Resources and Links

Global Resources

World Health Organization www.who.int www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/headache/en Action to promote global public health is among the missions of the World Health Organiza- tion (WHO). Campaigns committed to global public-health priorities, planned and conducted in collaboration with non-governmental organizations, are a means of accomplishing strategic goals. Since 2004, the year in which the Global Campaign against Headache was launched, WHO has given its formal support to activities aimed at reducing the burden of headache worldwide. Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign Against Headache www.l-t-b.org; www.liftingtheburden.org Lifting The Burden is a UK-registered charitable company. Its purpose is to direct and implement the Global Campaign against Headache in collaboration with WHO and in partnership with other non-governmental organisations, academic institutions, and individ- uals worldwide, with the ultimate objective of reducing the global burden of headache. Central to the Campaign, and essential for its purposes, are educational initiatives at various levels: aimed at health-care providers, health policy-makers, employers, schools, people affected by headache, and the general public.

Professional Organizations

International Headache Society www.ihs-headache.org Founded 1981 European Headache Federation www.ehf-org.org Founded 1992 American Headache Society www.americanheadachesociety.org Founded 1959

Post-Graduate Education

Sapienza University of Rome Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences 746 Resources and Links

Master in Headache Medicine http://w3.uniroma1.it/headache The Master Degree in Headache Medicine is a central pillar of Lifting The Burden’s educational activity. The annual part-time 1-year course is delivered by a faculty of interna- tional experts and comprises didactic lectures and practical clinical demonstrations, supported by distance learning. In the academic year 2010–2011, the course is offered for the eighth time. University of Central Lancashire, Preston School of Public Health & Clinical Sciences PG CERT Management of Headache in Primary Care www.uclan.ac.uk/information/courses/pgcert_management_of_headache_primary_care.php This postgraduate part-time modular course, completed within 1 academic year, focuses on the management of headache in primary care.

Scientific Journals

Cephalalgia http://cep.sagepub.com The Official Journal of the International Headache Society, first published in 1981. Headache www.headachejournal.org The Official Journal of the American Headache Society, first published in 1961. The Journal of Headache and Pain www.springer.com/10194 The Official Journal of Lifting The Burden and of the European Headache Federation, first published in 2000.

Guidelines

Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society (2004) The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 24 (Suppl 1): 9–160 Since the first edition of 1988, and the second of 2004, the international classification of headache disorders has provided a common language for scientific, clinical and educational endeavour in the field of headache. Steiner TJ, Martelletti P (eds) (2007) WHO/LTB/EHF Aids for Management of Common Headache Disorders in Primary Care. J Headache Pain 8:S1–S47 This compendium of aids for headache management in primary care includes guides for diagnosis and management of headache disorders, as well as information that may be given to patients. Resources and Links 747

Lay Organizations

World Headache Alliance www.w-h-a.org European Headache Alliance www.e-h-a.eu American Headache Society – Committee for Headache Education www.achenet.org

Index

A Appendix criteria, 639, 640 Abdominal migraine, 235, 236, 558 ARBs. See Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Absenteeism, 48, 50 Arterial dissection, 389–391 Abuse, 146 Arterial hypertension, 585 Access to healthcare, 28 ASA, 641 ACE. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Aseptic meningitis, 654, 656, 657 Acetaminophen (paracetamol), 568–570, 597, 641, 642 Asia, 47, 50, 53–56 Acetazolamide, 659 Aspirin, 573, 597, 598, 612–614 Acetylcholine (ACh), 243 Association studies, 89–98 Acetyl salicylic acid, 29, 574 Asthma, 29 Activation in the dorsal rostral brainstem region, 241 ATP1A2, 87, 88 Acupuncture, 669, 673–679, 703–705, 708 Attack characteristics, 317, 319, 321 Acute angle closure glaucoma, 216, 220 Atypical facial pain (AFP), 507, 509–511 Acute treatment, 256–261, 299–301 Aura, 25, 27, 29, 30, 186, 193, 194 Ad-and C-fibre afferents, 246 – symptoms, 583, 584 Adolescence, 566–568, 570, 573, 574 – with non-migraine headache, 232 Advantages, 198, 199 – without headache, 232, 233 Adverse drug reactions (ADR), 596, 652–657, 659, 660 Autonomic nerves, 242, 243 Adverse event, 652, 656, 658, 660 Autonomic symptoms, 318, 320, 321, 324, 325 African countries, 702, 712 Autonomic symptoms and signs, 474 Agonist LY334370, 247 Avoidable versus non-avoidable migraine Alcohol, 316, 318, 320, 323, 567 triggers, 116 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 4 gene, 338 Ayurveda, 702, 703, 708–709 Alert/alarm system, 203 Algophobia, 642 B Allodynia, 418, 419 Back pain, 145 Almotriptan, 647 Baclofen, 498, 499 Alpha lipoic acid, 688, 691, 692, 694 Barbiturates, 638, 641, 642, 644 Alternative medicine, 707, 708 – and triptans, 641 Amaurosis fugax, 391, 489 Barriers, 542–547 American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study – to care, 73 (AMPP), 426 – to optimal drug choice, 614–616 Amitriptyline, 259, 260, 571, 572, 601, 645, 676, 677 Basilar-type migraine, 232–233 Analgesic-overuse headache, 639 Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), 438 Analgesics, 596–599, 603 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 438 Angiography conventional, 488 Behavioral, 670, 671, 682 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 90, 95, 96, Behavioral management, 438 141, 146 Behavioral therapy, 572, 573 – inhibitors, 603 Behavioral treatments, 403–405, 408, 645 Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), 601, 603 Benefit/tolerability ratio for specific migraine Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 448 drugs, 614 Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy Benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri), (AION), 484–488 654, 657, 659 Antiepileptics, 601, 602 Benign paroxysmal torticollis, 558 Anti-migraine drugs, 528 Benign paroxysmal vertigo, 558 Antiviral agents, 657 Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood, 235, 236 Anxiety, 18, 28, 30, 41, 143, 144, 146, 147, 642, 643, Benign sex headache, 388 645, 646 Benign vascular sexual headache, 388 Aortic arch syndrome, 487 Benzodiazepines, 599, 603 750 Index

Beta-adrenergic blockers, 259 Cerebral angiography, 191, 193 Beta-blockers, 29 Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with Bidirectional, 29 subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy Biobehavioral, 667–683 (CADASIL), 89 Biochemical evidences, 333–334 Cerebral blood flow, 448 Biofeedback, 572, 573, 669–672, 676, 679, 682, 683 Cerebral infarction, 487 Bion device, 358 Cerebral oligoemia of the aura phase, 30 Bipolar disorders, 143 Cerebral toxoplasmosis, 519 Bleed-cupping, 714 Cerebral venous thrombosis, 183, 184, 191, Bloodletting, 712, 714 192, 195, 519 Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) data, 241 Cerebrovascular diseases, 584 Blood pressure, 30 Cerebrovascular events, 29 Blood tests, 215, 222 Cervical manipulation, 677 Botulinum toxin, 603 Cervicogenic headache, 174, 175, 215, 218, 223, 471–480, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 643, 646 586, 594 Brain gliomas, 584 CGRP. See Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) Brain tumors, 217, 218, 220, 221, 223, 584, 585 CH. See Cluster headache Burden of cluster headache, 42–43 Channelopathies, 86 Burden of headache, 37–43, 723–726 Cheiro-oral distribution, 186 Butterbur, 688, 692–694 Chemotherapeutic agents, 657 Chiari malformation, 215, 219 C Childhood, 568, 573, 575 CACNA1A, 85, 86, 88, 98, 240 – abuse, 401 Caffeine, 28, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 399, 402, 405, – migraine variants, 235–236 640–642, 671, 675, 681 Children, 203, 208, 657–659 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 242–248, 337 Children and adolescents, 398, 403, 405 – antagonists, 260 Chinese herbs, 703, 705–708 – blockers, 248 Chiropractic, 669, 674–679 – CGRP-immunoreactive neurones, 243 Chiropractic manipulation, 676, 677 – receptor antagonists, 247, 248, 597, 600 Chiropractors, 676, 678 Calcium channel blockers, 596, 601, 602 Chronic bronchitis, 29 Calendars, 198, 205–208 Chronic cluster headache, 315, 317, 319, 325, 364, 366 CAM. See Complementary and alternative medicine Chronic daily headaches (CDH), 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30, (CAM) 143, 144, 146, 147, 398–405, 407, 408, 454, 455 Cancer, 519 Chronic meningitis, 220 Candesartan, 261 Chronic migraine (CM), 25, 161, 165, 166, 185, 234–235, Carbachol, 242 260–262, 398, 400, 401, 403, 407, 413–419, 424–425, Carbamazepine (CBZ), 498–500, 602 427–431, 575, 640–642, 644–646 Cardiac infarctions, 30 Chronic post-traumatic headache, 5, 8, 13 Cardiovascular apparatus, 656 Chronic tension-type headache, 308–310 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 139–141, Chronic vasculitis, 484 145–148, 519 Chronification, 142, 143, 147, 148, 287, 291, 292, Cardiovascular risk factors, 28 418, 419 Carotid dissection, 183, 192 Circadian, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339 Carotidynia, 486 Circadian/circannual periodicity, 317, 319 Case history, 108–109 Circadian rhythm, 321 Causality, 140, 147 Circannual periodicity, 332, 333, 338 Cauterization, 713, 714 Citalopram, 602 CBT. See Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Classic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 9, 13, 494–497, 502 CDH. See Chronic daily headaches (CDH) Classification, 476 Celecoxib, 598 – of primary headaches, 162 Central mechanisms, 333–337 – of secondary headaches, 170 Central nervous system angiitis, 391 Clinical laboratory testing, 557 Central sensitization, 285, 286, 288–292, 399, 400, 403, Clinical picture, 472, 474, 475, 479 407, 418, 419 Clinical psychology, 437, 439 Index 751

Cluster headache (CH), 4, 5, 7, 12–14, 18, 27, 30, 84, 85, Cyclical vomiting, 235, 236, 558 97–100, 185–188, 194, 198, 203, 206, 207, 313–325, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors, 598 329–340, 345–349, 351–359, 363–366, 476, 477, 566, 574, 643 D – and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, 559 Daily headaches, 185, 193 – and TAC, 167 Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 325, 336 – attack treatment, 346–347 Degenerative cervical joint diseases, 585 – burden of, 42–43 Dengue fever, 8 Cluster period, 317, 318, 323, 324 Depression, 18, 28–30, 41, 142–144, 146–148, 584, 587, Cocaine, 347 642, 643

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 688, 691–692, 694, 695 Detection and avoidance of specific triggers, 115 Cognitive-behavioral management, 438 Detoxification, 645, 647 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 669–671, 682, 683 – program, 427 Cognitive-behavioral techniques, 573 Detoxify, 644 Cognitive impulsivity, 646 Development of headache services, 74, 77 Coital cephalalgia, 388 DHE. See Dihydroergotamine (DHE) Cola, 681 Diabetes, 30 Combination analgesics, 573 Diabetic cranial nerve neuralgia, 587 Combination drugs, 258 Diagnosis, 123, 127, 132, 181–195, 473, 475–478, 652, Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs), 129, 130, 657–660 132, 620–626, 630, 631 Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC), 54, 55 Common migraine, 87–89 Diagnostic categories, 160, 165 Community support groups, 731 Diary, 198–200, 203–205, 207–208, 457 Community to community collaboration, 731 – cards, 269 Comorbid conditions, 28–30, 41, 188 – period, 205 Comorbidity, 18, 28–30, 137–148, 554 Diclofenac, 598 Comorbid pain conditions, 399, 401 Dietary factors, 28 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 669, Dietary treatments, 711 673, 674, 682 Differential diagnosis, 276, 279, 280, 476–478 – therapies, 669, 673–674, 682 – of chronic headache, 559–560 – use in specialized headache clinics, 674 – of severe headache, 535 Compliance, 670 – of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, 322–324 Complications of migraine, 235 Dihydroergotamine (DHE), 599, 645 Computerized tomography (CT), 191–195, 488 Dipyridamole, 655, 656 – angiography, 488 Direct costs, 46–51, 54 – scan, 518, 521–527 Directionality, 140, 147 Concurrent psychopathology, 436 Disability, 46, 48–53, 187 Concussion, 462, 465, 468 – impact of headache in Africa, 538 Congestion of the conjunctiva, 318 – related to headache disorders, 38–40 Conjugated equine estrogen, 129 Disability adjusted life years (DALYs), 40, 51 Conjunctival injection, 231, 316, 318, 320, 321 Disease progression, 398, 400, 406–408 Conservative therapy, 478 Disrupted sleep architecture, 575 Conventional angiography, 488 Dissection of the aorta, 487 Cortical spreading depression, 241, 246 Dopamine system, 90 Corticosteroids, 348, 349, 598, 603 Doppler flow studies, 192 Cost-minimization analysis, 55 Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), 241, 242 Cost of illness, 47 Dorsal rostral pons, 448 C2 region of the spinal cord, 246 Dose–response relationship, 677 Criteria, 472, 473, 475–477, 479, 480 DPC. See Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) CSF glutamate, 643 Drug, 652–660 CT. See Computerized tomography (CT) – therapy, 53 Cuneus, 448 – trials, 207 Cupping, 714 – withdrawal, 425–427, 430, 655 Cutaneous allodynia, 403, 407, 408, 418, 419 Drug-induced headache, 638, 654, 658, 659 CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Drug-resistant chronic cluster headache, 445 752 Index

Drug-resistant SUNCT, 449 F Dull ache in the head and neck, 389 Facial artery vasculitis, 486 Duloxetine, 602 Facial autonomic dysfunction, 448 Dysmenorrheal, 132 Facial flushing, 320 Dyspepsia, 29 Facial pains, 486, 497, 502 Dysphasias, 232 Facial sweatings, 316, 320 Familial, 85, 87, 98 E Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), 85–89, 100, Economics of headache, 45–56 233, 234 Education of health-care professionals, 75 – 1 (FHM1), 233–234 EEG. See Electroencephalography (EEG) – 2 (FHM2), 234 Elderly, 592–603, 658 – 3, 234 Electrical activity in the grey matter, 241 Family Electroencephalography (EEG), 191, 222, 555, 556 – history, 185, 187, 188, 194 Electrophysiological evidences, 335–336 – of migraine, 536–538 Embolization or surgery of a ruptured intracranial – impact, 42 aneurysm, 517 – interview, 554 Emergency department, 515–530 Fasting, 110, 113 Emergency room, 518–521, 523, 527–530 Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage, 449 Endothelium NOS (eNOS), 244 Fatigue, 231, 236 Environmental factors, 567 Fever, 567 Epidemiology, 17–30, 276–277, 315–316, 319–321, Feverfew, 688, 693, 694 325, 472 FHM. See Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) Epigenetic factors, 148 Fibromyalgia, 145 Epigenetic mechanisms, 99–100 Flunarizine, 259–260, 571, 572, 601, 602, 645 Epilepsy, 18, 29, 30, 144–145 Fluoxetine, 602 Episodic ataxia, 85 Fluvoxamine, 602 Episodic cluster headache, 364 Focal neurological symptoms, 231 Episodic tension-type headache, 308–310 Follow-up, 13–14 Ergot alkaloids, 599, 612, 613 Food triggers, 110–112, 115, 405 Ergotamine, 425, 599, 600, 638–642, 644, 645 Forehead and facial sweating, 316, 320 – derivatives, 597 Foster–Kennedy syndrome, 219 – headache, 638 Frequent Headache Epidemiology study, 426 – induced, 638 Frog secretion Phyllomedusa bicolor, 716 – tartrate, 257, 348 Frovatriptan, 128, 647 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 191 Full blood count, 191 Estradiol, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131 Estrogen, 124–132 G – containing oral contraceptives, 28 Gabapentin, 322, 602 – withdrawal, 124–126, 131, 132 Gait abnormality, 555 – withdrawal headache, 621 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 446 Ethinylestradiol, 129, 132 Gamma knife radiosurgery, 349, 353, 354 Ethno-medical practice, 712–714 Gasserian ganglion procedures, 500 Euphoria, 318 Gastrointestinal complaints, 29 European Federation of Neurological Gate-control theory, 444, 446 Societies (EFNS), 357 General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 438 Evidence-based medicine, 613 Genes, 131 Examination, 183, 187, 189–194, 275, 279–281 Genetic association studies, 89–97 Exercise, 110, 114–117, 320, 405, 406, 671, Genetic epidemiology, 85, 97 676, 678–679 Genetic polymorphisms, 431 Exogenous hormone-induced headache, 621 Genetic predisposition, 332–333 Exogenous hormones, 621, 627–631 Gene variants, 145–148 Expenditure, 49–52 Giant cell arteritis (GCA), 8, 214, 219, 222, 484–490, 584, Eyelid edema, 316, 320 588, 594, 603 Eyelid swelling, 318 Gingkolide B, 695 Index 753

Global Campaign to Reduce the Burden of Headache Head Worldwide, 46, 612, 737–742 – injury, 462–467 Glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists, 261 – massage, 711 Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs, – or neck injury, 399, 401 129, 130 Health-care Good quality care for headache, 75 – access to, 28 Greater occipital nerve (GON), 354, 357, 358 – coverage, 534 – blockade, 349, 354, 357 – organization, 59–67 Guidelines, 71, 72, 75–77 – professionals, 72, 75, 77 Guidelines on the treatment of CH, 357 – quality of headache disorders, 75 Guide the development of headache – recipient, 77 services, 75, 77 Health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 148, 428, 430, 574 H Health services research, 70, 74 Hair washing, 111 Heartburn, 29 Hallucinogenic brew ayahuasca, 716 Hemicrania continua, 219, 315, 319, 324, 369–382, HALT. See Headache-attributed lost time (HALT) 476–478 Hangover feeling, 231 Hemiplegia, 449 Headache, 17–30, 59–66, 83–100, 138–148, 541–547, Hemiplegic migraine, 233–234 651–660, 737–742 Herbalists, 702, 713, 714 – associated with sexual activity (HSA), 387–392 Herbal preparations, 687–695 – attributed to drugs or their withdrawal, 655 Herbs, 703, 705–709, 711, 714–716 – attributed to low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Hereditary infantile hemiparesis, 89 pressure, 8–9, 13, 389 Heritability, 85, 97 – attributed to spontaneous (or idiopathic) low CSF Histamine, 318 pressure, 389 History, 10, 181–195 – course, 27 HIT. See Headache Impact Test (HIT) – diaries, 198–200, 203–205, 207–208, 457 HIV-related infections, 8 – disorders, 3–14 Homeopathy, 669, 679–680, 708–710 – due to abnormalities of intracranial pressure or Homocysteine, 694, 695 neoplastic disease, 171–173 Hormonal agents, 657 – due to medications, toxins and other Hormonal contraceptives, 621–625, 628–630 substances, 173 – on migraine with aura, 624–625, 631 – due to organic pathologies, 535 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 28, 123, 130, – due to vascular disorders, 171 131, 619–631 – epidemiology, 18–25, 28, 30, 276–277, 315–316, – effect of, 625–627, 630–631 319–321, 325, 472 – on migraine, 625–627 – frequency, 40, 41, 400–402, 406–407 – on migraine aura, 626–627, 630 – history, 10, 181–195 Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), 438 – Impact Test (HIT), 39, 40, 430 Hospitalization, 47, 50, 54, 55 – Impact Test 6 (HIT-6), 680 Hot baths, 111

– in children, 552, 555, 559 5-HT1B/1D binding sites, 247

– incidence, 27, 640 5-HT1B receptors, 245–247, 337 – indensity, 40, 41, 218 5-HT1D, 247, 337

– in developing countries, 535 5-HT1D receptors, 245, 247

– in the tropics, 533–539 5-HT1F-binding sites, 247

– management, 9–12, 295–303, 595, 603 5-HT1F site, 247 – of GCA, 486 5-HT7 receptor, 247

– of new onset, 555, 556 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, 657 – onset, 213, 214 HUNT studies, 26, 29 – related to metabolic disturbances, 174 Hypertension, 519 – related to ophthalmological, otolaryngological, and Hypertension-associated hypalgesia, 30 dental disease, 175, 176 Hypertensive encephalopathy, 520 Headache-attributed lost time (HALT), 39 Hypnic headache, 369–382, 583, 584, 588, 593 Headache-service quality-improvement, 73 Hypocretin receptor 2 gene (HCRTR2), 98, 338 754 Index

Hypothalamic activation, 325 Ipsilateral ptosis, 316, 321 Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), 353, Ipsilateral rhinorrhoea, 316, 321 356–359 Ipsilateral tenderness of the carotid artery, 318 Hypothalamic neurostimulation, effect of, 449 Irradiation of trigeminal nerve, 501 Hypothalamic stimulation, 349 Ischemia of the maxillary arteries, 486 Hypothalamic target, 358 Ischemic stroke, 129, 139–142, 145–147 Hysterectomy, 124 Isotope scanning, 192 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, 430 I Ibuprofen, 568–570, 598 J ICHD-II, 424 Japan, 47, 50, 53–55 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 5, 8 Jaw claudication, 485–487, 489 IHS diagnostic criteria, 475–477 IL-2. See Interleukin-2 (IL-2) L Implantation technique, 446 Lack of sleep or prolonged sleep, 567 Implanted neurostimulators, 448 Lacrimation, 231, 316, 318, 320, 321, 324 Inadequate healthcare coverage, 534 Lagophthalmos, 220 Incidence, 640, 727 Lamotrigine, 322, 323, 498, 499, 657 Increased anxiety levels, 437, 438 Laser therapy, 500 India, 541–547 Latent class analysis (LCA), 97, 98 Indications, 198, 199 Lay organizations, 729–731 Indicators, 47–50 Lay patient organizations, 735 Indomethacin/Indometacin, 330–332, 336, 657 LCA. See Latent class analysis (LCA) Indomethacin-test, 324 Learned helplessness theory, 147 INDO-test, 320 Lesions of the posterior fossa, 390 Inducible NOS (iNOS), 244 Lethargy, 318 Infectious causes of headache, 173–174 Leukoencephalopathy, 89 Infectious meningitis, 517, 526 Levels of stress, 28 Inhaled oxygen, 319 Lidocaine, 322, 347, 349 Inheritance, 85, 98 Lifestyle iNOS. See Inducible NOS (iNOS) – assessment, 116–117 Insomnia, 112, 643 – factors, 108, 110, 112–115 Intensity, 40, 41, 218 – modifications, 398, 405–406, 408, 570, 573 Interferons, 655, 656 Lifetime prevalence, 19, 27, 30 Interictal burden, 42–43 Lifting The Burden, 39, 74, 612, 737–742 Interictal periods, 678 Limitations, 207–208 Interleukin-2 (IL-2), 337 Linkage, 89–98 Internal carotid artery dissection, 214, 217 – studies, 89–97 International classification of headache disorders Lithium, 319, 323, 336, 347, 349 (ICDH-II), 5, 161, 655 Local injections, 479 International Headache Society (IHS), 4, 5, 724 Long-term outcome of hypothalamic deep brain Interventional therapy, 479–480 stimulation, 448–449 Intracranial hypertension, 517, 518, 520, 522, Loss of productivity, 48, 50 525–526 Low CSF pressure, 8–9, 13, 389 Intracranial neoplasm, 5, 8 Low mood, 437–439 Intracranial tumors, 594 Low socio-economical bracket, 538 Intractable chronic migraine, 445 Low socioeconomic status, 28 Intractable migraine, 643 Lumbar puncture, 191, 194, 195, 221, 555–557 Intranasal sumatriptan, 614 Intraoperative procedure, 449 M Intraoperative TIA, 449 MA. See Migraine with aura (MA) Intraorbital myositis, 216, 219, 220 Macropsia, 231 Intravenous magnesium, 689–691, 694 Magnesium, 687–695 Investigations, 183, 186, 189–192, 277, 279, 281, 475 Magnesium and menstrually-related migraine, 690 Ion channels, 241 Magnesium deficiency, 688–690, 693 Ipsilateral conjunctival, 316, 321 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 191, 194 Index 755

Malaria, 8 – menstrual, 123–132, 230, 690 Malingering, 221 – progression, 426 Maltreatment, 146 – quality measurement set, 73 Management, 9, 295–303, 595, 603 – recurrence, 643 – and prevention of headache disorders, 9–12 – threshold, 267, 269 Mandibular blocks, 508 – treatment, 613, 616 Manipulation, 478 – triggers, 108–112, 114–116, 118 Manual therapy, 478 – trust, 734 Massage, 674–679 – variants, 556, 558 Measures of quality of care, 71 Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS), 39, Mechanisms, 283–292 40, 430 Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Migraine-specific health status measures, 73 (SF-36), 40 Migraine-Specific QoL Questionnaire (MSQ), 40, 41 Medication, 185, 187, 188, 193–195, 478, 651–660 Migraine with aura (MA), 84, 85, 88–92, 94, 96, 97, 99, Medication overuse, 185–188, 193 100, 129, 131, 132, 139–142, 144–147, 230–233 Medication overuse headache (MOH), 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14, Migraine without aura (MO), 84, 85, 88–92, 94, 96, 97, 25, 26, 198, 199, 203, 399–400, 402, 404, 405, 408, 230, 231, 233, 476–477 424–427, 429–431, 454–457 Migrainous infarction, 29 – Type I, 425 Migralepsy, 29, 215, 222 – Type II, 425 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Mefenamic acid, 129 (MMPI), 436 Melatonin, 348 Minor head trauma, 567 Meningeal irritation, 214, 220 Miosis, 316, 318, 320 Meningeomas, 584 Miscellaneous idiopathic headache disorders, 371 Meningitis, 8, 517, 518, 520, 522, 525, 526 Mitochondrial, 89, 98, 99 Menopause, 124, 125 – dysfunction, 691–692 Menorrhagia, 127 Mixed serotonin-and norepinephrine-reuptake Menstrually-related migraine, 123, 125, 127, 230, 690 inhibitors, 602 Menstrual migraine, 123–132 MO. See Migraine without aura (MO) Menstrual period in adolescent girls, 567 Modifiable risk factors, 418 Menstruation, 122–124, 127–129 MOH. See Medication overuse headache (MOH) Meta-analysis, 139–141 Mood disorders, 401 Method of data collection, 19 Morning headache, 112, 114 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), 90, 91, Mosaic vision, 231 99, 141, 146 MR angiography, 488 Methysergide, 348, 349 MRI, 488, 490, 496–498 Metoprolol, 645 MSQ. See Migraine-Specific QoL Questionnaire (MSQ) Micropsia, 231 MTHFR. See 5’,10’-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve, Multifactorial inheritance pattern, 85, 98 353, 355 Muscular factors, 287 MIDAS. See Migraine Disability Assessment Score Musculoskeletal pain, 29 (MIDAS) Mutations in the calcium channel gene Migraine, 4–7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24–30, 84–100, CACNA1A, 240 139–148, 159–166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 177, 183, Myocardial infarction, 140, 145–147 185–188, 191, 193, 194, 198, 199, 203, 205–208, 229–236, 239–248, 265–270, 552, 554–562, 582, 583, N 585–587, 655, 657–659, 704–716, 739–741 Na+/K+-ATPase, 87 – abdominal, 235, 236, 558 Naproxen, 129, 644 – action, 734 Naproxen sodium, 598 – and abdominal pain, 29 Naratriptan, 128 – and epilepsy, 575 Nasal blockage, 321 – attack frequency, 145 Nasal congestion, 231, 316, 318, 320 – chronicization, 425–426, 428, 430–431 Nasal sumatriptan, 568, 574 – disability assessment, 539 Nasal zolmitriptan, 568 – equivalents, 558 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 670, 674, 675 – in the hormone-free interval, 623 Nausea and vomiting, 318, 320, 321 756 Index

Neck One-year prevalence, 19, 20, 25, 30 – interferential therapy, 677 ONS. See Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) – movement, 320 Oophorectomy, 124 – pain, 186 Opiates, 259, 642 Needs assessment, 60–61 Opioids, 425–427, 599, 639–642, 644, 645 Neglect, 146 Oral almotriptan, 568–570 Neuralgias, 160, 161, 165, 176, 177 Oral contraceptives, 28, 30 Neurectomy, 500 Oral magnesium, 690, 693, 694 Neurocysticercosis, 8 Oral sumatriptan, 614, 615 Neuroimaging, 212, 217, 219, 221–224 Oral triptans, 613 Neuronal excitability, 240 Oral zolmitriptan, 568, 569 Neuronally driven vasodilatation, 241 Orexin A, 643 Neuropeptide Y, 242 Orexinergic system, 339 Neuro radiological evidences, 335 Orexins (A and B), 339, 340 Neurosarcoidosis, 8 Orgasmic headache, 388, 389 Neurosteroids, 126, 129 Osteopathy, 669, 676, 677 Neurostimulation, 353, 356–358 Other primary headaches, 160–162, 167–170 Neurotoxicity, 654, 659 OUCH, 734 New daily-persistent headache, 369–382 Outcome indicators, 71 New onset of headache in immuno-suppressed Ovulation, 124, 126, 128 patient, 555 Oxcarbazepine (OXC), 498–500 Nitric oxide (NO), 242–244 Oxygen, 346, 347, 349, 574 Nitric oxide donor-induced (nitroglycerin-induced) headache, 655, 656 P Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, 261 PACAP. See Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating Nitroglycerin, 318, 320, 323 polypeptide (PACAP) nNOS. See Perivascular nerves (nNOS) Pain characteristics, 473 Nocebo, 658 Painkillers, 454–456 Non-conventional treatments, 673–674, 680 Pain thresholds, 446 Non-drug management, 669 Panic disorder, 143, 144 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 724–726 Paracetamol, 258, 573, 597, 612–614 Nonmodifiable risk factors, 418 Paresthesias, 231, 233, 318 Nonpharmacological treatment, 303, 567, 572–573, 669, Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), 215, 218, 219, 315, 316, 670, 675, 682 319–320, 322–325, 330–333, 335–338, 349 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 29, Partial Horner syndrome, 318 257–258, 425, 426, 597–599, 612, 613, 616, 638, 641, Participation rate, 19 642, 644, 645 Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 142 Noradrenaline, 242 Pathophysiology, 473–474 Nortriptyline, 645 Patient-centered care, 74 NPY, VIP/SP, 244 Patient information, 12 NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs PedMIDAS, 39, 574 (NSAIDs) Peptic ulcer, 29 Nummular headache, 369–382 Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the Nutrition, 669, 681 sphenopalatine ganglion, 325 Periaquaeductal grey (PAG), 241, 242, 446, 447, 449, 641 O Perimenstrual, 126, 128, 129, 132 Obesity, 28, 110, 114–115, 146, 399–401, 407 Periodicity, 317, 319, 323 Observational study, 680 Periodic pattern, 317 Observatories, 56 Periorbital swelling, 318 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 646 Peripheral mechanisms, 337–338 Obstructive sleep apnea, 112 Peripheral nerve excitability, 446 Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS), 336, 352, 353, Peripheral sensitization, 287, 288, 292 356–358, 444–448 Perivascular nerves (nNOS), 243, 244, 247 Occipital neuralgia, 476, 477 Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS), 444 Oestrogen-withdrawal headache, 657 Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP), 9, 13, OnabotulinumtoxinA, 262, 427–429, 431 505–512 Index 757

Persistent pain, 508 Preventive therapy, 256, 259–262 Personal interview and examination, 19, 27 Preventive treatment, 52, 398, 402–406 PET, 643 Preventive treatment of cluster headache, 347–349 PFO. See Patent foramen ovale (PFO) Primary angle-closure glaucoma, 8, 594 PH. See Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH) Primary care, 4, 8–9, 12, 13, 60–66, 199, 675, 678, 680 Pharmacogenetics, 98–99 Primary headaches, 160–162, 167–170, 175, 178, 183, Pharmacogenomic, 431 189, 654, 658–660 Pharmacological treatments, 55, 303 Primary headaches associated with sexual activity Pharmacovigilance, 654 (PHSA), 388–391 Phenotypes, 147, 148 Primary headaches in the emergency room, 527–530 Phlebography, 337 Primary stabbing headache, 369–382 Phonophobia, 318, 320–322, 324, 325 Process indicators, 71 Phosphenes, 231 Progesterone, 124–126, 129, 131 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor-induced headache, Progestogen-only contraceptives, 623–625, 630 655, 656 Prolonged aura, 232, 233 Photophobia, 318, 320–322, 324, 325 Prolonged fasting, 567 Physical tension, 308 Prophylactic medication, 567, 570–572 Physical treatment, 670, 674–679 Prophylactic treatment, 296, 298, 299, 301–302 Physician, 653, 658–660 Prophylaxis, 52, 126–129, 132 Physiotherapists, 675 Propoxyphene, 599 Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide Propranolol, 571, 572, 601, 602, 613, 615, 645 (PACAP), 242–244, 246, 247 Prostacyclin, 242 Pizotifen, 348 Prostaglandin E, 242 Placebo, 658, 659 Prothrombotic and endothelial factors, 30 Polymorphism in the MTHFR gene Psychiatric disorders, 216, 221 (MTHFRC677T), 695 Psychiatric illness, 438 Positron emission tomography (PET), 240, 241 Psychodynamic psychotherapy, 436 Posterior circulation, 584 Psychogenic headaches, 175–176 Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), Psychological 212, 217 – assessment, 437–438 Postmenopause, 124, 132 – factors, 437, 438 Post partum, 123, 132 – intervention, 435–439 Postponing a meal, 113 – pain management, 436 Post-traumatic headaches, 162, 170–171, 461–468 – support, 501 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 147 – therapy/intervention, 438–439 Post-traumatic syndrome, 464–466 Psychology services, 437–439 P/Q type Ca++ channel, 85 Psychotherapeutic approaches, 566 Precipitants of attacks in children, 567 Ptosis, 231, 316, 318, 320 Precipitating factors for migraine, 536 PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Precipitation mechanisms, 474–476 Public awareness campaigns, 731 Predisposing and trigger factors, 10–12 Public health, 38, 738–741 Prednisolone, 644, 647 Pulsed radiofrequency thermocoagulation, 500 PREEMPT, 428 Pregabalin, 602 Q Pregnancy, 123, 131, 132 QALY. See Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) Pregnant, 670 Qualite´ de Vie et Migraine (QVM), 40, 41 Premonitory and prodromal symptoms, 318 Quality Premonitary symptoms, 186 – in headache care, 69–77 Preorgasmic headache, 389 – in health care, 70–77 Pressure headache, 186 Quality-adjusted life year (QALY), 675 Prevalences, 47, 51, 53, 56, 582–587 Quality-improvement studies, 72 – of cluster headache, 346 Quality indicators, 71–77 – of medication-overuse headache (MOH), – for headache, 73–77 640–642, 646 – in headache care, 72 – of migraine, 536, 538 Quality of life (QoL), 47, 51–54, 638, 645, 671, 678, 680 Prevention, 655, 659 – instruments, 40–41 758 Index

Questionnaire studies, 19, 24 Rofecoxib, 598 QVM. See Qualite´ de Vie et Migraine (QVM) RVCL. See Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) R S Race, 18, 28 Safety, 653, 658 Radio frequency (RF) Saw-tooth pattern, 321 – ablation, 355 SCA6. See Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) – lesion, 349 Schema Inventories, 438 – thermocoagulation, 349 School related stress, 567 – treatment, 479–480 Scintillating scotoma, 231 – treatment of the sphenopalatine ganglion, 355, SCN1A, 87, 88 357, 358 Scotoma, 186 – trigeminal rhizotomy, 353, 354 Secondary care, 60, 63–66 Radiographic findings, 407 Secondary headaches, 160–162, 169, 170, 174–176, 178, Radiography, 191 463, 517–519, 521, 523 Range of movement (ROM), 475 Seizure, 183, 555, 556 Rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep Selective noradrenalin and serotonin periods, 317 inhibitors (SNRIs), 602 RCVS. See Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors syndrome (RCVS) (SSRIs), 602 Recall bias, 19 Sensory aura, 232 Recruitment, 676 Sensory disturbances, 507, 508 Red flags, 593 Sentinel headache, 216 Referral, 13–14, 678, 683 Serious secondary headaches, 7–8, 13 Reflexology, 681–682 Serotonin, 126, 131, 132 Refractory cluster headache (rCH), 352, 353, 355–358 – transporter, 90 Refractory headache Sertraline, 602 Relative risk, 140 Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), 426 Relaxation, 671–673, 683 SF-12, 41 – therapies, 438, 572, 573 SF-36, 675, 677, 680 – training, 669–673, 676, 679, 682 Shimmering zigzag lines, 231 Release of nitric oxide, 242 SHM. See Sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM) Remission intervals, 448 Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform Representativeness, 19, 27 headache attacks Re-prophylaxis of chronic migraine, 427–430 – with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), Responsivity profiles, 431 315, 316, 320–325, 330–333, 335, 336, 349 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), 144, 148 – with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA), 325, Retinal arteriolar tortuosity, 89 330–332 Retinal migraine (RM), 234 Side-locked unilaterality, 474 Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy Silent GCA, 486 (RVCL), 89 Silent Infarcts, 141 Retinoids, 657, 659 Simple analgesics, 638–642 Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome Single-photon emission computerized tomography (RCVS), 183, 184, 191, 192, 194, 195, 214, (SPECT), 337 216, 217, 221, 223 Sinus headache, 231 Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, Six or three-month prevalences, 19 657, 658 Skin sensation, 318 Rhinorrhea, 231, 318, 320, 324 Sleep, 108, 110, 112–117 Riboflavin, 688, 691, 694 – apnea, 643 Risk factors, 28–30, 398–403, 405, 407–408 – apnea associated headache, 583 – for cardiovascular disease, 140–141 – disorders, 400, 405 – for chronicization, 425–426 – disturbances, 399, 400, 404–406, 408 Risk of ischemic stroke, 625, 627–631 – hygiene, 112, 113, 117, 405–406 Rizatriptan, 568–570, 600 – lack of, 567 RM. See Retinal migraine (RM) – prolonged, 567 Index 759

– related headaches, 555 Suddenness, 213–218 – restriction, 113, 117 Sudden severe (explosive) headache, 389 Sleep-disordered breathing, 575 Suicide, 144 Smoking, 28, 30, 399, 402 Sumatriptan, 128, 323, 324, 331, 336–338, 346, 349, 570, Snoring, 399, 400 574, 645 SNRIs. See Selective noradrenalin and serotonin SUNA. See Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform inhibitors (SNRIs) headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms Socio-economic burden, 46 (SUNA) Socioeconomic status, 28, 30 SUNCT. See Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform Sodium valproate, 259, 260, 601, 602 headache attacks with conjunctival injection and Source population, 19 tearing (SUNCT) SP, 243–245, 247 Supplements, 688, 691–695 Space occupying lesions, 183, 214, 218, 219 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 333, 339 Specialty headache centers, 670 Surgical treatments, 480 Specific foods, 567 – in rCH, 352, 358 Specific headache triggers, 109 Sweating, forehead and facial, 316, 320 SPECT. See Single-photon emission computerized Symptomatic tomography (SPECT) – medication, 568–570 Sphenopalatine ganglion, 353, 355 – Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 494–497 – block, 337 Systemic symptoms, associated, 555 – blockade, 347 SP-immunoreactive neurons, 243 T Spinal manipulative therapies (SMT), 676–678 TAB. See Temporal artery biopsy (TAB) Spinal manipulative treatment, 676 TCA. See Trait component analysis (TCA) Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), 85 Telcagepant, 247, 600 Spiritual treatments, 716 Temporal arteritis, 517–519, 521, 525, 526 Spondylosis, 586 Temporal artery biopsy (TAB), 484, 488–490 Spontaneous electrode migration, 445 Temporomandibular disorder, 145 Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 215, 217, 219, 220 Tenderness, 285, 286, 288–291 Sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM), 85–88 Tension-type headache (TTH), 4–7, 12–14, 19, 20, 22, 24, SSRIs. See Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 25, 28, 30, 84, 97–98, 100, 139, 160–162, 165–167, 170, Stakeholder, 71, 74, 75, 77 173, 174, 186, 198, 199, 203, 205, 206, 273–281, – representatives, 75, 77 283–292, 295–303, 307–310, 475–477, 552, 559–561, Standard dosage, 707 566, 573, 582, 583, 585–587, 638, 640, 643, 645, 658 Standards, 71, 72 – characteristics, 275 Status migrainosus, 529 – triggers, 112 Stereotactic neurostimulation, 448 Tetracyclines, 654, 657 Steroids, 644, 645 Therapeutic approach to migraine in Africa, 538 Stimulation of GON, 349 Therapeutic evidences, 336–337 Stimulus control, 113, 117 Therapeutic intervention, 12 Streptomycin injections, 500 Therapeutic options, 683 Stress, 108, 110, 112–118, 320 Thermal biofeedback, 671, 672, 676 Stressful life events, 401 Thoracic aortic aneurysms, 487 Stress management, 114, 116–118 Threshold, 109, 116 Stroke, 29, 391, 487 Thunderclap headaches (TCH), 183, 184, 191, 195, 212, Subacute headache with rapidly progressive increase in 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 223, 519–521, 523–525, 593 severity, 555 TIA. See Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 5, 8, 183, 184, Time frame, 19 191–195, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223, 389–391, Timolol, 602 517, 518, 522–524 Tizanidine, 645 Subclinical brain lesions, 30 TNC. See Trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) Subcutaneous sumatriptan, 614, 615 Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, 219 Suboccipital neurostimulation, 444 Tonabersat, 261 Sub-Saharan Africa, 533–539 Tongue claudication, 485, 486 Substance abuse, 643, 646 Topiramate, 259, 261–262, 322, 331, 332, 348, 349, Substance use or withdrawal, 585 427–429, 431, 572, 645, 647, 659 760 Index

Toxicity, 709, 714 V Traditional healers, 535, 539, 708, 713, 715 Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 682 Traditional Medicine, 702, 703, 705, 707, 708, 711, Valdecoxib, 598 714, 715 Val66Met, 646 Trait component analysis (TCA), 90, 97, 98 – polymorphism, 643, 646 Tramadol, 599 Valproate, 348, 645 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 447, Vasculopathy, 141 448, 478–480 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 337 Transformation, 398, 400 Venlafaxine, 601, 602 Transformed migraine, 593 Verapamil, 319, 323, 332, 336, 347, 349, Transient ischemic attacks (TIA), 487 601, 602 Transitional treatment, 354, 357 VIP, 243, 244, 246, 248 Transitory ischemic attacks, 29 VIP/PACAP, 242 Traumatic brain injury, 462–464, 467, 468 Viral encephalitis, 8 Treatment, 652–659 Visual aura, 231, 232 – behavioral, 403–405, 408, 645 Visual disturbance, 489 – failure, 183, 192 Visual loss, 484–487, 489 – non-conventional, 673, 674, 680 Vitamin B9, 694 – of headaches, 612, 614–616 Vomiting, 318, 320, 321 – pharmacological, 55, 303 – spiritual, 716 W Tricyclic antidepressants, 601, 602 Warning features, 183 Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs), 187, Weather changes, 567 313–325, 329–340 Web diary, 203 Trigeminal ganglion, 243–246 Whiplash, 462, 463, 466, 467 Trigeminal nerve, 244, 246 White matter lesions, 141, 142 Trigeminal neuralgia, 493–502, 584, 586, 587 WHO’s essential medicines list for migraine, Trigeminal Neuralgia Association, 734 612–614 Trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), 242, 245–248, 447 WHO’s list of essential drugs, 612 Trigeminal reflex testing, 497, 498 Withdrawal, 653–656, 659 Trigeminal sensory root sectioning, 353, 354 Withdrawal headache, 426, 427, 644, 645, 647 Trigeminocervical complex (TCC), 246–247, 356, Wolframin gene, 646 446, 447 Women’s headache diary, 203, 204 Trigeminocervical nucleus, 474 Workplace absence, 49 Trigeminovascular World Headache Alliance (WHA), 725, 726 – inputs, 446 World Health Organization (WHO), 40, 724, 739, – reflex, 241, 242, 245–246, 248 741, 742 – system, 244, 245 Worries in daily life, 28 Trigger factors, 10–12, 231 Triggers, 108–118, 185, 187, 194, 195, 267–269, 318, 320, Y 322, 323 Years lived with disability (YLDs), 40 Triptans, 52, 55, 245–248, 256–257, 399, 403, 404, 408, Years of life lost (YLL), 40 425, 426, 429, 431, 597, 600, 602, 638–644, 654, 659 Years of life lost with disability (YLD-DALY), 724 Trivialization of headache, 38 YLDs. See Years lived with disability (YLDs) Tropics, 541–547 YLL. See Years of life lost (YLL) TTH. See Tension-type headache (TTH) Yoga, 673, 679, 708, 710 Tuberculosis, 8 Twin studies, 85, 97 Z Typical features of adult migraine, 6 Zolmitriptan, 128, 346, 600, 614, 615 Zoom vision, 231 U Zoster neuritis, 584, 586, 587 Ultrasonography, 488 Unilateral headache, 474, 476, 477 US Headache Consortium, 670–672