DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Gender, Class, and Religion in Biracial Americans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Gender, Class, and Religion in Biracial Americans ASRXXX10.1177/0003122415623286American Sociological ReviewDavenport 6232862015 American Sociological Review 2016, Vol. 81(1) 57 –84 The Role of Gender, Class, and © American Sociological Association 2015 DOI: 10.1177/0003122415623286 Religion in Biracial Americans’ http://asr.sagepub.com Racial Labeling Decisions Lauren D. Davenporta Abstract Racial attachments are understood to be socially constructed and endogenous to gender, socioeconomic, and religious identities. Yet we know surprisingly little about the effect of such identities on the particular racial labels that individuals self-select. In this article, I investigate how social identities shape the racial labels chosen by biracial individuals in the United States, a rapidly growing population who have multiple labeling options. Examining national surveys of more than 37,000 respondents of Latino-white, Asian-white, and black- white parentage, I disentangle how gender, socioeconomic status, and religious identity influence racial labeling decisions. Across biracial subgroups and net of all other influences, economic affluence and Jewish identity predict whiter self-identification, whereas belonging to a religion more commonly associated with racial minorities is associated with a minority identification. Gender, however, is the single best predictor of identification, with biracial women markedly more likely than biracial men to identify as multiracial. These findings help us better understand the contextual nature of racial identification and the processes via which social identities interact with racial meanings in the United States. Keywords identity, race/ethnicity, gender, religion, minority groups That race is endogenous to historical and There is an important relationship between social dynamics and can be redefined via these social identities and the significance of political processes is a long-standing premise race, but less is known about the effect of such in social science (Brubaker 2009; Omi and identities on the particular racial labels indi- Winant 1994). Prior research also reveals that viduals choose. In the United States, racial the meanings individuals attach to race are labels have traditionally been treated as an influenced by its intersection with other social ascribed characteristic, with group membership categories (Haney López 2006). Accordingly, either devoid of choice or structured by legal placement into such identity categories as gender (Gay and Tate 1998; Saperstein and aStanford University Penner 2012), social class (Dawson 1994; Wilson 1980), and religion (Chong 1998; Corresponding Author: Lauren D. Davenport, Stanford University, Harris-Lacewell 2006) may reinforce or Department of Political Science, 305 Encina Hall weaken racial attachments depending on the West, 616 Serra Street, Stanford, CA 94305 way these intersect with race. E-mail: [email protected] 58 American Sociological Review 81(1) and social norms such as hypodescent (Snipp assess the determinants of exclusive white 2003; Williams 2006). Group membership was identification, a racial label about which we especially stringent for people of mixed Afri- currently understand relatively little, but that can ancestry, who were typically identified as has major implications for the future U.S. singularly black (Davis 2001). Changes to the racial structure (Cross 2002; Gans 2012). U.S. Census in 2000, however, which permit More generally, I examine how biracial young multiple-race classification, show that racial adults are choosing to assert their identifica- labels are no longer a disjoint construct in U.S. tion in the twenty-first century, and the degree politics and culture. to which hypodescent influences their choices. How do central nonracial identities—spe- This research also contributes to our cifically, gender, socioeconomic status, and understanding of identity construction among religion—affect the choice of racial labels? I biracial Latinos, a group often excluded from examine this question by focusing on the rap- multiracial identity studies. Because most idly growing number of biracial Americans— surveys use a two-question approach in which individuals whose parents are from two racial Hispanic origin is distinguished from race, it categories.1 Biracials have a range of racial is often impossible to separate respondents of labels from which to choose.2 Assessing the Latino/non-Latino parentage from respond- labeling decisions of biracials allows us to ents who have two Latino parents and iden- better understand how social class, gender, tify their ethnicity as Hispanic but their race and religion inform personal understandings as white, black, Asian, or other. Because sur- of race in the United States. Prior research vey question formats preclude these distinc- that examines biracials’ labeling choices tions, multiracialism scholars commonly emphasizes the importance of family, peers, refrain from analyzing Latinos in their stud- and environmental context, but gives little ies. The exclusion of Latinos leaves a sub- attention to the influence of nonracial social stantive void in our understanding of biracial identities. This gap in the literature can be identification. This gap is significant for two attributed to the fact that available data have reasons. First, 43 percent of intermarriage not allowed an in-depth analysis of the effects pairings in the United States are between of these factors until now. whites and Latinos; second, the rapid growth Drawing on identity theory and other rate of the Latino population can be attrib- research in sociology and social psychology, I uted, in part, to the rising number of children argue that biracials negotiate their identifica- born to Latino-white couples (Wang 2012). tions based on interpersonal encounters, The surveys I assess have a combined race neighborhoods, and places of worship, classi- and Latino-origin question, allowing me to fying themselves in relation to their peers and pinpoint individuals who are explicitly of adopting the label deemed most acceptable in Latino/non-Latino parentage. Thus, the pre- a given context. To examine the effects of sent work heeds Harris and Sim’s (2002) call social identities on racial construction, I lever- for better understanding biracial Latino age national surveys of more than 37,000 identity. Asian-white, Latino-white, and black-white This article reports three core findings. biracial college students. These surveys allow First, racial identification is gendered in sig- me to include important variables lacking in nificant ways: all else being equal, biracial previous studies, extending the literature in women are much more likely than biracial men three ways. First, I separate the effect of par- to identify as multiracial. The gender disparity ents’ marital status, family income, and reli- exists across biracial category combinations gion on respondents’ self-labeling. Second, to but is greatest (2x) for black-white biracials— ascertain how socioeconomic context shapes pointing to the rigidity of the black/white identification, I examine the effect of neigh- boundary for African American men. Second, borhood median income. Third, I empirically I demonstrate the importance of religion for Davenport 59 racial identification: biracials who practice number of mixed-race subgroups—the survey “ethnic” religions are more likely than non- I assess has a total of 127 possible racial religious biracials to identify with only one combinations—I center my attention on the racial group. Finally, I provide robust evi- largest biracial groups: Asian-whites, Latino- dence that affluence—as measured sepa- whites, and black-whites.3 Together, these rately by household income and median groups compose the majority of the multiple- neighborhood income—“whitens” racial race population.4 self-identification. Other studies (notably Examining the racial labeling decisions of Schwartzman 2007) have found that “money these three groups helps clarify the processes whitens.” These studies typically rely on sam- via which racial identification patterns are ples from Spanish-speaking America or Brazil constructed. In concentrating on these groups, and use education as a proxy for income. In however, my intention is not to fix the refer- contrast, the data I use are U.S.-based and esti- ence of the term “biracial” as applicable pri- mate the effects of income while holding edu- marily to people who are white and non-white, cational attainment constant. rather than individuals belonging to multiple Taken together, these findings inform our minority groups.5 Nor is it my aim to essen- understanding of how racial categories are tialize race by focusing on first-generation used in the contemporary United States. The biracials.6 Instead, my intent is pragmatic: approach I take in this article highlights the narrowing the scope to these subgroups facili- importance of carefully disentangling the tates a more straightforward analysis and a meanings attached to core social identities. cleaner assessment of the findings. Finally, these findings clarify how racial I assess the construction of racial identifi- labels can be the product of social group cation, or how people publicly articulate their attachments while being intimately linked to race to others, such as on a form or in a sur- social class, religion, and gender. vey. One’s expressed identification does not always perfectly correlate with one’s racial identity, or internal beliefs and perceptions RACIAL POPUlatION OF about race, but the two phenomena
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Theoretical Implications of the Beachy Amish-Mennonites DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Th
    Theoretical Implications of the Beachy Amish-Mennonites DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Cory Alexander Anderson Graduate Program in Rural Sociology The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Joseph Donnermeyer, Advisor Richard Moore Edward Crenshaw Copyrighted by Cory Alexander Anderson 2014 Abstract One of the hallmarks of social science is the interaction of theory and methods/data, the former guiding the latter and the latter refining the former, in a cyclical relationship. The goal of theory is to provide explanations for and even predict a range of human behaviors. One potential cause of theoretical stagnation is an over focus on a singular, usually easily accessible group. Given the persistence of plain Anabaptists like the Amish as a highly distinct subgroup in American society, their utility for refining sociological theories is persuasive, but has rarely been employed to this end because of their social inaccessibility, shyness towards social science research, and the popular interpretive frames placed on them that distract would-be investigators. Even with Amish-focused scholarship, the emphasis has been largely on describing the population or applying theory to understand the Amish case, but not returning findings back to theory in critique and revision. This dissertation introduces and contextualizes the plain Anabaptists, then describes the Beachy Amish-Mennonites, a group within the Amish religious tension, but dealing markedly with tensions between separatism and assimilation. Following this introduction are three independent studies that demonstrate the use of plain Anabaptists to refine theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States
    Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States Winthrop D. Jordan1 Edited by Paul Spickard2 Editor’s Note Winthrop Jordan was one of the most honored US historians of the second half of the twentieth century. His subjects were race, gender, sex, slavery, and religion, and he wrote almost exclusively about the early centuries of American history. One of his first published articles, “American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies” (1962), may be considered an intellectual forerunner of multiracial studies, as it described the high degree of social and sexual mixing that occurred in the early centuries between Africans and Europeans in what later became the United States, and hinted at the subtle racial positionings of mixed people in those years.3 Jordan’s first book, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812, was published in 1968 at the height of the Civil Rights Movement era. The product of years of painstaking archival research, attentive to the nuances of the thousands of documents that are its sources, and written in sparkling prose, White over Black showed as no previous book had done the subtle psycho-social origins of the American racial caste system.4 It won the National Book Award, the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, the Bancroft Prize, the Parkman Prize, and other honors. It has never been out of print since, and it remains a staple of the graduate school curriculum for American historians and scholars of ethnic studies. In 2005, the eminent public intellectual Gerald Early, at the request of the African American magazine American Legacy, listed what he believed to be the ten most influential books on African American history.
    [Show full text]
  • Than Segregation, Racial Identity: the Neglected Question in Plessy V
    Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice Volume 10 | Issue 1 Article 3 Spring 4-1-2004 MORE THAN SEGREGATION, RACIAL IDENTITY: THE NEGLECTED QUESTION IN PLESSY V. FERGUSON Thomas J. Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Thomas J. Davis, MORE THAN SEGREGATION, RACIAL IDENTITY: THE NEGLECTED QUESTION IN PLESSY V. FERGUSON, 10 Wash. & Lee Race & Ethnic Anc. L. J. 1 (2004). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol10/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice at Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by an authorized editor of Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MORE THAN SEGREGATION, RACIAL IDENTITY: THE NEGLECTED QUESTION IN PLESSY V. FERGUSON Thomas J. Davis* I. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson' has long stood as an ignominious marker in U.S. law, symbolizing the nation's highest legal sanction for the physical separation by race of persons in the United States. In ruling against thirty-four-year-old New Orleans shoemaker Homer Adolph Plessy's challenge to Louisiana's Separate Railway Act of 1890,2 the Court majority declared that we think the enforced separation of the races, as applied to the internal commerce of the state, neither abridges the privileges or immunities of the colored man, deprives him of his property without due process of law, nor denies him the equal protection of the laws, within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment.3 One commentator on the Court's treatment of African-American civil rights cast the Plessy decision as "the climactic Supreme Court pronouncement on segregated institutions."4 Historian C.
    [Show full text]
  • (In)Determinable: Race in Brazil and the United States
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 14 2009 Determining the (In)Determinable: Race in Brazil and the United States D. Wendy Greene Cumberland School fo Law at Samford University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Education Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation D. W. Greene, Determining the (In)Determinable: Race in Brazil and the United States, 14 MICH. J. RACE & L. 143 (2009). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol14/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DETERMINING THE (IN)DETERMINABLE: RACE IN BRAZIL AND THE UNITED STATES D. Wendy Greene* In recent years, the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, and Mato Grasso du Sol have implemented race-conscious affirmative action programs in higher education. These states established admissions quotas in public universities '' for Afro-Brazilians or afrodescendentes. As a result, determining who is "Black has become a complex yet important undertaking in Brazil. Scholars and the general public alike have claimed that the determination of Blackness in Brazil is different than in the United States; determining Blackness in the United States is allegedly a simpler task than in Brazil. In Brazil it is widely acknowledged that most Brazilians are descendants of Aficans in light of the pervasive miscegenation that occurred during and after the Portuguese and Brazilian enslavement of * Assistant Professor of Law, Cumberland School of Law at Samford University.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Refined Symbolic Ethnicity
    RECONSTRUCTING JEWISH IDENTITY IN CROATIA: TOWARDS A REFINED SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY Nila Ginger Hofman DePaul University, Chicago This paper has two aims. To begin, it to our understanding of ethnic identity examines whether the symbolic ethnicity negotiation in capitalist as well as post- model is relevant to identity negotiation socialist societies. among Croatian Jews. In symbolic I argue, employing ethnographic ethnicity, individuals are not so much and historic analyses, that the imposition interested in the maintenance of traditional of an essentialist view of Jewish identity lifestyles as they are with choosing how to express cultural identity. In the past, by national and supranational scholars have either employed the model to constituencies may ultimately have discuss identity negotiation among ethnics adverse effects on cultural groups such in the United States and other core as the Croatian Jews who have embraced societies, or they have dismissed it humanist and idiosyncratic versions of altogether. The second aim describes the Jewish identity since the mid-nineteenth existing tension between the self-images of century (Goldstein 1988). Ethnographic the Croatian Jews and those projected on data reveals that despite a lack of strong them by others. Both Croatian “cultural religious commitments and highly diversity campaigns” and international idiosyncratic expressions of cultural Jewish support organizations consider identity, Croatian Jews are not on the Jewish identity to have an essentially religious core. Programs sponsored
    [Show full text]
  • Check One Box: Reconsidering Directive No. 15 and the Classification of Mixed-Race People
    Check One Box: Reconsidering Directive No. 15 and the Classification of Mixed-Race People Kenneth E. Paysont INTRODUCTION "What are you?" As the child of a Japanese mother and a White father, I have often been asked this question.' While I am also male, heterosexual, law student, spouse, sibling, and child, this query is usually directed at my racial identity. As a mixed-race person, I am part of an ill-defined, amorphous group of persons who are increasingly becoming the subject of private and public scrutiny. As one commen- tator quipped, one "cannot turn on 'Oprah' without seeing a segment on multiraciality . ."' The simple question "What are you?" illus- trates the fundamental role race plays in defining our relationships with others. When faced with ambiguous morphology, we seek clarification of another's racial identity so that we may begin defining our Copyright © 1996 California Law Review, Inc. t Law clerk to the Honorable Barbara Durham, Chief Justice, Washington Supreme Court. J.D. 1996, Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley. I would like to thank Professor Rachel Moran for her patience, insight, and encouragement. I would also like to thank Professors Robert Chang, Jewelle Taylor Gibbs, Angela Harris, and Marina Hsieh for their thoughtful feedback. Lastly, I would like to thank the editors and staff of the CaliforniaLaw Review for all their hard work. This Comment is dedicated to my wife, Monica, for her unfailing love and support. 1. I evidently appear racially ambiguous, having at various times been identified by others as Asian, Latino, American Indian or African-American.
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Page 1 of 7
    Bosnia and Herzegovina Page 1 of 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor The State Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the entity Constitutions of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Federation) and the Republika Srpska (RS) provide for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in ethnically integrated areas or in areas where government officials are of the majority religion; the state-level Law on Religious Freedom also provides comprehensive rights to religious communities. However, local authorities sometimes restricted the right to worship of adherents of religious groups in areas where such persons are in the minority. Government protection of religious freedom declined, especially during the campaign period prior to the October 2006 national elections, due to selective legal enforcement and the indifference of some government officials. At the end of the period covered by this report, the Government was implementing the State Law on Religious Freedom to protect the rights of religious communities and create a government registry allowing them to establish legal status. Societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief and practice persisted. Religious intolerance directly reflected ethnic intolerance because of the virtually indistinguishable identification of ethnicity with religious background. Discrimination against religious minorities occurred in nearly all parts of the country. In some communities local religious leaders and politicians contributed to intolerance and an increase in nationalism through public statements and sermons. A number of illegally constructed religious objects continued to cause ethnic/religious tension and conflict in various communities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle of Blacks for Equal Educational Oppertunity: an Overview, 4 Hastings Const
    Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Volume 4 Article 7 Number 3 Summer 1977 1-1-1977 The trS uggle of Blacks for Equal Educational Oppertunity: An Overview Glynda Leanette Flentroy Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Glynda Leanette Flentroy, The Struggle of Blacks for Equal Educational Oppertunity: An Overview, 4 Hastings Const. L.Q. 605 (1977). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol4/iss3/7 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Struggle Of Blacks For Equal Educa- tional Opportunity: An Overview By GLYNDA LEANETTE FLENTROY* Introduction Parents, educators, social scientists, legislatures, and the courts have long been concerned with ascertaining what factors will ensure equal educa- tional opportunity for all students. Early studies postulated that educational quality was variously dependent on per pupil expenditures, institutional facilities, curriculum, and teachers. More recent studies, however, have focused on the freedom to attend the school of one's choice and the equitable distribution of society's resources, and have concluded that these factors may be the most significant which contribute to the attainment of equal educational opportunity. Accessibility to the school of one's choice provides the individual with psychological and physical mobility within the academic milieu, removes the implications of a caste system within American society, and liberates the individual's mind for further intellectual exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage
    Double or Nothing? mn Double or published by university press of new england hanover and london po po Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage Sylvia Barack Fishman BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY PRESS nm Brandeis University Press Published by University Press of New England, 37 Lafayette St., Lebanon, NH 03766 © 2004 by Brandeis University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 54321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fishman, Sylvia Barack, 1942– Double or nothing? : Jewish familes and mixed marriage / Sylvia Barack Fishman. p. cm.—(Brandeis series in American Jewish history, culture, and life) (Brandeis series on Jewish Women) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–58465–206–3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Interfaith marriage—United States. 2. Jews—United States—Social conditions. 3. Jewish families—United States. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: Brandeis series on Jewish women HQ1031.F56 2004 306.84Ј3Ј0973—dc22 2003021956 Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life Jonathan D. Sarna, Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor Leon A. Jick, 1992 The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820–1870 Sylvia Barack Fishman, editor, 1992 Follow My Footprints: Changing Images of Women in American Jewish Fiction Gerald Tulchinsky, 1993 Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community Shalom Goldman, editor, 1993 Hebrew and the Bible in America: The First Two Centuries Marshall Sklare, 1993 Observing America’s Jews Reena Sigman Friedman, 1994 These Are Our Children: Jewish
    [Show full text]
  • Sociology of Multiracial Identity in the Late 1980S and Early 1990S: the Failure of a Perspective1
    Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies Copyright 2021 2021, Vol. 8, No. 2, 106-125 ISSN: 2149-1291 http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/643 Sociology of Multiracial Identity in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s: The Failure of a Perspective1 G. Reginald Daniel University of California, Santa Barbara2 Abstract: Sociologists largely failed to comprehend the emergence of multiracial identities in the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This was due, in part, to hypodescent and the monoracial imperative. These social devices, respectively, categorize offspring of interracial unions between Whites and people of color based exclusively on the background of color, and necessitate single-racial identification. This has prohibited the articulation and recognition of multiracial identities. Hypodescent and the monoracial imperative are so normative that they have been taken for granted by sociologists across the monoracial spectrum, much as the larger society. Sociology’s espoused objectivity blinded sociologists to the standpoint of their own monoracial subjectivity. They provided little critical examination of hypodescent and the monoracial imperative in terms of their impact on multiracial identity formations. Some sociologists challenged theories of marginality, which stressed the psychological dysfunction of multiracials. Yet multiracial identities were considered symptomatic of mainly isolated psychological concerns with personal identity. Sociologists were absent from analyses of collective identity and agency speaking to mixed-race concerns. Consequently, they remained on the periphery of social scientific theorizing of multiracial identities in terms of their wider-ranging implications. Keywords: group formation, hypodescent, mixed race, multiracial, sociological theories of race, the one-drop rule. Introduction: The Failure in Historical Perspective McKee (1993), in Sociology and the Race Problem: The Failure of a Perspective, argued most U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Race As a Legal Concept
    University of Colorado Law School Colorado Law Scholarly Commons Articles Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship 2012 Race as a Legal Concept Justin Desautels-Stein University of Colorado Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles Part of the Conflict of Laws Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Legal History Commons Citation Information Justin Desautels-Stein, Race as a Legal Concept, 2 COLUM. J. RACE & L. 1 (2012), available at https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles/137. Copyright Statement Copyright protected. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship at Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. +(,121/,1( Citation: 2 Colum. J. Race & L. 1 2012 Provided by: William A. Wise Law Library Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Tue Feb 28 10:02:56 2017 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information 2012 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF RACE AND LAW RACE AS A LEGAL CONCEPT JUSTIN DESAUTELS-STEIN* Race is a /el cocpangie a/Il corncepts, it is a matrix of rules.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Articles for Their Own Personal Use
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Black brotherhoods in North America: Afro-iberian and west-central African influences Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29q1z8mm Journal African Studies Quarterly, 15(3) Author Dewulf, J Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California African Studies Quarterly Volume 15, Issue 3 June 2015 Special Issue Kongo Atlantic Dialogues Guest Editors: Robin Poynor, Susan Cooksey, and Carlee Forbes Published by the Center for African Studies, University of FloridA ISSN: 2152-2448 African Studies Quarterly Executive Staff R. Hunt Davis, Jr. - Editor-in-Chief Todd H. Leedy - AssociAte Editor AnnA MwAbA - ManAging Editor JessicA Horwood - Book Review Editor Editorial Committee OumAr BA Yang JiAo Fred BoAteng CeciliA KyAlo Lina BenabdallAh NicholAs Knowlton MamAdou BodiAn Eric Lake Jennifer BoylAn Chesney McOmber Ben Burgen Collins R. NunyonAmeh JessicA CAsimir Therese Kennelly-OkrAku AmAndA Edgell Caroline StAub Dan EiZengA DonAld Underwood RyAn Good Sheldon Wardwell VictoriA GorhAm Joel O. WAo Emily HAuser IbrAhim YAhAyA IbrAhim Advisory Board Adélékè Adéèko RichArd MArcus Ohio State University California State University, Long Beach Timothy AjAni Kelli Moore Fayetteville State University James Madison University AbubAkAr AlhAssAn MantoA Rose MotinyAne Bayero University University of Cape Town John W. Arthur James T. Murphy University of South Florida, St. ClarK University Petersburg LiliAn Temu Osaki Nanette BArkey
    [Show full text]