Aquincumi Füzetek

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Aquincumi Füzetek Újabb régészeti kutatások Recent archaeological a rákoscsabai szarmata excavations at the Sarmatian településen settlement in Rákoscsaba (Budapest, XVII. ker., Péceli út) (Budapest XVII, Péceli Road) Bevezetés Introduction A Budapesti Történeti Múzeum Ős- és The Department of Prehistory and Mi- Népvándorláskori Osztálya 2013. szeptem- gration Period at Budapest History Muse- ber 17. – október 24. között Budapest és um carried out a test excavation preceding Pécel határán a Magyar Nemzeti Múze- the construction of the Slovak-Hungarian um Nemzeti Örökségvédelmi Központja interconnector gas transmission pipeline (MNM-NÖK) megbízásából próbafeltá- (DN800, PN75) between 17 September rást végzett az épülő magyar-szlovák ösz- and 24 October 2013 at the commis- szekötő (DN800, PN75) földgázszállító sion of the Hungarian National Museum vezeték építését megelőzően. A magyar – National Heritage Protection Centre kormány által kiemelt beruházásként ke- (MNM-NÖK). The area influenced by zelt projekt földmunkával érintett, Balas- earthmoving within the project was iden- sagyarmat és Vecsés között húzódó terület- tified as a priority investment by the Hun- sávja mintegy 90 km hosszú, amely Nógrád garian Government covered a 90 km long és Pest megyén kívül egy csaknem 4,5 km- zone between Balassagyarmat and Vecsés, es szakaszon Budapest közigazgatási hatá- a 4.5 km long section of which was located rán belül halad. A beruházáshoz kapcso- within the administrative borders of Bu- lódó régészeti kutatásokat az MNM-NÖK dapest in addition to those located in the koordinálta, részben ő is végezte. territory of Nógrád and Pest Counties. A Budapest területére eső szakasz két The archaeological research connected to nyilvántartott lelőhelyet érintett. A Pécel– the development was coordinated and also Pesti út (Rákoscsaba-Péceli út) lelőhelyen partly conducted by the MNM-NÖK. (KÖH lelőhely azonosító: 15127, 30848) The section located in the territory próbafeltárás keretében vizsgáltuk a ré- of Budapest concerned two registered gészeti fedettség mértékét, a Rákoscsaba archaeological sites. We examined the – Kereszt-dűlő lelőhelyen (KÖH lelőhely level of archaeological density within the azonosító: 30858) és a beruházás egyéb, framework of a test excavation at the site nyilvántartott lelőhelyeket nem tartalma- Pécel-Pesti Road (Rákoscsaba-Péceli út; zó szakaszán régészeti szakfelügyelet ke- KÖH [Cultural Heritage Protection Cen- retében rögzítettük a földmunkák során tre] inventory number: 15127, 30848). We tapasztalható jelenségeket. documented the features detected during 117 A kutatásokat három – a kivitelező, be- the earthmoving work within the frame- ruházó által meghatározott – ütemben work of archaeological observation work at végeztük. Első lépésben a nyilvántartott the site of Rákoscsaba-Kereszt dűlő (KÖH régészeti lelőhely határain belül, teljes inventory number: 30858) and in the re- felületi gépi humuszolás keretében doku- maining sections of the development mentáltuk a terület régészeti érintettsé- which were not covered by any registered gét. Második lépésben, miután a megbízó archaeological sites. kézi földmunkásokat biztosított számunk- The research was carried out in three ra, megkezdtük a lelőhely régészeti mód- phases determined by the contractor and szerekkel történő feltárását. the investor. First, we documented the Harmadik lépcsőben, már közvetlenül a “archaeological relevance” of the territory kivitelezést megelőzően, a beruházó által during the mechanical removal of the hu- végzett, a teljes budapesti szakaszt érintő, mus layer from the entire surface within régészeti célú, 5 m széles sávban történő the borders of the registered archaeologi- rézsűkanalas humuszolást követtük figye- cal site. In the second step, after we were lemmel Pécel–Budapest, Budapest–Ecser provided with a manual workforce by the közigazgatási határok között. commissioner, we started the excavation of the territory using archaeological methods. A feltárás Already in the third step, immediately A Rákoscsaba–Péceli út mentén végzett before construction, we carried out ar- feltárás helyszíne a Péceli út, Pécel város, chaeological observation work during the Rákos-patak és az M0 autópálya által ha- removal of the humus with a backhoe by tárolt, mezőgazdasági művelés alá vont the investor over a 5 m wide zone all along területen található. A gázvezeték nagyjából the section of the pipeline within Buda- észak-északnyugat – dél-délkeleti irányú pest, between the administrative borders nyomvonalán a 79+474 – 79+686 km szel- of Pécel–Budapest and Budapest–Ecser. vények közötti szakaszon, 212 m hosszan, 5 m szélességben volt lehetőségünk elvé- The excavation gezni a kutatást. Az így megnyitott 1070 The site of the excavation carried out m2-nyi területen dokumentált 217 régé- along Rákoscsaba Péceli Road was locat- szeti egység (SE) egy kora bronzkori és egy ed in an area under cultivation bordered szarmata település részét képezte (1. kép). by Péceli Road, Pécel town, the Rákos A feltárás során a geomorfológiai viszo- Stream, and the M0 Motorway. Excavation nyokkal (Rákos-patak északi part menti could be conducted over a 5 m wide and zónája, az azt kísérő dombhát, és annak 212 m long zone along the path of the gas déli rézsűje) világosan harmonizáló tele- pipeline running approximately north- pülésszerkezeti képet dokumentáltunk, northwest – south-southeast, between ugyanakkor megállapítást nyert, hogy a the sections at 79+474 and 79+686 km. nyilvántartásban szereplő lelőhely földraj- The 217 stratigraphic units documented zi határai részben pontosításra szorulnak. on the 1070 m2 large surface opened here A szelvény északi harmadában ugyanis egy belonged to an Early Bronze Age and a Sar- északnyugati irányban rézsűsen lejtő part- matian settlement (Fig. 1). The image of oldalt lokalizáltunk. A felette megvastago- the settlement structure we documented 118 during the excavation clearly correspond- ed to the geomorphological context (the zone along the northern bank of the Rákos Stream, the knoll, the southern slope). At the same time, we concluded that the geo- graphical borders of the archaeological site as they had been registered needed to be partly modified. We observed a bank slop- ing towards the northwest in the northern third of the trench. The humus layer mixed with clay thickened but also sloped above this bank and contained scattered modern and migration period potsherds. A modern fill was observed as well above that layer to the north. Based on this information, the more or less horizontal terrain, as observed now along the bank of the Rákos Stream, resulted from modern fill activity. We documented settlement features in the excavated section over an approxi- mately 150 m long area running to the south. We could observe increasingly un- common clusters of features from a gen- erally scattered settlement structure that yielded only small numbers of finds in a 50 m long zone near the stream as well as a 25 m long zone along the side of Péceli Road. In between, however, in a 70 m long zone that also included the central, high- est part of the knoll, we encountered an unusual density of archaeological finds (Fig. 2). Here, we could distinguish a 60- 80 cm thick culture-bearing layer under the humus layer on the surface. Features observed at the highest level started from this culture-bearing layer, and the sandy subsoil was already located beneath that. 20 m We could detect that features in a mul- tiple superposition often started from distinct levels (148-151 m a.B.s.). In gen- eral, pits with a rather loose and ashy up- 1. kép: az ásatás összesítő alaprajza per layer fill were noted at a higher level, Fig. 1: Complex plan of the excavation in the upper third of the culture-bearing 119 dó, de lejtőirányú, szórványosan újkori és layer, while those with a brown, more ho- népvándorláskori edénytöredékeket tartal- mogenous fill could be observed at some- mazó, agyagos humuszréteg felett északi what deeper levels. A number of pits were irányban idővel modern kori feltöltési ré- detected in the wall or the bottom of later teg is jelentkezett. Eszerint a Rákos-patak features. part menti sávjában tapasztalható, nagyjá- Along the edges of the settlement we ból vízszintes térszín modern kori feltöltés documented features primarily related to eredménye. some kind of industrial activity. A large A megnyitott szakaszon déli irányban amount of big, burnt blocks of silicate- mintegy 150 m hosszan dokumentáltuk a based slag was unearthed in the large pits települési jelenségeket. A patakhoz közeli located at the southern and northern edge 50 m-en, a Péceli út felőli szélén pedig 25 of the densely occupied part of the settle- m-es szakaszon ritkuló, gyér leletanyagot ment. We could primarily observe here adó, csoportosan jelentkező, de alapve- fairly deep and broad refuse pits in super- tően laza településszerkezet figyelhető position, and also some large pits with ash meg. A dombhát központi, legmagasabb in their fill. These latter yielded numerous részét is magában foglaló köztes 70 m grinding stones (8), in most cases in pairs hosszú szakaszon azonban rendkívüli le- placed into or next to each other in pits letsűrűséget tapasztaltunk (2. kép). Itt a (Fig. 3). In one of the pits we also docu- felszíni humuszréteg alatt egy 60-80 cm mented a posthole; the post supporting a 2. kép: az ásatási felület déli irányból Fig. 2: The excavated surface as seen from south 120 vastag kultúrréteget tudtunk elkülöníte- ni, amelynek középső-felső harmadából indultak a legmagasabban
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