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Expansion of Lophius Piscatorius Distribution in Iceland Master‘s Thesis Expansion of Lophius piscatorius Distribution in Iceland: Exploring the Ecological and Economic Viability for Establishing Sustainable Monkfish Fisheries in Northwestern Iceland Rikab Rajudeen Advisor: Bjarni Jónsson University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, May 2013 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Bjarni Jónsson, MSc. Reader: Scott Heppell, Ph.D. Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Rikab Rajudeen Expansion of Lophius piscatorius Distribution in Iceland: Exploring the Ecological and Economic Viability for Establishing Sustainable Monkfish Fisheries in Northwestern Iceland 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2013 Rikab Rajudeen All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, Reykjavík, June 2013 ii Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. __________________________________________ Rikab Rajudeen iii Abstract Global climate change has had profound impacts on marine ecosystems by altering physical parameters such as: ocean temperature; salinity; and hydrographic features, which largely govern species richness and distribution of fish populations. In Iceland, climate change has induced northwest expansion of monkfish ( Lophius piscatorius ) distribution; enhancing unintended consequences which affect fisheries management under the ITQ system. This study examined the impacts of three broadly-defined regions (Northwest region, South region, and East region) collectively and individually by its constituent ports on annual monkfish landings from 1999-2012, proportion of exclusively caught versus by-caught monkfish from 1999-2012, and trends in fishing company ownership from 2002-2012. It analyzed weaknesses in monkfish management and the ITQ system while providing amendments that resolve contemporary issues marginalizing fishing-dependent communities. The study sought to provide evidence supporting the need to establish monkfish fisheries in the northwest region of Iceland. Since 1999, the South region has accounted for 47.2% (12,134 t) of monkfish landings in Iceland, while the Northwest region has accounted for 41.3% (10,607 t) of total monkfish landings. In the same time period, 42.9% of South region landings were identified as by-catch in the lumpfish season, while only 33.1% of Northwest region landings were caught as by-catch. Since 2008, the Northwest region has demonstrated greater contribution to annual monkfish landings than the South region with a 359% increase in average annual monkfish catch per port and 357.1% increase in regional contribution to annual average monkfish catch. This study indicates tremendous growth in both overall and port landings for the Northwest region; however, fishing company ownership has remained low and stagnant. Improvements to monkfish management include resolving information gaps; application of population dynamic modeling; and gear modifications. Recommendations for the amendment of the ITQ system are posited: cost recovery scheme; resource rental strategy; and quota recovery and re-distribution in support of the establishment of owned and operated monkfish fisheries in the Northwest region of Iceland. iv This thesis is dedicated to my Dad, Mom, family & friends, who have supported and motivated me along the way. v Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. x 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 The effects of climate change on marine environments ................................................... 11 1.2 The effects of climate change on the Icelandic marine ecosystem .................................. 11 1.3 Aims of this study ................................................................................................................ 13 2 Theoretical Overview ................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Climate change .................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Oceanographic Features in Iceland ................................................................................... 17 2.3 Impacts of Non-Native Species ........................................................................................... 19 2.4 Monkfish ( Lophius piscatorius) .......................................................................................... 20 2.5 Monkfish in Iceland ............................................................................................................ 24 2.6 Monkfish Management in Iceland ..................................................................................... 26 2.7 History of the ITQ system .................................................................................................. 28 3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 31 3.1 Study area and sample ports .............................................................................................. 32 3.1.1 Northwest ports ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1.2 South ports ................................................................................................................... 33 3.1.3 East ports ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Sampling technique standard ............................................................................................ 35 3.3 Description of data analysis ............................................................................................... 36 3.4 Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 37 4 Results ......................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Assessment of total landings ............................................................................................... 39 4.1.1 South ports landings assessment ................................................................................... 39 4.1.2 Northwest ports landings assessment ............................................................................ 39 4.1.3 East ports landings assessment ..................................................................................... 40 4.2 Production of exclusive monkfish fishing season versus lumpfish season ..................... 40 4.3 Northwest ports with greatest potential to establish monkfish fisheries ........................ 41 4.4 Production of regional ports after 2008 ............................................................................ 46 4.4.1 Northwest ports production after 2008 ......................................................................... 46 4.5 Contribution of the 50 largest fishing companies ............................................................. 46 vi 4.5.1 Assessment of northwest fishing companies ................................................................. 47 4.5.2 Assessment of southern fishing companies ................................................................... 47 4.5.3 Assessment of eastern fishing companies ..................................................................... 47 4.6 Statistical analysis of regional monkfish landings ................................................................ 54 5 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 57 5.1 Monkfish contribution by the northwest region .............................................................. 57 5.1.1 Fishing company ownership ......................................................................................... 58 5.1.2 Impact of supplementary quota allocation .................................................................... 59 5.1.3 Primary candidates to establish monkfish fisheries ...................................................... 60 5.2 By-catch in the lumpfish season ......................................................................................... 62 5.3 Resolving information gaps ................................................................................................ 63 5.3.1 Addressing lack of physiology and spawning information ........................................... 63 5.3.2 Addressing lack of landing location and gear type information ................................... 64 5.3.3 Implementing modeling strategies ...............................................................................
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