Geoinquiry | the Crusades
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions
Scholars Crossing History of Global Missions Center for Global Ministries 2009 The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions Don Fanning Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_hist Recommended Citation Fanning, Don, "The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions" (2009). History of Global Missions. 3. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_hist/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Global Ministries at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in History of Global Missions by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Middle Ages 500-1000 1 3 The Dark Age Church Period of Barbarian Invasions AD 500—1000 Introduction With the endorsement of the Emperor and obligatory church membership for all Roman citizens across the empire, Roman Christianity continued to change the nature of the Church, in stead of visa versa. The humble beginnings were soon forgotten in the luxurious halls and civil power of the highest courts and assemblies of the known world. Who needs spiritual power when you can have civil power? The transition from being the persecuted to the persecutor, from the powerless to the powerful with Imperial and divine authority brought with it the inevitable seeds of corruption. Some say that Christianity won the known world in the first five centuries, but a closer look may reveal that the world had won Christianity as well, and that, in much less time. The year 476 usually marks the end of the Christian Roman Empire in the West. -
THE CRUSADES Toward the End of the 11Th Century
THE MIDDLE AGES: THE CRUSADES Toward the end of the 11th century (1000’s A.D), the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades, to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land!!! Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. (They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.) ‘Papal’ = Relating to The Catholic Pope (Catholic Pope Pictured Left <<<) The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century (1400’s A.D). No one “won” the Crusades; in fact, many thousands of people from both sides lost their lives. They did make ordinary Catholics across Christendom feel like they had a common purpose, and they inspired waves of religious enthusiasm among people who might otherwise have felt alienated from the official Church. They also exposed Crusaders to Islamic literature, science and technology–exposure that would have a lasting effect on European intellectual life. GET THE INFIDELS (Non-Muslims)!!!! >>>> <<<“GET THE MUSLIMS!!!!” Muslims From The Middle East VS, European Christians WHAT WERE THE CRUSADES? By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as that of the Byzantine Empire (formerly the eastern half of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic Empire of the Middle East and North Africa. -
A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin. -
The Legacy of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages in the West The
The Legacy of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages in the West The Roman Empire reigned from 27 BCE to 476 CE throughout the Mediterranean world, including parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The fall of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 CE marked the end of the period of classical antiquity and ushered in a new era in world history. Three civilizations emerged as successors to the Romans in the Mediterranean world: the Byzantine Empire (in many ways a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire), and the civilizations of Islam and Western Europe. These three civilizations would become rivals and adversaries over the course of the succeeding centuries. They developed distinct religious, cultural, social, political, and linguistic characteristics that shaped the path each civilization would take throughout the course of the Middle Ages and beyond. The Middle Ages in European history refers to the period spanning the fifth through the fifteenth century. The fall of the Western Roman Empire typically represents the beginning of the Middle Ages. Scholars divide the Middle Ages into three eras: the Early Middle Ages (400–1000), the High Middle Ages (1000–1300), and the Late Middle Ages (1300–1500). The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery traditionally mark the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in European history. The legacy of the Roman Empire, and the division of its territory into three separate civilizations, impacted the course of world history and continues to influence the development of each region to this day. -
Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, FALL 2009 CONCEPT OF A CRUSAID Thomas Jackson* Master of Arts in Teaching Social Studies Program, Rivier College Keywords: Crusades, Islam, Pope, Warfare, Christianity Abstract Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed. Introduction Mention the word Crusades and depending on who you converse with, the word's connotation and historical impact varies significantly with Christians and Muslims often holding diametrically opposing views. -
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 1 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed to the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract The Latin principality of Antioch was founded during the First Crusade (1095-1099), and survived for 170 years until its destruction by the Mamluks in 1268. This thesis offers the first full assessment of the thirteenth century principality of Antioch since the publication of Claude Cahen’s La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche in 1940. It examines the Latin principality from its devastation by Saladin in 1188 until the fall of Antioch eighty years later, with a particular focus on its relationship with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This thesis shows how the fate of the two states was closely intertwined for much of this period. The failure of the principality to recover from the major territorial losses it suffered in 1188 can be partly explained by the threat posed by the Cilician Armenians in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. -
The Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages After the collapse of Rome, Western Europe entered a period of political, social, and economic decline. From about 500 to 1000, invaders swept across the region, trade declined, towns emptied, and classical learning halted. For those reasons, this period in Europe is sometimes called the “Dark Ages.” However, Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions eventually blended, creating the medieval civilization. This period between ancient times and modern times – from about 500 to 1500 – is called the Middle Ages. The Frankish Kingdom The Germanic tribes that conquered parts of the Roman Empire included the Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks. In 486, Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered the former Roman province of Gaul, which later became France. He ruled his land according to Frankish custom, but also preserved much of the Roman legacy by converting to Christianity. In the 600s, Islamic armies swept across North Africa and into Spain, threatening the Frankish kingdom and Christianity. At the battle of Tours in 732, Charles Martel led the Frankish army in a victory over Muslim forces, stopping them from invading France and pushing farther into Europe. This victory marked Spain as the furthest extent of Muslim civilization and strengthened the Frankish kingdom. Charlemagne After Charlemagne died in 814, his heirs battled for control of the In 786, the grandson of Charles Martel became king of the Franks. He briefly united Western empire, finally dividing it into Europe when he built an empire reaching across what is now France, Germany, and part of three regions with the Treaty of Italy. -
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES the Age of Christendom
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 7 The Age of Christendom - 1000 - 1200AD This period in Church history is called the High very involved in four previous papacies, giving Middle Ages because of the strength of the papacy, advice on every political and religious move. the impact of several new religious orders on the life of the Church, the creation of great new centers of Gregory’s papacy is one of the most powerful in the learning with great theologians like Thomas Aquinas, history of the Church. He not only brings spiritual and the construction of hundreds of Gothic-style reform to the Church, but also gains for the Church churches. In this article, we will look at: unparalleled status and power in Europe for the next two hundred years. • Rise of the medieval papacy • Crusades Gregory’s first action is to declare that all clergy, • Inquisition including bishops, who obtained orders by simony • Mendicant friars (practice of buying or selling a holy office or • Cathedrals and universities position), are to be removed from their parishes and dioceses immediately under pain of Rise of the medieval papacy excommunication. He also insists on clerical celibacy which in most places is not being observed. The High Middle Ages is marked by the reign of several formidable popes. Many of these popes are Gregory also fights against lay investiture, the monks and part of the Cluniac reform which helps practice by which a high ranking layperson (such as tremendously to bring spiritual reform to the Church the emperor or king, count or lord) can appoint and free it from lay investiture. -
Circumscribing European Crusading Violence Susanna A
Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College History Faculty Publications History Department 2018 'Not Cruelty But Piety': Circumscribing European Crusading Violence Susanna A. Throop Ursinus College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/history_fac Part of the Christianity Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, European History Commons, History of Christianity Commons, History of Religion Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Throop, Susanna A., "'Not Cruelty But Piety': Circumscribing European Crusading Violence" (2018). History Faculty Publications. 8. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/history_fac/8 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 ‘Not Cruelty but Piety’: Circumscribing European Crusading Violence Susanna A. Throop Traditionally the crusading movement has been distinguished from other forms of Christian violence motivated or justified in religious terms. In the western world, innumerable books and articles discuss ‘the crusades’ or ‘the crusading movement’ as discrete entities. The crusades, so the narrative goes, began firmly in 1096 when an armed, penitential expedition set out to Jerusalem in response to the 1095 appeal of Pope Urban II, and ended less conclusively at some point before the onset of modernity. Meanwhile, in a broader global context and across a wider range of media, some continue to invoke the crusades as explanation for ongoing geopolitical conflict. -
Re-Examining Usama Ibn Munqidh's Knowledge of "Frankish": a Case Study of Medieval Bilingualism During the Crusades
Re-examining Usama ibn Munqidh's Knowledge of "Frankish": A Case Study of Medieval Bilingualism during the Crusades Bogdan C. Smarandache The Medieval Globe, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 47-85 (Article) Published by Arc Humanities Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758505 [ Access provided at 27 Sep 2021 14:33 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] RE-EXAMINING USAMA IBN MUNQIDH’S KNOWLEDGE OF “FRANKISH”: A CASE STUDY OF MEDIEVAL BILINGUALISM DURING THE CRUSADES BOGDAN C. SMARANDACHE a Syrian gentleman, warriorpoet, Muslim amir, and fāris (488–584/1095–1188)—described variously as uignorancesaMa Iofbn the Munq FrankishIdh language in his Kitab al-iʿtibar (The Book of Learning (knight)—professes by Example), when recounting one of his childhood memories. Born to the Arab dynasty of the Banu Munqidh, who ruled the castle and hinterland of Shayzar on the Aṣi (or Orontes) River, Usama had grown up in close proximity to the Frankish Principality of Antioch. In the decade following the First Crusade (488–492/1095–1099), the Banu Munqidh and their Frankish neighbours engaged begun his military training. Recalling that time decades later, he remembers that in periodic raids and skirmishes. By that time, Usama was a youth and might have Tancred, the Christian ruler of Antioch (d. 506/1112), had granted a guarantee unfortunate young cavalier was actually heading into a trap that cost him his right of safe-conduct to a skilled horseman from Shayzar, a man named Hasanun. (The Ifranjī eye, but he had trusted in Tancred’s good will.) After describing the initial negotia 1 tion of safe-conduct, Usama adds that “they speak only in Frankish ( ) so we had no idea what they were saying.” To date, Usama’s statement has deterred scholars from investigating the small number of Frankish loanwords preserved in his book, it appears to leave extent of his second language acquisition in greater depth. -
The Cathar Heresy by Dr
The Cathar Heresy by Dr. Stephen Haliczer Northern Illinois University (edited from an interview by David Rabinovitch) The Church and the Material World The Cathar heresy was a major challenge to the Roman Catholic Church. It combined a tradition of itinerant preachers in the forests of France with a very ascetic quality. The Cathars rejected the Roman Catholic, the entire church structure. They said they were the only true Christians. They developed an alternative religion, an alternative hierarchy, an alter- native priesthood that attracted many adherents in that period, which is why the Cathar heresy above all occasioned the founding of the inquisition. Thirteenth century was at a high point of its power and influence. The popes of that period were very powerful and they interfered very broadly in the affairs of secular monarchies. They had tremendous power over religious orders and very significant authority over the appointment of bishops. It was a very powerful church but it was also a church that was troubled by corruption. It was struggling with the problem of clerical celibacy, whether or not to allow priests to be mar- ried, what sort of relationships should they have with women? So it was very troubled on the one hand but very powerful on the other. The Cathar movement rejected the material world. In so far as the Church had become enmeshed in the material world, it was no longer really a spiritual movement. It was now a movement that had brick and mortar churches and episcopal hierarchy and an elaborate bureaucracy and it collected tax money from all over Europe. -
(CE:663B-665B) CRUSADES, COPTS and THE. to Understand The
(CE:663b-665b) CRUSADES, COPTS AND THE. To understand the position of the Copts vis-à-vis the movement of the Crusading expeditions from the West against the Muslim Middle Eastern countries, one must go back to the time of the last ecumenical council of CHALCEDON in 451. The reason for this inquiry is to elucidate Coptic feelings toward those Western nations as a result of their theological arguments over the single or dual nature of Jesus Christ, the problem of his divinity and humanity. In other words, this was the problem of MONOPHYSITISM against the conception of dyophysitism. The theological background of this problem is complex, but the differences between the Copts and their Western peers at this meeting, which the Copts ultimately considered to be out of the ecumenical movement, led to an irreparable breach between the two sets of delegations. Whereas the Copts clung firmly to the union of the two natures of God, the Western delegation swung toward the idea of dyophysitism. The Copts became alienated from the West as totally heretical, while the Western delegation was condemned by the Copts as equally heretical. The Coptic sources and the history of subsequent patriarchs indicate Coptic bitterness against the Dyophysitic West. They could never forgive the Western delegation for the deposition of DIOSCORUS I (444-458) and for his being exiled to Gangra because of his firm stand against his adversaries on Coptic monophysitism. While Dioscorus was regarded in the West as a heretic, the Copts considered him one of their prominent saints and continued glorifying him until the beginning of the Crusades in the eleventh century.