The Anthropic Tourism Fund and Its Role in the Development of Tourism in the Maramures Country

Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste. Geographical Series (2019), 19(2): 62-72 DOI: 10.2478/avutgs-2019-0007 ISSN (Print): 2393-1485, ISSN (Online): 2393-1493 © Copyright by Department of Geography. Valahia University of Targoviste THE ANTHROPIC TOURISM FUND AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN THE MARAMURES COUNTRY Maria Emilia IEPAN BILCEC University of Oradea, Universității Street, no 1, Oradea, Bihor County, România Doctoral School in Geography e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The anthropic tourism fund is the sum of recreational items built by people over time. The anthropic tourism fund is the one that has made Maramureş famous throughout the world, due to it’s important tourist flows are heading towards this territory. In Maramureş, the emergence and development of an ancient civilization led to the creation of an extremely rich and original tourist fund. The tourism in the Maramureş Country has had a great dynamism in recent years, amid the existence of a valuable cultural and natural tourist patrimony as well as the changes and the complexity of the tourism fund of the Maramures Country (natural and anthropic), the elements of which are arranged in a harmonious combination, this region has a strong political, social and economic significance in the last years and a high attractiveness. Keywords: Maramureş, church, monument, wood, Merry Cemetery 1.INTRODUCTION "The tourism fund consists of the total natural and socio-cultural-historical (anthropic) resources of touristic capitalization that form the basis of the potential supply of a territory (C. Zwizewski et al., 1987) after N. Ciangă, 1998. The tourism fund includes two categories of tourism resources according to their genetic features: attractive objectives belonging to the natural environment and objectives of anthropogenic origin. The two types of attractiveness objectives are complementary and determine the development of some forms of tourism and, of course, the attractiveness of a region. The types of tourism that contribute to the full satisfaction of the tourist demand in Maramureş are: cultural tourism in the first place, but without forgetting the recreational tourism or the balneary tourism that nuances the tourist offer. A tourist region is characterized by the full satisfaction of tourist flows through the types of tourism that can be practiced there, resulting in a tourist system characterized by both specificity and diversity. Therefore, there is a direct link between the tourist region of Maramureş Country, its tourist image and the types of tourism that can be practiced and which depend on the tourist resources and their arrangement. The 60s and 70s of the 20th century have shaped an obvious antagonism between rural areas and urban ones with the mystification of the city and the blame of the country- side which leads to the emergence of a strong exodus from the rural to the urban environment. The disinterested attitude towards rural architecture, rural life, traditions and habits at that time is gradu- ally changing, these factors becoming the main resources outlining the current rural tourism offer. The pollution phenomena, stress, demanding urban agglomeration, deterioration in the quality of life and rapid social changes in major cities have led to the recognition of rural values, the direct consequence being the return to nature, to authenticity. 62 Figure 1. Maramureș Country: touristic map 2.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Anthropic Tourism Fund of Maramureş Country includes: Historic edifices The historical edifices present in Maramures are Dacian and medieval fortresses. Among the Dacian fortresses can be listed the ones from Sighetu Marmatiei on the Solovan hill and the Dacian fortress from Oncesti from the 1st century BC. In the Middle Ages there were fortresses in Barsana on the Cetate hill, at Sarasau in the place of the Iron Gate, mentioned in documents in the years 1389, 1408 and at Bogdan Voda on Ce- tatuelul hill. A castle is built to defend salt mines, this "Castellum" gives the name of Coştiui. One can see the connection between the names of some hills and the location of fortifications on these heights: "Hill of the Citadel", the name of a street in Sighetu Marmatiei, or the Cetate in Barsana, Subcetate the name of Onceşti, XIV century, as well as the Cetăţul şi Valulul hills at Bogdan Vo- da, the Cetatea din Sarăsău Hill. Among the fortifications whose traces can be seen in Maramureş can be mentioned: the Da- cian fortification from Bogdan Voda on the Gruiul Valului hill and the fortifications remaining from the two world wars present in the Maramures Mountains and the Prislop step. 63 Religious edifices The religious edifices of Maramureş Land highlight the religiosity of Maramures, but also represent an important tourist resource due to their old age, and uniqueness. Figure 2. Wooden Church of the Cosăului Valley "If the peasant houses and the other annexed wooden constructions reached the end of the seventeenth century to perfect perfection, then we can say without doubt that they are the synthetic expression and the culmination of the creative genius of these local people "(George Cristea and Mihai Dăncuş, 2000, Maramureş a living museum in the center of Europe). Most wooden churches date back to the 17th and 18th century and replaced other missing churches under different circumstances, for example at the last Tatar invasion of 1717 destroyed the churches in the villages they passed through. The oldest wooden church in the Maramureş Country is the church of the Ieud Bald (also called the Church of the Hill), built in 1364, and the largest and newest one is the Sapanta-Peri Monastery located in Livada Dendrological Park Săpânţa. A traditional Maramurean church has the following rooms: the porch or the shrine (which is not compulsory), the women's narthex, the men's nave, and the altar. For the construction of the churches, the oak was used on Mare's valley and Lower Iza, and in the middle Iza area, Vişeu and Borşa used the resinous ones. Here is an enumeration of the most important ancient Maramures churches and the date of their construction: Deseşti - 1770, Hărniceşti - 1770, Hoteni - 1657, Breb - 1700, Corneşti - sec. XVII, Calinesti Susani - 1758, Calinesti Josani - 1663, Sârbi Josani - 1665, Sârbi Susani - 1532, Budeşti Josani - 1643, Budeşti Susani - 1595, Valea Stejarului - 1860, Rona de Jos - sec. XVI, Bârsana - 1720, Strada - 1667, Glod - 1700, Rozavlea - 1717, Sieu - 1760, Botiza - 1796, Poienile Izei - 1700, Ieud Church from Deal - 1718, Săliştea de Sus Buleni - 1722, Săliştea de Sus Nistoreşti - 1680, Moisei - 1600, Borşa - 1717, Ruscova - sec. XVIII. In recent years grandiose wooden churches have been built: Barsana Monastery, Sapanta- Peri Monastery, Ieud Monastery, Orthodox and Greco-Catholic Churches in Plopsori Ieud, Botiza 64 Monastery, Dragomiresti Monastery, St. Luke's Church at Sighet Hospital, Vişeu Church from the Upper Church of Borsa Complex. Figure 3. Bârsana Monastery Among the ancient stone churches it is worth mentioning the Reformed Church in Sighet - sec. XII, the Romano-Catholic Church of Sighet, built in 1730, the Church of Sarasau dating from the sec. XIV century. Also new churches of stone or brick were built in almost all the villages of Maramures. These churches are beautifully painted and attract the interest of many tourists. Among the synagogues present in the Maramureş Country can be remembered the syna- gogue from Sighetu Marmaţiei from the 19th century. The cemeteries that are of interest from the tourist point of view in the Maramureş Country are "The Merry Cemetery" in Săpânţa and the Graveyard of the Poor of Sighetu Marmaţiei. "The Merry Cemetery" is the work of the sculptor Stan Ion Patras, which made this cemetery to be one of the most unusual and most visited tourist attractions in Maramures. Figure 4. The Merry Cemetery 65 The "Merry Cemetery" is under the auspices of UNESCO, and in 1998 at the Funeral Mon- uments Symposium held in the United States. It has been hierarchized as the first of its kind in Eu- rope and the second in the world, before it in this ranking is the Valley of Kings in Egypt. The uniqueness of this cemetery lies in the fact that on the crosses of oak wood the crafts- man synthesized in some verses, sometimes humorous, the life of the missing ones, using the tech- nique of bas-relief and painting with vivid colors on a blue background. The Cemetery of the Poor is a monument dedicated to the memory of the dead prisoners in Sighet prison between 1950-1955. Cultural edifices The most important museums in Maramureş are found in Sighetu Marmaţiei and are: Maramureş Museum, Memorial of the Victims of Communism and Resistance, Memorial House Doctor Ioan Mihaly de Apşa, Memorial House Elie Wiesel. Figure 5. The Village Museum of Sighetu-Marmației Maramuresean Museum was founded in 1926, at the Congress of Geography Teachers of Romania, in the presence of the scientist Simion Mehedinti. In 1954 the museum is re-established and is currently organized in four sections: the Department of History and Archeology, the Depart- ment of Natural Sciences, the Ethnography Section and the open-air section on Dobăieş Hill, called the Maramureş Village Museum. The most important section of the museum is ethnography and it has rich collections of ag- ricultural inventory, a collection of popular masks and folk costumes, tools from the household tex- tile industry, elements of folk architecture. The Village Museum on Dobăieş hill includes houses and households grouped in the main sub-areas Mara-Cosău and Iza inferior, Iza Mijlocie, Vişeu-Borşa and Subzona Tisei and the Rus- cova basin.At the Village Museum can be admired a wooden church from the 16th century trans- ferred from Oncesti village. The Memorial of the Victims of Communism and the Resistance in Sighet was created in 1993 and includes the International Center for the Study of Communism and the museum with 45 66 exhibition halls, a place of silence and prayer, the Corps of Sacrifices "statuary group of Aurel Vlad and the Cemetery of the Poor fitting.

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