remettent en cause le modèle éditorial traditionnel, sans offrir de représentations claires et stabilisées des modes de production et de validation qui sont à l’œuvre. Avec l’exemple de Wikipédia, nous tenterons de comprendre les mécanismes de la régulation éditoriale, pour ensuite nous interroger sur les formes d’expertise sollicitées et les figures de l’auteur. -
Are Encyclopedias Dead? Evaluating the Usefulness of a Traditional Reference Resource Rachel S
St. Cloud State University theRepository at St. Cloud State Library Faculty Publications Library Services 2012 Are Encyclopedias Dead? Evaluating the Usefulness of a Traditional Reference Resource Rachel S. Wexelbaum St. Cloud State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/lrs_facpubs Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Wexelbaum, Rachel S., "Are Encyclopedias Dead? Evaluating the Usefulness of a Traditional Reference Resource" (2012). Library Faculty Publications. 26. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/lrs_facpubs/26 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Services at theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Are Encyclopedias Dead? Evaluating the Usefulness of a Traditional Reference Resource Author Rachel Wexelbaum is Collection Management Librarian and Assistant Professor at Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, Minnesota. Contact Details Rachel Wexelbaum Collection Management Librarian MC135D Collections Saint Cloud State University 720 4 th Avenue South Saint Cloud, MN 56301 Email: [email protected] Abstract Purpose – To examine past, current, and future usage of encyclopedias. Design/methodology/approach – Review the history of encyclopedias, their composition, and usage by focusing on select publications covering different subject areas. Findings – Due to their static nature, traditionally published encyclopedias are not always accurate, objective information resources. Intentions of editors and authors also come into question. A researcher may find more value in using encyclopedias as historical documents rather than resources for quick facts. -
Open Source Software Notice
Open Source Software Notice This document describes open source software contained in LG Smart TV SDK. Introduction This chapter describes open source software contained in LG Smart TV SDK. Terms and Conditions of the Applicable Open Source Licenses Please be informed that the open source software is subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable open source licenses, which are described in this chapter. | 1 Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Open Source Software Contained in LG Smart TV SDK ........................................................... 4 Revision History ........................................................................................................................ 5 Terms and Conditions of the Applicable Open Source Licenses..................................................................................... 6 GNU Lesser General Public License ......................................................................................... 6 GNU Lesser General Public License ....................................................................................... 11 Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL 1.1) ....................................................................................... 13 Common Public License Version v 1.0 .................................................................................... 18 Eclipse Public License Version -
Fifty Years of Open Source Movement: an Analysis Through the Prism of Copyright Law
FIFTY YEARS OF OPEN SOURCE MOVEMENT: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH THE PRISM OF COPYRIGHT LAW V.K. Unni* I. INTRODUCTION The evolution of the software industry is a case study in itself. This evolution has multiple phases and one such important phase, termed open source, deals with the manner in which software technology is held, developed, and distributed.1 Over the years, open source software has played a leading role in promoting the Internet infrastructure and thus programs utilizing open source software, such as Linux, Apache, and BIND, are very often used as tools to run various Internet and business applications.2 The origins of open source software can be traced back to 1964–65 when Bell Labs joined hands with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and General Electric (GE) to work on the development of MULTICS for creating a dynamic, modular computer system capable of supporting hundreds of users.3 During the early stages of development, open source software had a very slow beginning primarily because of some preconceived notions surrounding it. Firstly, open source software was perceived as a product of academics and hobbyist programmers.4 Secondly, it was thought to be technically inferior to proprietary software.5 However, with the passage of time, the technical issues got relegated to the backside and issues pertaining to copyright, licensing, warranty, etc., began to be debated across the globe.6 * Professor—Public Policy and Management, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta; Thomas Edison Innovation Fellow (2016–17), Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property, George Mason University School of Law. 1. -
Open Source Software 101
What Every Attorney Needs to Know About Open Source Licenses and Their Obligations: Open Source Software 101 2020 Edition LawPracticeCLE Unlimited All Courses. All Formats. All Year. ABOUT US LawPracticeCLE is a national continuing legal education company designed to provide education on current, trending issues in the legal world to judges, attorneys, paralegals, and other interested business professionals. New to the playing eld, LawPracticeCLE is a major contender with its oerings of Live Webinars, On-Demand Videos, and In-per- son Seminars. LawPracticeCLE believes in quality education, exceptional customer service, long-lasting relationships, and networking beyond the classroom. We cater to the needs of three divisions within the legal realm: pre-law and law students, paralegals and other support sta, and attorneys. WHY WORK WITH US? At LawPracticeCLE, we partner with experienced attorneys and legal professionals from all over the country to bring hot topics and current content that are relevant in legal practice. We are always looking to welcome dynamic and accomplished lawyers to share their knowledge! As a LawPracticeCLE speaker, you receive a variety of benets. In addition to CLE teaching credit attorneys earn for presenting, our presenters also receive complimentary tuition on LawPracticeCLE’s entire library of webinars and self-study courses. LawPracticeCLE also aords expert professors unparalleled exposure on a national stage in addition to being featured in our Speakers catalog with your name, headshot, biography, and link back to your personal website. Many of our courses accrue thousands of views, giving our speakers the chance to network with attorneys across the country. We also oer a host of ways for our team of speakers to promote their programs, including highlight clips, emails, and much more! If you are interested in teaching for LawPracticeCLE, we want to hear from you! Please email our Directior of Operations at [email protected] with your information. -
Digital Copyright Law Exploring the Changing Interface Between
Digital Copyright Law Exploring the Changing Interface Between Copyright and Regulation in the Digital Environment Nicholas Friedrich Scharf PhD University of East Anglia UEA Law School July 2013 Word count: 98,020 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there-from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract This thesis seeks to address and clarify the changing interface between copyright law and other forms of regulation in the digital environment, in the context of recorded music. This is in order to explain the problems that rightsholders have had in tackling the issue of unauthorised copyright infringement facilitated by digital technologies. Copyright law is inextricably bound-up with technological developments, but the ‘convergence’ of content into a single digital form was perceived as problematic by rightsholders and was deemed to warrant increased regulation through law. However, the problem is that the reliance on copyright law in the digital environment ignores the other regulatory influences in operation. The use of copyright law in a ‘preventative’ sense also ignores the fact that other regulatory factors may positively encourage users to behave, and consume in ways that may not be directly governed by copyright. The issues digital technologies have posed for rightsholders in the music industry are not addressed, or even potentially addressable directly through law, because the regulatory picture is complex. The work of Lawrence Lessig, in relation to his regulatory ‘modalities’ can be applied in this context in order to identify and understand the other forms of regulation that exist in the digital environment, and which govern user behaviour and consumption. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Preface . ix 1. Open Source Licensing, Contract, and Copyright Law . 1 Basic Principles of Copyright Law 1 Contract and Copyright 3 Open Source Software Licensing 4 Issues with Copyrights and Patents 7 The Open Source Definition 8 Warranties 11 2. The MIT, BSD, Apache, and Academic Free Licenses . 14 The MIT (or X) License 14 The BSD License 15 The Apache License, v1.1 and v2.0 17 The Academic Free License 24 Application and Philosophy 30 3. The GPL, LGPL, and Mozilla Licenses . 34 GNU General Public License 35 GNU Lesser General Public License 49 The Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL 1.1) 62 Application and Philosophy 81 4. Qt, Artistic, and Creative Commons Licenses . 85 The Q Public License 85 Artistic License (Perl) 90 Creative Commons Licenses 98 vii 5. Non-Open Source Licenses . 114 Classic Proprietary License 114 Sun Community Source License 120 Microsoft Shared Source Initiative 144 6. Legal Impacts of Open Source and Free Software Licensing . 147 Entering Contracts 148 Statutory Developments Related to Software Contracts 150 The Self-Enforcing Nature of Open Source and Free Software Licenses 151 The Global Scope of Open Source and Free Software Licensing 153 The “Negative Effects” of Open Source and Free Software Licensing 154 Community Enforcement of Open Source and Free Software Licenses 158 Compatible and Incompatible Licensing: Multiple and Cross Licensing 159 7. Software Development Using Open Source and Free Software Licenses . 164 Models of Open Source and Free Software Development 164 Forking 171 Choosing an Open Source or Free Software License 174 Drafting Open Source Licenses 176 Appendix: Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License . -
Open Source Licenses Applicable to Hitachi's Products Earlier Versions
Open Source Licenses Applicable to Hitachi’s Products EARLIER VERSIONS Several products are listed below together with certain open source licenses applicable to the particular product. The open source software licenses are included at the end of this document. If the open source package has been modified, an asterisk (*) appears next to the name of the package. Note that the source code for packages licensed under the GNU General Public License or similar type of license that requires the licensor to make the source code publicly available (“GPL Software”) may be available for download as indicated below. If the source code for GPL Software is not included in the software or available for download, please send requests for source code for GPL Software to the contact person listed for the applicable product. The materials below are provided “AS IS,” without warranty of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement. Access to this material grants you no right or license, express or implied, statutorily or otherwise, under any patent, trade secret, copyright, or any other intellectual property right of Hitachi Vantara Corporation (“Hitachi”). Hitachi reserves the right to change any material in this document, and any information and products on which this material is based, at any time, without notice. Hitachi shall have no responsibility or liability to any person or entity with respect to any damages, losses, or costs arising from the materials