Physical and Dynamical Oceanography of Liverpool Bay
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Time and Tides in the Gulf of Maine a Dockside Dialogue Between Two Old Friends
1 Time and Tides in the Gulf of Maine A dockside dialogue between two old friends by David A. Brooks It's impossible to visit Maine's coast and not notice the tides. The twice-daily rise and fall of sea level never fails to impress, especially downeast, toward the Canadian border, where the tidal range can exceed twenty feet. Proceeding northeastward into the Bay of Fundy, the range grows steadily larger, until at the head of the bay, "moon" tides of greater than fifty feet can leave ships wallowing in the mud, awaiting the water's return. My dockside companion, nodding impatiently, interrupts: Yes, yes, but why is this so? Why are the tides so large along the Maine coast, and why does the tidal range increase so dramatically northeastward? Well, my friend, before we address these important questions, we should review some basic facts about the tides. Here, let me sketch a few things that will remind you about our place in the sky. A quiet rumble, as if a dark cloud had suddenly passed overhead. Didn’t expect a physics lesson on this beautiful day. 2 The only physics needed, my friend, you learned as a child, so not to worry. The sketch is a top view, looking down on the earth’s north pole. You see the moon in its monthly orbit, moving in the same direction as the earth’s rotation. And while this is going on, the earth and moon together orbit the distant sun once a year, in about twelve months, right? Got it skippah. -
Moons Phases and Tides
Moon’s Phases and Tides Moon Phases Half of the Moon is always lit up by the sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see different parts of the lighted area. From Earth, the lit portion we see of the moon waxes (grows) and wanes (shrinks). The revolution of the Moon around the Earth makes the Moon look as if it is changing shape in the sky The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order: New moon Waxing Crescent First quarter Waxing Gibbous Full moon Waning Gibbous Third (last) Quarter Waning Crescent • IF LIT FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WAXING OR GROWING • IF DARKENING FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WANING (SHRINKING) Tides • The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth cause the seas and oceans to rise and fall in an endless cycle of low and high tides. • Much of the Earth's shoreline life depends on the tides. – Crabs, starfish, mussels, barnacles, etc. – Tides caused by the Moon • The Earth's tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon. • The Earth bulges slightly both toward and away from the Moon. -As the Earth rotates daily, the bulges move across the Earth. • The moon pulls strongly on the water on the side of Earth closest to the moon, causing the water to bulge. • It also pulls less strongly on Earth and on the water on the far side of Earth, which results in tides. What causes tides? • Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water. -
Wirral Landscape Character Assessment 2019 A
Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council Wirral Landscape Character Assessment Final report Prepared by LUC October 2019 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council Wirral Landscape Character Assessment Version Status Prepared Checked Approved Date 1. Draft Final Report A Knight K Davies K Davies 07.10.2019 K Davies 2. Final Report A Knight K Davies K Davies 30.10.2019 Bristol Land Use Consultants Ltd Landscape Design Edinburgh Registered in England Strategic Planning & Assessment Glasgow Registered number 2549296 Development Planning Lancaster Registered office: Urban Design & Masterplanning London 250 Waterloo Road Environmental Impact Assessment Manchester London SE1 8RD Landscape Planning & Assessment Landscape Management landuse.co.uk 100% recycled paper Ecology Historic Environment GIS & Visualisation Contents Wirral Landscape Character Assessment October 2019 Contents 1c: Eastham Estuarine Edge 60 Chapter 1 Introduction and Landscape Context 4 Chapter 7 Structure of this report 4 LCT 2: River Floodplains 67 Background and purpose of the Landscape Character Assessment 4 2a: The Birket River Floodplain 68 The role of Landscape Character Assessment 5 Wirral in context 5 2b: The Fender River Floodplain 75 Policy context 6 Relationship to published landscape studies 9 Chapter 8 LCT 3: Sandstone Hills 82 Chapter 2 Methodology for the Landscape 3a: Bidston Sandstone Hills 83 Character Assessment 13 3b: Thurstaston and Greasby Sandstone Hills 90 3c: Irby and Pensby Sandstone Hills 98 Approach 13 3d: Heswall Dales Sandstone Hills 105 Process of assessment -
St.Helens Local Plan Core Strategy Adopted by St.Helens Council on 31St October 2012
LDF43E LocalSt.Helens Development Local Plan Framework CCoreore StrategyStrategy PublicationOctober 2012 Version – May 2009 St.Helens Local Plan Core Strategy Adopted by St.Helens Council on 31st October 2012. St.Helens Local Plan Core Strategy Foreword Foreword from St.Helens Local Strategic Partnership and the Cabinet Member for iii Urban Regeneration, Housing and Culture How to Use this Document v Introduction 1 Introduction 2 St.Helens Now 2 Context 14 3 Issues, Problems and Challenges 22 St.Helens in 2027 4 St.Helens in 2027 28 Regenerating St.Helens 5 The Key Diagram 36 6 Overall Spatial Strategy 38 7 St.Helens Core Area 48 8 St.Helens Central Spatial Area 54 9 Newton-le-Willows and Earlestown 62 10 Haydock and Blackbrook 78 11 Rural St.Helens 84 Achieving the Vision 12 Ensuring Quality Development in St.Helens 90 13 Creating an Accessible St.Helens 96 14 Providing Quality Housing in St.Helens 104 15 Ensuring a Strong and Sustainable St.Helens Economy 118 16 Safeguarding and Enhancing Quality of Life in St.Helens 126 17 Minerals and Waste 140 Appendices 1 Appendix 1: Delivery and Monitoring Strategy 146 2 Appendix 2: Bibliography 170 3 Appendix 3: Glossary of Terms 178 4 Appendix 4: Saved UDP policies to be replaced by the Core Strategy 192 St.Helens Local Development Framework St.Helens Local Plan Core Strategy Policies Policy CSS 1 Overall Spatial Strategy 38 Policy CIN 1 Meeting St.Helens' Infrastructure Needs 43 Policy CSD 1 National Planning Policy Framework - Presumption in Favour 44 of Sustainable Development Policy CAS 1 -
Tsunami, Seiches, and Tides Key Ideas Seiches
Tsunami, Seiches, And Tides Key Ideas l The wavelengths of tsunami, seiches and tides are so great that they always behave as shallow-water waves. l Because wave speed is proportional to wavelength, these waves move rapidly through the water. l A seiche is a pendulum-like rocking of water in a basin. l Tsunami are caused by displacement of water by forces that cause earthquakes, by landslides, by eruptions or by asteroid impacts. l Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon, by inertia, and by basin resonance. 1 Seiches What are the characteristics of a seiche? Water rocking back and forth at a specific resonant frequency in a confined area is a seiche. Seiches are also called standing waves. The node is the position in a standing wave where water moves sideways, but does not rise or fall. 2 1 Seiches A seiche in Lake Geneva. The blue line represents the hypothetical whole wave of which the seiche is a part. 3 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Tsunami are long-wavelength, shallow-water, progressive waves caused by the rapid displacement of ocean water. Tsunami generated by the vertical movement of earth along faults are seismic sea waves. What else can generate tsunami? llandslides licebergs falling from glaciers lvolcanic eruptions lother direct displacements of the water surface 4 2 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves A tsunami, which occurred in 1946, was generated by a rupture along a submerged fault. The tsunami traveled at speeds of 212 meters per second. 5 Tsunami Speed How can the speed of a tsunami be calculated? Remember, because tsunami have extremely long wavelengths, they always behave as shallow water waves. -
Tidal Hydrodynamic Response to Sea Level Rise and Coastal Geomorphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2015 Tidal hydrodynamic response to sea level rise and coastal geomorphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Davina Passeri University of Central Florida Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Passeri, Davina, "Tidal hydrodynamic response to sea level rise and coastal geomorphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1429. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1429 TIDAL HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO SEA LEVEL RISE AND COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO by DAVINA LISA PASSERI B.S. University of Notre Dame, 2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2015 Major Professor: Scott C. Hagen © 2015 Davina Lisa Passeri ii ABSTRACT Sea level rise (SLR) has the potential to affect coastal environments in a multitude of ways, including submergence, increased flooding, and increased shoreline erosion. Low-lying coastal environments such as the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of SLR, which may have serious consequences for coastal communities as well as ecologically and economically significant estuaries. -
How a Tide Clock Works.Pub
Conventional time clocks have a 12 hour cycle, with 1 hand for hours, another for minutes. Tide clocks have a single hand, and a cycle of 12 hours 25 minutes, coinciding to an average time of about 6 hours 12 minutes between high and low tides. High tide is indicated when the hand is at the ‘12 o’clock’ position, low tide is indicated with the hand at the ‘6 o’clock’ position. A tide clock is not indicating 6 or 12 o’clock of course. It is merely a convenient reference point on the dial, showing us when our local tide is high or low. 12 is marked as High, 6 is marked as Low. However, the hour markings on the dial between the High and Low tide points do show us the number of hours since the last high or low tide, and the hours before the next high or low tide. A tide clock which has been initially set correctly will continue to display tide predictions quite accurately, requiring resetting only at intervals of about 4 months, depending upon the location. A brief explanation of how the tidal cycle works The Moon is the major cause of the tides. The ‘lunar day’ (the time it takes for the Moon to re-appear at the same place in the sky) is 24 hours and 50 minutes. New Zealand, and many other places in the world, have 2 high tides and 2 low tides each day. These are called semi-diurnal tides. Some areas of the world (eg Freemantle in Australia), have only one tide cycle per day, known as diurnal tides. -
II. Causes of Tides III. Tidal Variations IV. Lunar Day and Frequency of Tides V
Tides I. What are Tides? II. Causes of Tides III. Tidal Variations IV. Lunar Day and Frequency of Tides V. Monitoring Tides Wikimedia FoxyOrange [CC BY-SA 3.0 Tides are not explicitly included in the NGSS PerFormance Expectations. From the NGSS Framework (M.S. Space Science): “There is a strong emphasis on a systems approach, using models oF the solar system to explain astronomical and other observations oF the cyclic patterns oF eclipses, tides, and seasons.” From the NGSS Crosscutting Concepts: Observed patterns in nature guide organization and classiFication and prompt questions about relationships and causes underlying them. For Elementary School: • Similarities and diFFerences in patterns can be used to sort, classiFy, communicate and analyze simple rates oF change For natural phenomena and designed products. • Patterns oF change can be used to make predictions • Patterns can be used as evidence to support an explanation. For Middle School: • Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identiFy patterns in data. • Patterns can be used to identiFy cause-and-eFFect relationships. The topic oF tides have an important connection to global change since spring tides and king tides are causing coastal Flooding as sea level has been rising. I. What are Tides? Tides are one oF the most reliable phenomena on Earth - they occur on a regular and predictable cycle. Along with death and taxes, tides are a certainty oF liFe. Tides are apparent changes in local sea level that are the result of long-period waves that move through the oceans. Photos oF low and high tide on the coast oF the Bay oF Fundy in Canada. -
The Dee Estuary European Marine Site
The Dee Estuary European Marine Site comprising: Dee Estuary / Aber Dyfrdwy Special Area of Conservation The Dee Estuary Special Protection Area The Dee Estuary Ramsar Site Natural England & the Countryside Council for Wales’ advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994 January 2010 This document supersedes the May 2004 advice. A Welsh version of all or part of this document can be made available on request This is Volume 1 of 2 Natural England and the Countryside Council of Wales’ advice for the Dee Estuary European marine site given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994 Preface This document contains the joint advice of Natural England1 and the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) to the other relevant authorities for the Dee Estuary European marine site, as to: (a) the conservation objectives for the site, and (b) any operations which may cause deterioration of natural habitats or the habitats of species, or disturbance of species, for which the site has been designated. This advice is provided in fulfilment of our obligations under Regulation 33(2) of the Habitats Regulations.2 An earlier version of this document was published in 2004 by English Nature and CCW. This document replaces that earlier version. The Dee Estuary European marine site comprises the marine areas of The Dee Estuary Special Protection Area (SPA) and Dee Estuary / Aber Dyfrdwy Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The extent of the Dee Estuary European marine site is defined in Section 1. European marine sites are defined in the Habitats Regulations as any part of a European site covered (continuously or intermittently) by tidal waters or any part of the sea in or adjacent to Great Britain up to the seaward limit of territorial waters. -
The Energy River: Realising Energy Potential from the River Mersey
The Energy River: Realising Energy Potential from the River Mersey June 2017 Amani Becker, Andy Plater Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT Judith Wolf National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool L3 5DA This page has been intentionally left blank ii Acknowledgements The work herein has been funded jointly by the University of Liverpool’s Knowledge Exchange and Impact Voucher Scheme and Liverpool City Council. The contribution of those involved in the project through Liverpool City Council, Christine Darbyshire, and Liverpool City Region LEP, James Johnson and Mark Knowles, is gratefully acknowledged. The contribution of Michela de Dominicis of the National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, for her work producing a tidal array scenario for the Mersey Estuary is also acknowledged. Thanks also to the following individuals approached during the timeframe of the project: John Eldridge (Cammell Laird), Jack Hardisty (University of Hull), Neil Johnson (Liverpool City Council) and Sue Kidd (University of Liverpool). iii This page has been intentionally left blank iv Executive summary This report has been commissioned by Liverpool City Council (LCC) and joint-funded through the University of Liverpool’s Knowledge Exchange and Impact Voucher Scheme to explore the potential to obtain renewable energy from the River Mersey using established and emerging technologies. The report presents an assessment of current academic literature and the latest industry reports to identify suitable technologies for generation of renewable energy from the Mersey Estuary, its surrounding docks and Liverpool Bay. It also contains a review of energy storage technologies that enable cost-effective use of renewable energy. The review is supplemented with case studies where technologies have been implemented elsewhere. -
A1d Water Environment
Offshore Energy SEA 3: Appendix 1 Environmental Baseline Appendix 1D: Water Environment A1d.1 Introduction A number of aspects of the water environment are reviewed below in a UK context, and for individual Regional Seas: • The major water masses and residual circulation patterns • Density stratification (influenced principally by temperature and salinity) and frontal zones between different water masses • Tidal flows • Tidal range • Overall patterns of temperature and salinity • Wave climate • Internal waves • Water Framework Directive ecological status of coastal and estuarine water bodies • Eutrophication • Ambient noise Recent assessments of changes in hydrographic conditions are summarised, based mainly on reports by Defra (2010a, b) and MCCIP (2013) but incorporating a range of other grey and peer reviewed literature sources. Overall, significant anomalies and changes have been noted in sea surface temperature (SST), thermal stratification, circulation patterns, wave climate, pH and sea level – many appear to be correlated to atmospheric climate variability as described by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Larger-scale trends and process changes have also been noted in the North Atlantic (e.g. in the strength of the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Heat Conveyor (more properly characterised as the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), or the Atlantic Thermohaline circulation (THC), northern hemisphere and globally. There are varying degrees of confidence in the interpretation of observed data and prediction of future trends. A1d.2 UK context There have been a number of information gathering and assessment initiatives which provide significant information on the current state of the UK and neighbouring seas, and the activities which affect them. These include both UK wide overview programmes and longer term specific monitoring and measuring studies. -
Tide Clock Print Ver Instructions.Pub
THANK YOU FOR PURCHASING THIS TIDE CLOCK An ‘AA’ size battery is required for operation. Insert into the holder on the rear of the movement A high quality battery will last longer and is also much less likely to leak corrosive fluid. Never leave a discharged battery in the clock. Properly cared for, this clock should provide years of service SETTING YOUR CLOCK Conventional time clocks have a 12 hour cycle. Tide clocks have a cycle of 12 hours 25 minutes. This coincides to an average time of about 6 hours 12 minutes between high and low tides. For the reasons outlined in more detail below, and to attain the best accuracy, it is recommended to first set the clock on a day when your local high tide coincides with a full Moon. Obtain a local tide table and calendar showing phases of the Moon from the links page of our website, www.cruisingelectronics.co.nz or your local newspaper, a Nautical Almanac or similar. On the day of a full Moon, use the small adjusting wheel on the rear of the clock movement to adjust the clock hand to the high tide position at your exact local time of high tide. Set in this way, the clock will exhibit a minimum error throughout the month, usually less than 30 minutes DO NOT adjust your tide clock for daylight saving time Please read below for a more detailed description of the tides and their influences. A brief explanation of how the Tidal cycle works The Moon is the major cause of the tides.