March 2012 Newsletter
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Alkali Metals- Group 1 (IA)
Alkali Metals- Group 1 (IA) The alkali metals make up Group 1 of the periodic table. This family consists of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr, respectively). Group one elements share common characteristics. They are all soft, silver metals. Due to their low ionization energy, these metals have low melting points and are highly reactive. The reactivity of this family increases as you move down the table. Alkali metals are noted for how vigorously they react with water. Due to this, they are often stored in mineral oil and are not found in their elemental forms in nature. These characteristics can be explained by examining the electronic structure of each element in this group. Alkali metals have one valence electron. They readily give up this electron to assume the noble gas configuration as a cation. This makes the elements in this group highly reactive. History Explore the discoverer's biography, including general facts about his life and anecdotes regarding how he made this particular discovery. Also see other significant scientific discoveries built largely on this concept and other real-world applications in history that may not still be relevant. Discoverer/Developer See each tab for individual information about the discoverer of each element. Lithium Lithium was discovered in 1817 by Johan August Arfwedson. Arfwedson was born in 1792 to a wealthy family in Sweden. At a young age he attended the University of Uppsala and earned degrees in law and mineralogy. His interest in minerals is what led to his discovery of lithium. -
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen Und Sein Heidelberger Laboratorium Heidelberg, 12
Historische Stätten der Chemie Robert Wilhelm Bunsen und sein Heidelberger Laboratorium Heidelberg, 12. Oktober 2011 Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 1 Mit dem Programm „Historische Stätten der Chemie“ würdigt Robert Wilhelm Bunsen – die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Leistungen von geschichtlichem Rang in der Chemie. Als Orte der Erinnerung eine biographische Skizze werden Wirkungsstätten beteiligter Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in einem feierlichen Akt ausgezeichnet. Eine Broschüre bringt einer breiten Öffentlichkeit deren wissenschaft- Bunsen war einer der Wegbereiter der Physikalischen Chemie liches Werk näher und stellt die Tragweite ihrer Arbeiten im und ein bedeutender Vertreter der anorganisch-analytischen aktuellen Kontext dar. Ziel dieses Programms ist es, die Erinne- Richtung. Seine wissenschaftliche Bedeutung liegt in der Ent- rung an das kulturelle Erbe der Chemie wach zu halten und die wicklung und Perfektionierung von Methoden und Instrumen- Chemie mit ihren historischen Wurzeln stärker in das Blickfeld ten. Diese Arbeitsschwerpunkte hat Bunsen von Beginn seiner der Öffentlichkeit zu rücken. Karriere an verfolgt und systematisch ausgebaut. Am 12. Oktober 2011 gedenken die GDCh, die Deutsche 1811 als jüngster von vier Söhnen einer bürgerlichen protestan- Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie (DBG), die Che- tischen Familie in Göttingen geboren, begann Bunsen dort 1828 mische Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg (ChGzH) und die Ruprecht- das Studium der Naturwissenschaften. Seine wichtigsten Lehrer Karls-Universität -
A Graph Theoretical Interpretation of Different Types of Energies of Elementary Particles, Atoms and Molecules
Open Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2019, 9, 33-50 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojpc ISSN Online: 2162-1977 ISSN Print: 2162-1969 A Graph Theoretical Interpretation of Different Types of Energies of Elementary Particles, Atoms and Molecules Jorge Galvez Molecular Topology and Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot (Valencia), Spain How to cite this paper: Galvez, J. (2019) A Abstract Graph Theoretical Interpretation of Dif- ferent Types of Energies of Elementary The present work illustrates a predictive method, based on graph theory, for Particles, Atoms and Molecules. Open Jour- different types of energy of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, to be nal of Physical Chemistry, 9, 33-50. specific, the mass defect of the first thirteen elements of the periodic table, the https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpc.2019.92003 + rotational and vibrational energies of simple molecules (such as H2 , H2, FH Received: January 17, 2019 and CO) as well as the electronic energy of both atoms and molecules (con- Accepted: May 19, 2019 jugated alkenes). It is shown that such a diverse group of energies can be ex- Published: May 22, 2019 pressed as a function of few simple graph-theoretical descriptors, resulting Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and from assigning graphs to every wave function. Since these descriptors are Scientific Research Publishing Inc. closely related to the topology of the graph, it makes sense to wonder about This work is licensed under the Creative the meaning of such relation between energy and topology and suggests Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). -
Chemistry Is All Around Us
Chemistry is all around us. Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry. The Story Apart from those wanting to become chemists, students Central wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, Science Cover nutritionists, geologists, and pharmacists all need to study chemistry. It is important to remember that the Chemistry importance of chemistry would not be diminished BIMAN BASU over time; rather it will continue to remain a That is not all. There would be no drugs a science. It was primarily directed at efforts promising career prospect. – painkillers, antacids, or antibiotics – no to turn all kinds of substances into the polyester fibre or nylon stockings, no precious metal gold by early chemists, who stainless steel, no sugar-free soft drinks, were known as alchemists. We have heard IGHT from the moment we get up in even no Diwali illumination and fireworks about the “philosopher’s stone” using which the morning till we go to bed at without chemistry. Without chemistry, we the alchemists sought to turn any metal night, we come intimately close to R would not have such items as computers, into gold. Of course it was a silly thought, chemistry and things related to it. The CDs, DVDs, iPods, fuel for vehicles, oil to because no one can really turn one toothpaste we use to clean our teeth, the cook, refrigeration units, radios, televisions, element into another by mere touch! Still, toilet soap, shampoo, and plastic buckets batteries, and so much more. So, then, the alchemists made important we use to take bath, the plastic comb -
Louis Pasteur
Britannica LaunchPacks | Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur For Grades 6-8 This Pack contains: 5 ARTICLES 4 IMAGES 1 VIDEO © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 of 47 Britannica LaunchPacks | Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (1822–95). The French chemist Louis Pasteur devoted his life to solving practical problems of industry, agriculture, and medicine. His discoveries have saved countless lives and created new wealth for the world. Among his discoveries are the pasteurization process and ways of preventing silkworm diseases, anthrax, chicken cholera, and rabies. Louis Pasteur. Archives Photographiques, Paris Pasteur sought no profits from his discoveries, and he supported his family on his professor’s salary or on a modest government allowance. In the laboratory he was a calm and exact worker; but once sure of his findings, he vigorously defended them. Pasteur was an ardent patriot, zealous in his ambition to make France great through science. Scholar and Scientist Louis Pasteur was born on Dec. 27, 1822, in Dôle, France. His father was a tanner. In 1827 the family moved to nearby Arbois, where Louis went to school. He was a hard-working pupil but not an especially brilliant one. When he was 17 he received a degree of bachelor of letters at the Collège Royal de Besançon. For the next three years he tutored younger students and prepared for the École Normale Supérieure, a noted teacher-training college in Paris. As part of his studies he investigated the crystallographic, chemical, and optical properties of © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2 of 47 Britannica LaunchPacks | Louis Pasteur various forms of tartaric acid. -
Raman Spectroscopy of Glasseswith High and Broad Raman Gain in the Boson Peak Region
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Raman Spectroscopy Of Glasseswith High And Broad Raman Gain In The Boson Peak Region Yu Guo University of Central Florida Part of the Physics Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Guo, Yu, "Raman Spectroscopy Of Glasseswith High And Broad Raman Gain In The Boson Peak Region" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 996. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/996 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES WITH HIGH AND BROAD RAMAN GAIN IN THE BOSON PEAK REGION by YU GUO B.S. University of Science and Technology of China, 1999 M.S. University of Miami, 2002 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment required for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Physics in the College of Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2006 Major Professor: Alfons Schulte © 2006 Yu Guo ii ABSTRACT This thesis investigates Raman spectra of novel glasses and their correlation with structure for Raman gain applications. Raman gain for all-optical amplification by fibers depends significantly on the cross section for spontaneous Raman scattering allowing to compare signal strength and spectral coverage. We also investigate the relationship between glass structure and the Boson peak (enhancement of the low-frequency vibrational density of states) and report new inelastic neutron scattering spectra for niobium-phosphate glasses. -
Entwicklung Eines Raman-Detektors Zur Integration in Eine HT-HPLC/Irms-Kopplung
Entwicklung eines Raman-Detektors zur Integration in eine HT-HPLC/irMS-Kopplung Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Björn Fischer aus Willich Düsseldorf, Dezember 2014 aus dem Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Referent: Prof. Dr. Hans Bettermann Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Rainer Weinkauf Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.01.2015 Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren stieg die Zahl der Fälschungen und Plagiate von Markenprodukten stark an. Neben dem volkswirtschaftlichen Schaden entstehen den Herstellern der Originalprodukte hohe finanzielle und wirtschaftliche Schäden – neben Umsatzverlusten haben die betroffenen Unternehmen mit Imageschädigungen und unter Umständen sogar mit Produkthaftungsprozessen für gefälschte Produkte zu kämpfen. Als besonders kritisch wirken sich dabei Fälschungen in den Bereichen Lebensmitteln, Körperpflege und Pharmazeutika aus, die in manchen Fällen sogar zu gesundheitlichen Schädigungen der Konsumenten führen können. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in einem durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) geförderten Forschungsvorhaben (IGF- Vorhaben Nr. 16120 N) ein analytisches Verfahren entwickelt, das die Herkunft bzw. Authentizität von Verbindungen eindeutig bestimmt. Dieser Ansatz kombiniert die Hochtemperatur-Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie -
Symposium Commemorating the 150Th Anniversary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
Symposium Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 25 October 2017 London, UK Welcome Address It is our great pleasure to welcome you to this symposium When we celebrate the contribution of the GDCh and celebrating the 150th Anniversary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher RSC, we celebrate the contribution of chemistry and its Chemiker (GDCh, the German Chemical Society) and its transformative power in tackling many of the global challenges longstanding relationship with the Royal Society of Chemistry we face today. In the second part of our programme, it is our (RSC), which celebrated its 175th Anniversary in 2016. pleasure to have speakers from Germany and the UK discuss four of these vitally important challenges (food, water, energy The GDCh brings together people working in chemistry and and sustainability). We very much look forward to hearing the molecular sciences and supports their striving for positive, from our expert speakers on how chemistry can play its part sustainable scientific advance – for the good of humankind in helping deliver solutions to these issues. and the environment, and a future worth living for. With this goal in mind, it promotes chemistry in education, research This is followed by a very special presentation. The Alexander and application, and seeks to deepen the understanding and Todd - Hans Krebs Lectureship in Chemical Sciences is a knowledge of the general public about chemistry and its reciprocal lectureship awarded alternately by the Gesellschaft relevance to the world they live in. The many facets of the Deutscher Chemiker and the Royal Society of Chemistry, GDCh’s promotion of chemistry find expression in the initiation for advances in chemistry made by a scientist while working and support of a number of projects and in the publication of and residing in Germany or the UK, respectively. -
Industrial Process Industrial Process
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SESSION 4 Electrolysis SESSION 4 Electrolysis Session 4 Electrolysis Illustration of an electrolysis apparatus used in a school laboratory. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of using a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially highly important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential. Contents 1 History 2 Overview o 2.1 Process of electrolysis o 2.2 Oxidation and reduction at the electrodes o 2.3 Energy changes during electrolysis o 2.4 Related techniques 3 Faraday's laws of electrolysis o 3.1 First law of electrolysis o 3.2 Second law of electrolysis 1 4 Industrial uses 5 Competing half-reactions in solution electrolysis 6 Electrolysis of water 7 Electrocrystallization 8 Experimenters History The word electrolysis comes from the Greek ἤλεκτρον [ lektron] "amber" and λύσις [lýsis] "dissolution". 1785 – Martinus van Marum's electrostatic generator was used to reduce tin, zinc, and antimony from their salts using electrolysis.[1] 1800 – William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle (view also Johann Ritter), decomposed water into hydrogen and oxygen. 1807 – Potassium, sodium, barium, calcium and magnesium were discovered by Sir Humphry Davy using electrolysis. 1833 - Michael Faraday develops his two laws of electrolysis, and provides a mathematical -
Bill Nye - Biography, Facts and Pictures
5/9/2016 Bill Nye - Biography, Facts and Pictures Home List of Scientists Blog Bill Nye Search Famous Scientists SEARCH Scientist of the Week André Marie Ampère: Founded electromagnetic theory Recent Scientists of the Week Jane Goodall: Discoveries in chimpanzee behavior James Hutton: Founded modern geology Harold Urey: Deuterium and the building blocks of life Andreas Vesalius: Founded modern anatomy Niels Bohr: Quantum mechanics & the atom Barbara McClintock: Jumping genes & crossing chromosomes Francis Bacon: The Scientific Method “The Science Guy.” William Sanford Nye who goes by his more popular moniker Anaximander: An ancient scientific revolution Bill Nye is a science educator who began his career in science as one of Boeing’s mechanical engineers. He is most popularly known as Bill Nye the Science Guy Heinrich Hertz: Discovered radio waves and photoelectric effect where he hosts the Disney/PBS science show for children. Bill Nye is also a Charles Darwin: Evolution by natural selection comedian, actor, scientist, and a writer. He has gained popularity for his many Robert Boyle: The birth of chemistry appearances in today’s media as a fun to watch science educator. Srinivasa Ramanujan: The purest mathematics Ernest Lawrence: Invented the cyclotron; founder of big science Early Life and Education Rudolf Virchow: Discovered diseases strike by attacking cells Irene JoliotCurie: The first artificial radioactive elements Hans Christian Oersted: Discovered electromagnetism Bill Nye was born in November 27, 1955. His mother was a codebreaker named Jack Horner: New horizons in dinosaur research Jacqueline, and his World War II veteran father was named Edwin Darby. His father had experienced being a prisoner of Japanese war camps, and this made Ronald Fisher: Statistician; and greatest biologist since Darwin? him an enthusiast of sundials. -
Fill in the Blanks by Using the Notes Found on the Moodle Course. Make a Pocket in Your Journal and Place This Page Into the Pocket
Fill in the blanks by using the notes found on the Moodle Course. Make a pocket in your journal and place this page into the pocket. Title the pocket “Historical Figures” Scientists Contributions Antoine Lavoisier(1743- • Made the first list of elements 1794) - ______________ of • Made the Law of __________ of Mass Chemistry • Discovered how combustion really works • Discovered Oxygen's role in combustion • Created the common ____________ • Discovered ______ and ________ Marie Curie(1867-1934) - • Radioactivity Radiation • Created dynamite Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) - • Created ______ Prize Chemistry • Created the __________________ of Elements Dmitri Mendeleev (1834- 1907)- Chemistry Fill in the blanks by using the notes found on the Moodle Course. Make a pocket in your journal and place this page into the pocket. Title the pocket “Historical Figures” • Discovered the amino acid sequence of _______- Frederick Sanger (1918- _______ 2013) - _________ • DNA sequencing Fritz Haber (1868-1934)- “The Father of Chemical ___________” - • ________________ fixation Physical Chemistry • Large scale synthesis of _______________ • Discovered Electrolysis Humphry Davy (1778-1829) - • Discovered --_______, _______, _______, _______, Chemistry _______, _______, _______, and _______ • Created the first electric lamp - “Davy Lamp” • First to deduce the Acid/Base (B+A=Salt + Water, A + Metal= A Salt) • Created the modern atomic theory • Created the Atomic Mass Unit (amu) Sir John Dalton (1766- • Created first Periodic Table organized by 1844) - _____________ atomic mass • All _______are made up of the same atoms and are practically _______ Fill in the blanks by using the notes found on the Moodle Course. Make a pocket in your journal and place this page into the pocket. -
Bunsen's Birthday
Bunsen’s Birthday Momentary Diversions SCIENTIFIC Introduction A fitting tribute to the man who invented the most useful instrument ever used in a chemistry lab, the Bunsen burner! Concepts • Laboratory safety • Bunsen burners • Combustion Materials Bunsen or Tirrill burners with gas supply (gas outlet), 8–12 Burner tubing, 1-foot lengths, 16–32 T- or Y-tubing connectors, 8–12 Butane safety lighter Safety Precautions Always inspect the Bunsen burner, rubber tubing, and gas valve before using a Bunsen burner. Follow proper procedures for lighting and using a Bunsen burner (see Procedure). Tie back long hair and do not wear loose, long sleeves. Use tongs when holding metal objects in a flame. Have an ABC dry chemical fire extinguisher available. Never leave lit burners unattended. When gas burners are not in use, turn off the main gas supply to the laboratory. Always wear chemical splash goggles whenever chemicals, glassware, or heat are used. All food-grade items that have been brought into the lab are considered laboratory chemicals and are for lab use only. Do not taste or ingest any food items in the chemical laboratory and do not remove any remaining food items after they have been used in the lab. Procedure for Constructing a Bunsen Burner Tribute 1. Clear off the lab bench. Remove all flammable and combustible materials from the work area. 2. Connect three sections of rubber tubing to the first Y-tubing connector. Connect one of these section to the gas outlet. Check for holes or cracks in the all the tubing. 3. Connect two sections of rubber tubing to each of the remaining T-or Y-tubing connectors.