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1 .Canada Du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions Et Bibliographie Services Services Bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1 .canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, han, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Supervisor: Dr. Richard J. Hebda Abs tract Pollen and microscopic charcoal Fra-gnents frorn seven sites (East Sooke Fen and Pixie. Wlyac. Porphyry. Walker. Enos. and Boomerang Iakes) were used to reconstnict the post-glacial vegetation, climate, ana Iire disturbance history on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. A non-arboreal pollen and spore zone occurs in the basal clays at Porphyry Lake and likely represents a tundra or tundra-steppe ecosystem. This zone precedes the Pinirs contorta (lodgepole pine) biogeochron that is generally considered to have colonised deglaciated landscapes and may represent a late Wisconsinan glacial retiigium. An open Pinus contorta woodland charactensed the landscape in the late-glacial interval. Fires were rare or absent and a cool and dry climate intluenced by "continental-scale katabatic" easterly winds dominated. Closed lowland forests consisting of Picea (spruce), Abies (fir), Tsziga heterophyllo (western hemlock). and Tssirga merteensiana (mountain hemlock) with P. contortn and dhs(alder) and sub- alpine forests containing P icea, dbies. and T. meriensiana with P. contorta replaced the P. confortabiogeochron in the late Pleistocene. Fires became more common during this interval even though climate seems to have been cool and moist. Open Psendotsuga menziesii (Douglas- fir) forests with Pteridiitm (bracken fem) in the understory and Alnzis in moist and disturbed sites expanded westward during the wmdry early Holocene. At this time closed Picea. T. heteroph~Ila,and possibly Alnirs forests gew in the wettest part of southem Vancouver Island at Whyac Lake. At hi& elevations, forests consisting of T. heteroph-v[laand Psettdotsrrga coupled with Alnus expanded during the early Holocene. --* Ill Fires occurred frequently in lowland forested ecosysterns during this interval, although East Sooke Fen in a dry, open region experienced less fire. At high elevations, charcoal increased somewhat fiom the late Pleistocene, indicating slightly more fires and reilecting continued moist conditions at high elevations. The rnid and late Holocene was character-ized by increasing precipitation and decreasing temperature respectively. Mid Holocene lowland forests were dominated by Pseudotsziga with T. heterop/ylZa and '4 lms in southeastem regions. T. heteroph-vlla and Thzlja plicata (westem red-cedar) in southem regions. and T. hererop/yila and Picea in southwestern regions. An overail decrease in charcoal intlux suggests a decrease in low land tires. olthough local1y isolated fire events are evident in most sites. Qzierc~isgamyznu (Gany oak) stands spread westward during the mid Holocene. attaining maximum extent between East Sooke Fen and Pixir Lake. approximately 50 km beyond their modem lirnit. Lowland sites record a general decrease in tires at this time. At high elevation, mid Holocene forests were dominated by T. Iieteroph~dla.Picea, and Abies with Ainiis. An overall increase in charcoal influx at high elevations may reflect an increase in the number of charcoal t'i-agments entering the basins by overland flow as opposed to an increase in fire incidence because climate was rnoister. In the late Holocene, closed T. heterophyila and T. plicala forests became established in wetter westem regions, Pseudoisuga forests occupied drier eastern portions, and T. meriensiana and Cupressaceae, li kel y Chamaecyparis noorkarensis (Alaska yellow cedar), forests were established in sub-alpine sites. Lowland fires were infiequent in wet westem regions but kequent in drier eastem regions. A slight reduction in charcod influx generally occurs at high elevations, implying fewer fires. A vi CHAPTER 4: METHODS Coring .................................................................................... 36 Pollen Preparation and Analyses ...................................................... 36 Charcoal Analyses ....................................................................... 43 Carbon- 14 Dating ...................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 5: SURFACE SAMPLE RESULTS Sarnple Sites ............................................................................. Regional Vegetation Pollen and Spore Signatures ................................. Grassland (GL) Association ...................................................... Gary Oak (GO) Association ...................................................... Coastal Douglas-fir (CDF)Zone ................................................. Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) Zone ....................................... CWxm1 Variant ........................................................... CWHxm2 Variant ........................................................... CWmm1 Variant .......................................................... CWHmm:! Variant .......................................................... CWHvm 1 Variant ........................................................... CWWvm3 Variant ........................................................... CWHvh 1 Variant ............................................................ Mountain hemlock (MH) Zone .................................................. Discussion ............................................................................... CHAPTER 6: EAST SOOKE FEN Smdy Site................................................................................ 61 Stratignphy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedimentation Rates ...................... 61 Pollen Zones ............................................................................. 66 interpretation ............................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 7: PKIE LAKE S tudy Site................................................................................ 76 Stratigraphy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedimentation Rates ...................... 76 Pollen Zones ............................................................................. 30 Interpretation ............................................................................ 84 CHAPTER 8: WACLAKE Smdy Site................................................................................ 89 Stratigrap hy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedimentation Rates ...................... 89 PolIen Zones ............................................................................. 92 hterpretation ............................................................................ 98 CHAPTER 9: PORPHYRY LAKE Study Site................................................................................ 102 Stratigraphy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedirnentation Rates ...................... 102 vii Pollen Zones ............................................................................. 105 Interpretation............................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 10: WALKER LAKE Study Site................................................................................ 114 Stratigraphy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedimentation Rates ...................... 114 Pollen Zones............................................................................. 118 Interpretation............................................................................ 121 CHAPTER 1 1: ENOS AND BOOMERANG LAKES Study Sites .............................................................................. 126 Enos Lake Stratigraphy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedimentation Rates .............. 126 C harcoal Zones .................................................................. 130 Boomerang Lake Stratigraphy. Radiocarbon Dates. and Sedimentation Rates ............... 131 C hucoal Zones ................................................................... 133 Interpreiation............................................................................ 137 CHAPTER 12: REGIONAL SYNTHESIS Introduction .............................................................................. Regional Vegetation History ........................................................... Full-Early Late Glacial .......................................................... Late Glacial ...................................................................... Late Pleistocene..*....... ... ........**.......*..........*........................ Early Holocene................................................................... Mid Holocene .................................................................... Late Holocene................................................................... Climate interpretations
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