DOCSLIB.ORG

Iraq's Balance of Payments and Economic Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

IRAQ'S BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 19^17-1955 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By EVANS ELIAS GHAZALA, B. A., M. A ****** The Ohio State University 1957 Approved by ylT Amriser Department of Economics TAIUJ1! 01*' CONTENTS Chapter Page One Introductioni Two [ m q - The Country,........ t> X. Geographical Featured........ h II. Water Resource*! and Control ........ U A. Navigable Waterwaya B. Storage anti Flood Control C . Irrigation 1). Recant Developmenta 1X1. Industry ..... 11 A. Agriculture 1. Principal Crops 2, Agriculture Development B. Oil C. Livestock, Wild flame and Fisher.leu D. Other Industries XV. Summary......................... 2'j Three Iraq - The People........ .......... ................ I. Political Background ..... ;-’Y A. Persian, Moslem and Ottoman Rule B. World War I, the British Mandate and the Reign of Faisal C . The Reign of Qha?.i D. World War II E. The Post-War Period F. Development of the Oil Induatry II. Population........ 37 A. 81*o, Distribution and Density B. The Labor Force C. Racial Groups D. Consumer Groups E. Special Characteristics III. Social Structure.................. Ji3 A. The Tribal System B. The Fellaheen C. The Towns D. Status of Women E. Role of the Family IV. Land Ownership....... ^6 A. Concentration of Land Ownership B. Land Reform V. Living Conditions.*............ Ji8 VI. Health... .... 50 A. Health Conditions B. Hygienic and Medical Facilities VII. Education............. 52 11 11.1 Ghnnto r V H X *Hn 1,l,g t on ..... !>*i IX. Form of Government............ !>*■ X . Itacmvl Development ...... V> A. Distribution of state tat ids I). Agriculture 0. Education D. Uocin.! Welfare If.. tabor F. Housing 0. Indusdry and Trans par taUrm 11. Technical Aflsietanae Four Analynie of the Balance of Payments of Iraq,. , u'd I. Introduction ..... (>'d 11 * Merchandise Trade ................ 66 A. Exports 1. Oil 2. Other Exports 3. Distribution of Exports a. United Kingdom b. India c . The Netherlands d. Japan e. United State0 f. Other Countries B. Imports 1. Trends In Imports 2. Type® of Imports 3* Distribution of Imports 111. Other Current Transactions ........ 8 |> A. Foreign Travel B. Transportation C. Investment Income D. Government Transactions Not Included Elsewhere E. Donations IV. Capital Movements................................ 89 V. Foreign Currency Balances.......................... 91 VI. Balance of Payments Adjustments............. 9k VII. Summary.... • 99 Five Monetary and Foreign Exchange Policies......... 97 I. The Banking System.................... 97 A. The National Bank B. Commercial Bonks and S&rrafs C. The Other Non-Commercial State Bonks 1. The Agricultural Bonk 2. The Industrial Bank 3. The Mortgage Bank Iv gimp tec IX. The Bter.llng Aron.................. ,............ ,|p| .III. Exchange Control and l;h« foreign Exchange) Markett• • * ,IP| IV. Mono tar,y Policy............ .. ................. ;iyJi A. Tha Demand for and BuppJy of Money P. The Coal of the Monetary Policy V . 1 oreign .Exchange P o l i c y 1t? VI. Summary *. *....................... i n Six Public Finance and pineal Policy,,, ............ ip) 1 • 'Die Fiscal, System and Its 'fronds ...... .133 II. Financial Structure ........ 119 III. Characteristics of Government Expenditure!! and Revenue!!...... *................ jli.t A. Public Expenditure!! B. Public Revenues IV. Public Debt......... 1D1 V. Fiscal Policy........ .131 A. Variations in Government (expenditures and Revenues and the Influence of Such Variations on Economic Activities D. Structure of Government Expend!Lures and Revenues in Iraq,, and Fiscal Policy 1. Public ffixpendituren 2. Public Revenues VI * Summary .............. 1,62 Seven The Development Board and Economic Development.... 163 1. The Development Board.......*..... .............. 163 IX. Measures for a Successful Development Program...... 173 III. The Development Plan............................ I80 A. Water Improvements B. Agriculture and Improvements in Agricultural Productivity 1. Agriculture 2. Improvement in Agricultural Productivity C. Transportation and Communication D. Industry and Industrial Development 1. Industry 2. Expulsion and Establishment of New Industries E. Housing Development P. Education 0. Health IV* Summary* ........ 214 Eight Summary and Conclusion. ................... *....... 216 Bibliography....... 226 Autobiography 236 LIST OF TABLES Table Page m i m III 1 Cultivated Land, Cropped Land and land in Agricultural Use in Iraq, 1951 «.............................. 16 2 Production of Oil in Iraq, 1927-1955........ ....... 19 3 Distribution of Non-Agricultural Labor Force in Iraq, 1951 39 ** Consumer Groups in Iraq, 195*1........... ill 5 Students Enrollments and Number of Schools and Teachers in Iraq, 19*19-1953....................................... 52 6 Iraq's Balance of Payments, 19h7-195i| ......... 65 7 Value of Iraqi Exports, 19*15-195** •..... 67 8 Volume and Prices of Iraqi Barley and Dates Exported, 1950-195**. • ........ TO 9 Distribution of Iraqi Exports (Excluding Oil) Among Principal Countries, 1938, 19*+8-195**................... 7** 10 Distribution of Iraqi Exports (Including Oil) Among Principal Countries, 19*16-195** ............ 77 11 Iraq's Trade Balance, 19**5-195**......................... 79 12 Iraq’s Principal Imports, 1938, 19*i8-1953«. »•......... 8 l 13 Distribution of Iraqi Imports Among Principal Countries of Origin, 1938, 19**8-1953................................ 8 U 1*1 Investment Income of Foreign Owned Companies In Iraq, 1951-195 3 ............................................. 87 15 Iraq's Free Foreign Exchange, 19**7-195**« ...... 93 16 Combined Balance Sheets of the Issue and Banking Departments of the National Bank of Iraq, 19**9-195**. *.... 100 17 Consolidated Statement of Commercial Banks in Iraq, 1951-1953..... 109 16 Transactions and Advances Made by the Agricultural Bank of Iraq, During the Fiscal Year 195l*-1955». ....... 113 v vi Table Page 19 Shares of Major Industries Held by the Industrial Bank of Iraq ........................................... 116 20 Value of Denominations of Currency in Circulation in Iraq, 195I-I95U ........................................ 125 21 Government Expenditures and Revenues and Indices of Wholesale Prices in Iraq, 1939-195**-• •••• ............... 137 22 Iraq's Public Debt, 19^5-1953........................... 139 23 Comparative Expenditures by Public Sectors in Iraq, 1 9 ^ 7 - 1 9 ^ ............................................. iko 2k Distribution of Government Expenditures in Iraq, 1939* 1 9 ^ - 1 9 5 ^ ............................................. 1^3 25 Distribution of Government Revenues in Iraq, 1939* 1 9 W -195 ^ ............................................. 1^7 26 Sources of Income Tax in Iraq, 1951-1953• •• ............. 150 27 Domestic Loans in Iraq, 19^5-195^*•••••••..... «... 15^ 28 Estimated Expenditures and Revenues of the Development Board of Iraq, 1951-1956............................... 169 29 Financial Position of the Development Board of Iraq, 1952-1955 171 30 Employment Statistics in Iraq, 1953 ................... 176 31 The 1955 Proposed Development Program in Iraq............ 189 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The importance of Iraq, as well aB other countries of the Middle East, dates hack through many centuries. In recent years its importance in international economic relations increased with the heightening tension in the cold war between the U. S. S. R. and the Western powers. Iraq is a large producer and exporter of oil which is purchased largely by countries of Western Europe. Russia, with plans for world domination, finds that Western influence in Iraq and the Middle East, particularly with reference to oil, is a serious obstacle to its expansionist policies. To achieve its objectives, Russia has attempted (with some success) to create and strengthen anti-western feelings and capitalize on the area’s ever-growing spirit of extreme nationalism. The prevailing poverty and unstable political conditions in the Middle East have facilitated Soviet efforts. Also, Arab suspicion of Western colonialism helps to create a suitable environment for communistic infiltration. Thus, in the midst of a serious international struggle, Iraq has become involved in world politics. Aside from its strategic location and oil resources, Iraq also occupies an important position in world affairs as one of the so called "Underdeveloped Countries". The conviction has been growing in the free world, especially since the end of World War II, that the extension of aid to the non-communistic underdeveloped countries, to help them along the road of economic development and modernization, would thereby strengthen the West's relationship with these countries and bolster them against communistic penetration. Iraq can rightly be considered typical of this group of countries. Poverty, illiteracy, a diseased population, an unjusti­ fiable social structure, and weak public administration are the obvious qualitative characteristics which have prevailed in the country over the past several centuries. But the impact of the more developed countries as a result of the last world war, and advances in trans­ portation and communication have created overwhelming feelings among the people of Iraq of dissatisfaction and discontent with their pre­ vailing conditions. In many instances these feelings have found expression in stormy upsurges of nationalism and demands for
Recommended publications
  • Nationally Agreed Contribution Document Towards the New Climate Change Agreement

    Nationally Agreed Contribution Document Towards the New Climate Change Agreement

    Nationally agreed contribution document towards the new climate change agreement Iraq 10/11/2015 Abbreviations BAU Business as Usual CCC Climate Change Center GHGs Greenhouses Gases UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The Iraqi INDC does not constitute legally binding pledges upon Iraq, but rather a statement of national contributions including actions taken related to climate change. The submission of Iraq’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) report is pursuant with the decision adopted by UNFCCC COP 19 in November 2013. The preparation of the Iraqi INDC adopted a collaborative and consultative process and involved key ministries, departments and stakeholders following the UNFCCC guidelines on designing and preparing INDCs. Iraq’s commitment to addressing climate change has been demonstrated by the timely actions of Iraqi authorities to prepare this report. Iraq calls on developed country Parties to fulfill their commitments in supporting developing and fragile states to tackle the adverse impacts of climate change. Iraq’s preparation of this INDC report has been technically facilitated by UNDP under the GEF-funded project “Iraq’s Nationally Determined Contributions to UNFCCC 2015 Agreement." Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 1 National circumstances ................................................................................................. 3 Mitigation Scenarios………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
  • World's Major Rivers

    World's Major Rivers

    WWWWWWoorrlldd’’ss mmaajjoorr rriivveerrss AAnn IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall wwwwwwaatteerr llaawwwwww wwwwwwiitthh ccaassee ssttuuddiieess THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK WWWWWWoorrlldd’’ss mmaajjoorr rriivveerrss An introduction to international water law with case studies Colorado River Commission of Nevada 555 E. Washington Avenue, Suite 3100 Las Vegas, Nevada 89101 Phone: (702) 486-2670 Website: http://crc.nv.gov November 2008 Jacob (Jay) D. Bingham, Chairman Ace I. Robinson, Vice Chairman Andrea Anderson, Commissioner Marybel Batjer, Commissioner Chip Maxfield, Commissioner George F. Ogilvie III, Commissioner Lois Tarkanian, Commissioner George M. Caan, Executive Director Primary Author: Daniel Seligman, Attorney at Law Columbia Research Corp. P.O. Box 99249 Seattle, Washington 98139 (206) 285-1185 Project Editors: McClain Peterson, Project Manager Manager, Natural Resource Division Colorado River Commission of Nevada Sara Price Special Counsel-Consultant Colorado River Commission of Nevada Esther Valle Natural Resource Analyst Colorado River Commission of Nevada Nicole Everett Natural Resource Analyst Colorado River Commission of Nevada THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK World’s Major Rivers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Daniel Seligman at the Columbia Research Corp. wishes to thank Jacqueline Pruner, attorney at law in Seattle, for her contribution to the section on water law in Canada and her valuable editing assistance throughout the entire document. The staff at the Murray-Darling Basin Commission and Goulburn-Murray Water in Australia provided important information about the Murray-Darling River system, patiently answered the author’s questions, and reviewed the draft text on water trading. Staff at the International Joint Commission in Washington, D.C., and the Prairie Provinces Water Board in Regina, Canada, also offered helpful comments on an earlier draft.
  • A Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution M

    A Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution M

    The Euphrates–Tigris Basin: A Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution M. El-Fadel,* Y. El Sayegh, A. Abou Ibrahim, D. Jamali, and K. El-Fadl ABSTRACT rights (Haddad and Mizyed, 1996). This, coupled with drying oases and shrinking aquifers, is likely to cause water to replace Historically, the Euphrates and Tigris waters have been a oil as the traditional driver of conflict in the Middle East major source of freshwater conflict in the Middle East. Origi- nating in Turkey, both rivers flow southwestward through Syria (Mideast News, 1998). and Iraq, to discharge into the Persian Gulf. The irregularity in In the context presented above, the Euphrates–Tigris Basin their seasonal flow necessitates the development of efficient stor- represents one of the critical water conflict issues in the Mid- age and diversion systems to ensure adequate irrigation to the dle East. Turkey, Syria, and Iraq presently share the waters of area’s dominant agricultural sector. Consequently, water uti- this basin. There has been a history of disagreements among lization projects undertaken by upstream riparian countries these countries concerning the nature of these waters, their fair trigger confrontation, leading to hostilities and strained relations. and optimal distribution, and the rights of each nation to uti- These water development projects are best exemplified by the lize these water resources. Turkish GAP project, which provides Turkey extensive control While the conflict among the riparian countries is basically over the Euphrates water, through the construction of 22 dams posed in the context of water, it is inevitably linked with in- and 19 hydropower plants.
  • Possibilities of Restoring the Iraqi Marshes Known As the Garden of Eden

    Possibilities of Restoring the Iraqi Marshes Known As the Garden of Eden

    Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region Adaptation, Mitigation,and Best Practices International Conference April 28-29, 2011 in Berlin, Germany POSSIBILITIES OF RESTORING THE IRAQI MARSHES KNOWN AS THE GARDEN OF EDEN N. Al-Ansari and S. Knutsson Dept. Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Lulea University, Sweden Abstract The Iraqi marsh lands, which are known as the Garden of Eden, cover an area about 15000- 20000 sq. km in the lower part of the Mesopotamian basin where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flow. The marshes lie on a gently sloping plan which causes the two rivers to meander and split in branches forming the marshes and lakes. The marshes had developed after series of transgression and regression of the Gulf sea water. The marshes lie on the thick fluvial sediments carried by the rivers in the area. The area had played a prominent part in the history of man kind and was inhabited since the dawn of civilization by the Summarian more than 6000 BP. The area was considered among the largest wetlands in the world and the greatest in west Asia where it supports a diverse range of flora and fauna and human population of more than 500000 persons and is a major stopping point for migratory birds. The area was inhabited since the dawn of civilization by the Sumerians about 6000 years BP. It had been estimated that 60% of the fish consumed in Iraq comes from the marshes. In addition oil reserves had been discovered in and near the marshlands. The climate of the area is considered continental to subtropical.
  • Ba'ath Propaganda During the Iran-Iraq War Jennie Matuschak Jim014@Bucknell.Edu

    Ba'ath Propaganda During the Iran-Iraq War Jennie Matuschak [email protected]

    Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses Spring 2019 Nationalism and Multi-Dimensional Identities: Ba'ath Propaganda During the Iran-Iraq War Jennie Matuschak [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Matuschak, Jennie, "Nationalism and Multi-Dimensional Identities: Ba'ath Propaganda During the Iran-Iraq War" (2019). Honors Theses. 486. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/486 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii Acknowledgments My first thanks is to my advisor, Mehmet Döşemeci. Without taking your class my freshman year, I probably would not have become a history major, which has changed my outlook on the world. Time will tell whether this is good or bad, but for now I am appreciative of your guidance. Also, thank you to my second advisor, Beeta Baghoolizadeh, who dealt with draft after draft and provided my thesis with the critiques it needed to stand strongly on its own. Thank you to my friends for your support and loyalty over the past four years, which have pushed me to become the best version of myself. Most importantly, I value the distractions when I needed a break from hanging out with Saddam. Special shout-out to Andrew Raisner for painstakingly reading and editing everything I’ve written, starting from my proposal all the way to the final piece.
  • Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit

    Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit

    Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf crisis and the federal budget deficit. Powers and Principalities This WordPress.com site is The tAhme ecraitc’as npsa jwamitha Ds isabilities Act Conspiracy Blog Stats 11,545 hits The American with Disabilities Act Conspiracy The American with Disabilities Act was not the social security disability retirement act, and the timing of the enactment of the legislation by President George HW Bush on July 26, 1990 was an “inclusion” fraud and conspiracy with me specifically in mind, my postal hiring (orientation) had been scheduled approximately at least two months prior to my starting date of July 30, 1990. George HW Bush was Congressman from Texas, Ambassador to China, Central Intelligence director, and Vice president of the United States for eight years and President for four years. The invasion into Kuwait on August 2, 1990 was an intentional scheme act. Jury duty beginning January 14, 1991 was an extension of the scheme, with Saddam Hussein’s deadline to withdraw troops from Kuwait being on January 16, 1991 and the declaration of Desert Storm, a name chosen from the bible…..Daniel chapter 11. The 9/11/90 New World Order speech was the first speech I watched the president make as a new Federal employee. A five point speech. The directions and recommendation to fill out an EEO after the Waco, Texas siege that ended April 19, 1993, had begun was a continuation with the War crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The timing of proposed resolutions and nominations and resolution passage and confirmations, with the presumed foresight of those involved of the conclusions of the motions.
  • Towards a Policy Framework for Iraq's Petroleum Industry and An

    Towards a Policy Framework for Iraq's Petroleum Industry and An

    Towards a Policy Framework for Iraq’s Petroleum Industry and an Integrated Federal Energy Strategy Submitted by Luay Jawad al-Khatteeb To the University of Exeter As a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Middle East Politics In January 2017 The thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature ......................................................... i Abstract: The “Policy Framework for Iraq’s Petroleum Industry” is a logical structure that establishes the rules to guide decisions and manage processes to achieve economically efficient outcomes within the energy sector. It divides policy applications between regulatory and regulated practices, and defines the governance of the public sector across the petroleum industry and relevant energy portfolios. In many “Rentier States” where countries depend on a single source of income such as oil revenues, overlapping powers of authority within the public sector between policy makers and operators has led to significant conflicts of interest that have resulted in the mismanagement of resources and revenues, corruption, failed strategies and the ultimate failure of the system. Some countries have succeeded in identifying areas for progressive reform, whilst others failed due to various reasons discussed in this thesis. Iraq fits into the category of a country that has failed to implement reform and has become a classic case of a rentier state.
  • Academic Biography Name: Fikrat M

    Academic Biography Name: Fikrat M

    Academic Biography Name: Fikrat M Hassan Current Address: Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Jadiria Campus, Jadiria St. Baghdad, Iraq. Phone +964 790 161 5871; FAX Non; E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/000-003-2624-505x Scopus ID: 1447736600 Research ID: 8828-2015 RG: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fikrat_Hassan?ev=hdr_xprf&_sg=FFhYSD qTZ1lyWfJweA-xr42eLg6kTtBcLFsVi36zCc8ZSUcUrHH65zDI0RCabEoS Research interests: - Biodiesel - All Aquatic Ecosystems in Iraq - Algal Ecology and Aquatic Plants - Aquatic Pollution - Water quality Appointments: - 2017- present: A member of College Council, College of Science for Women, Univ. Baghdad. - 2015- present: Editor- in Chief of Baghdad Science Journal - 2015- present Editorial member of Karabal International Journal of Modern Science. - https://www.journals.elsevier.com/karbala-international-journal-of- modern-science/editorial-board - 2012-2016: Head Department, Department of Biology, Univ. Of Baghdad. - 2010- present Editorial member of Mesoptamina Environmental Journal - 2005- present Consulting Committee of Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture. - Books No. Scientific Literature Title Year of The Publication 1 2014 Biogeochemical Distribution Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) PAHs 2 BiogeochemicalChecklist of Algal Accumulation Flora in Iraq in 2014 Environments 3 Marsh flora of southern Iraq before 2014 desiccation 4 Practical Methods in Environmental and 2017 Pollution Laboratory - Journals No. Research Title Place of Publication Year 1 Spatial and seasonal variations of Basrah J. of Sci. 12(1) 1994 phytoplankton population and related 2 Effectenvironments of sewage in Alsystem-Hammar, on Ground Marsh, water Iraq. Rafiden Engineering J. 2(3) 1994 quality in Babylon University Complex 3 On the seasonal variation of phytoplankton J.
  • The Dubai Initiative

    The Dubai Initiative

    The Dubai Initiative Working Paper Securing the Peace: The Battle over Ethnicity and Energy in Modern Iraq Justin Dargin Securing the Peace: The Battle over Ethnicity and Energy in Modern Iraq Dubai Initiative – Working Paper Justin Dargin Research Fellow, The Dubai Initiative Better Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard University June 2009 SeCURIng THe Peace: THe Battle oveR eTHnICITy AnD eneRgy In MoDeRn IRAq | 1 “There is something very sinister to my mind in this Mesopotamian entanglement.” Winston Churchill letter to Prime Minister David Lloyd George, August 1920 I. Introduction This article examines the legal and political impediments to the Kurd- ish Regional Government’s (KRG) exploration and production contracts, which the central government in Baghdad has refused to recognize. The newly estab- lished Iraqi national constitution significantly opened as many petroleum-control questions as it resolved. Negotiated in 2005, the constitution not only separated branches of government, but established Federalism as its lodestar. When faced with unresolved issues over regional and national control over petroleum resourc- es, however, International Oil Companies (IOCs) function in an ambiguous legal environment that fails to clearly distinguish between federal and regional powers Article 112(1) of the constitution grants the central government a condi- tional right to “…undertake management of oil and gas extracted from present oil and gas fields…” (emphasis mine). Reflective of Iraq’s commitment to federalism, the right to manage oil fields is shared by the central government, the produc- ing governorates and the regional governments. Article 112(1) could, therefore, be construed to mean that the central government has no right to exercise authority over nonproducing fields and future fields: rights that are not explicitly granted to the federal government may be held as residual rights by the regional authori- ties.
  • Overview of CNPC Operations in Iraq

    Overview of CNPC Operations in Iraq

    CNPC in Iraq 07 Sustainability Report Overview of CNPC Operations in Iraq Iraq’s Reviving Oil Industry Iraq boasts abundant oil resources, with proven oil reserves ranking the 5th in the world. In 2009, the Iraqi government formulated a plan to increase crude oil production by utilizing international funds and advanced management and technical expertise. Under the plan, revenue from the increased production is earmarked for infrastructure construction for the benefit of the nation and its people. Some international oil companies, including CNPC, have invested in the production and operation of a number of large oilfields by virtue of technical service contracts. Under the technical service contract model, CNPC charges a service fee for each barrel of oil and gas produced, while ownership of the oil and gas is held by Iraq. The technical service contracts signed since 2009 have helped Iraq increase its crude oil production by more than 2.1 million barrels per day (a net increase of about 1.7 million barrels per day considering the declining production of mature oilfields). From 2009 to 2018, Iraq’s newly proven reserves hit more than 30 billion barrels, crude oil production increased by more than 80%, and crude oil export revenue increased by more than 140% at its peak compared with 2009. The thriving oil industry has laid a more solid foundation for the peace and security of Iraq. Nevertheless, due to factors such as oil and gas storage and transportation infrastructure, there is a great discrepancy between the country’s resource endowments and its oil and gas production and crude oil exports.
  • The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq

    The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq

    The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq By Anthony H. Cordesman, Peter Alsis, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Revised: December 20, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq’s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies.
  • The Euphrates River: an Analysis of a Shared River System in the Middle East

    The Euphrates River: an Analysis of a Shared River System in the Middle East

    /?2S THE EUPHRATES RIVER: AN ANALYSIS OF A SHARED RIVER SYSTEM IN THE MIDDLE EAST by ARNON MEDZINI THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON September 1994 ProQuest Number: 11010336 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010336 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract In a world where the amount of resources is constant and unchanging but where their use and exploitation is growing because of the rapid population growth, a rise in standards of living and the development of industrialization, the resource of water has become a critical issue in the foreign relations between different states. As a result of this many research scholars claim that, today, we are facing the beginning of the "Geopolitical era of water". The danger of conflict of water is especially severe in the Middle East which is characterized by the low level of precipitation and high temperatures. The Middle Eastern countries have been involved in a constant state of political tension and the gap between the growing number of inhabitants and the fixed supply of water and land has been a factor in contributing to this tension.