DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study on Various Modes of Vibration in Spectroscopy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study on Various Modes of Vibration in Spectroscopy Malaya Journal of Matematik, Vol. S, No. 2, 1103-1105, 2020 https://doi.org/10.26637/MJM0S20/0285 A Study on various modes of vibration in spectroscopy C. Radhikaa 1 Abstract Spectroscopy deals with interaction of matter with electromagnetic energy and spectroscopists harvest wealth of information about the matter, from these interactions. Molecular Spectroscopy aims to understand the interaction of molecular energy with electromagnetic radiation possess various forms of energy due to its different kinds of motion and intermolecular interactions. For instance, it possess translational energy, rotational energy, vibrational energy etc., and these energies are quantized. Also the interactions between stem are very weak. Keywords Spectroscopy, molecular energy. 1Department of Physics, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai-600073, Tamil Nadu, India. Article History: Received 01 October 2020; Accepted 10 December 2020 c 2020 MJM. Contents uids, solutions, melt, gases, films and absorbed species. It s important applications are : molecular structural determi- 1 Introduction......................................1103 nations, calculation of inter molecular and intra molecular 2 Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy. .1103 forces, computation of degree of association in condensed phases,elucidation of molecular symmetries identification and 2.1 Molecular Vibrations................. 1103 characterization of new molecules, deducing thermodynam- 2.2 Vibrational Modes................... 1104 ical properties of molecular system etc., Vibrational spec- 2.3 Normal Modes Of Vibrations............ 1104 troscopy has also contributed significantly to the growth of Molecular Energies • Rotational Energy • Vibrational Energy • other areas such as polymer chemistry, catalysis, fast reaction Electronic Energy dynamics, charge-transfer complex etc., 2.4 Vibrations......................... 1104 Vibrational spectroscopy involves different methods, the most 3 Theory Of Infra Red Absorption . 1104 important of which are infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. Molecular vibrations which modulate the molecular dipole References.......................................1105 moment, are visible in the Infrared spectrum, while those vibrations, which modulate the polarizability appear in the 1. Introduction Raman spectrum[2,3] . These two techniques yield compli- mentary information regarding molecular vibrations. Thus Spectroscopy deals with interaction of matter with electro- both these methods should necessarily used for a complete magnetic energy. Electromagnetic radiations can be allowed vibrational analysis of a molecule. to interact with the molecular energy levels and radiations can be allowed to interact with the molecular energy levelsand investigation of these interactions can provide various infor- 2. Fourier Transform Infra Red mation regarding their rotation, charge localization, molec- Spectroscopy ular structure, symmetry, vibration etc., It is an established fact that the interactions of electromagnetic energy with the 2.1 Molecular Vibrations vibrational energy levels of the molecule provide amazing A molecule is not a rigid assembly of atoms, it can be viewed information on the molecular dynamics and vibrational spec- as a system of balls and springs of varying strengths, corre- troscopy emerge with theories and techniques to deal with sponding to the atoms and chemicalbonds of the molecule. such interactions[1,2]. There are two types of fundamental vibrations for molecules: The frontiers of vibrational spectroscopy are very wide, as Stretching, which the distance between two atoms decreases the techniques are applicable to solids, crystals, powder, liq- or increases, but the atoms remain in the same bond axis, and A Study on various modes of vibration in spectroscopy — 1104/1105 Bending (deformation), in which the position of the atom point masses. changes relative to the original bond axis. Each of the vibra- According to the Classical Theory, 2 tional motions of the molecule occurs with a certain frequency, Erot = 1/2 Iw which is characteristic of the molecule and of the particular Where I is the moment of inertia and w is the angular velocity bond[3]. The energy involved in a particular vibration is char- of rotating molecule. acterized by the amplitude of the vibration, so that higher the vibrational energy, the larger amplitude of the motion. 2.3.3 Vibrational Energy According to the results of Quantum mechanics only certain This type of energy is associated with the oscillation of atoms vibrational energies are allowed to the molecule, and thus which are considered as point masses about only certain amplitudes are allowed. Associated with each equilibrium positions. The vibrational energy of a molecule is of the vibrational motions of the molecule, there is a series Evib= hg(v+1/2) Where g is the vibrational frequency and v is of energy levels. Transition between these vibrational energy the positive integer called the vibrational quantum number. levels in molecules occurs upon the absorption of electromag- netic radiation having energy equal to the difference in energy 2.3.4 Electronic Energy of levels involved. This is observed to lie in the IR region of This type of energy is associated with the motion of electrons the spectrum, IR spectroscopic deals with such transitions be- while considering the nuclei of atoms fixed points. The in- tween vibrational energy levels in molecules and is therefore crease in the electronic energy of molecule occurs due to an constitute a part of vibrational spectroscopy. increase in kinetic energy and potential energy of the electron of the molecule [3,4]. 2.2 Vibrational Modes An individual atom has three degrees of freedom in the Carte- sian coordinates (x,y,z) necessary to describe its position with 2.4 Vibrations respect to a fixed point in a molecule of N atoms has 3N Bond Vibration It denotes an increment (dr)in the bond degrees of freedom. Included in the 3N count are 3 transla- length of a diatomic molecule during a vibration. The vibra- tion vectors are along the bond and are define by the coordi- tional (x,y,z) and 3 rotational (Rx;Ry,Rz )modes. For a non linear molecule the remaining (3N-6) will be normal vibra- nate (dr). r is used to denote the stretching frequency. tional modes. In the case of linear molecules, there can be no rotation about the molecular axissince all nuclei lie on the Angle deformation It represents a change in the inter- axis, hence there are (3N-5) normal modes. Of these (3N-6) bond angle and the displacement vectors are perpendicular vibrational modes, (N-1) modes are bond stretching vibrations to the bond. The coordinate (da) defines the angle bending and other (2N-5), (2N-4) for linear molecule modes are angle vibration. bending vibrations. Among them (3N-6) or (3N-5) normal mode of vibration, those that produce net change in the dipole moment of the Wagging A change in the angle between a bond or the molecule may result in IR activity and those that give polar- folding of a plane about a line through it defines a wagging izability changes may give rise to Raman activity. Naturally, mode. some vibrations can be both IR and RAMAN active. 3. Theory Of Infra Red Absorption 2.3 Normal Modes Of Vibrations Diatomic molecule has only stretching vibrations while poly IR radiation is not energetic enough to cause electronic transi- atomic molecules have stretching as well as deformation vibra- tion but the absorption of such radiation can cause vibrational tions[4]. The number of stretching vibrations is equal to the and rotational transitions. As a molecule vibrates, a regular number of valence bonds in the molecule and the remaining fluctuation in the dipole moment occurs establishing a field vibrations are deformation modes. Depending on the type of that can interact with the electric field of the IR radiation. If movement of the constituent nuclei of a molecule, the modes the frequency of the radiation exactly matches a natural vibra- may be termed as bending, rocking, wagging or torsional tional frequency of a molecule then a net transfer of energy modes. occurs and there is a resultant change in the amplitude of molecular vibration [5], which is reflected in a change in the 2.3.1 Molecular Energies radiation power monitored at a detector. This means that the A molecule may possess internal energy which can be divided IR spectrum of a molecule is characteristic of the compound in to three energies rotational energies and may be used for identification [6]. As a technique IR vibrational energies and electronic energies. spectroscopy is extremely useful because it is possible to look E =E + E + E int elec vib rot at intra molecular vibration such as stretching, bending, tor- 2.3.2 Rotational Energy sions and ring puckering and intermolecular vibration means This type of energy is associated with the overall rotation of interaction between two or more molecules such as in Vander the molecule with atoms considered as fixed Waals complexes and hydrogen bonding [7]. 1104 A Study on various modes of vibration in spectroscopy — 1105/1105 Acknowledgement I am thankful to honorable chair- man Pro-chancellor, Vice Chancellor, Registrar, Dean R&D and Dean Engineering of Bharath University for their con- tinuous support and encouragement given to carry out this research work. References [1] G. Herberg, Molecular spectra and molecular struc- ture, Von Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, Vol II (1945) [2] Bernhard Schrader, Lnfrared& Raman, Spectroscopy, VCH Pub, Inc., New York, (1995). [3] D.N. Sathyanarayana, Vibrational Spectroscopy, New age International (P) limited, New Delhi, (1996) [4] N.B. Colthup, L.H.Daly, S.E. Wiberely, Introduction to Infra red & Raman Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, (1964). [5] D.A. Skoog, J.L. Leary, Principles of Instrumental Anal- ysis, Sannders College Publishing ,Toronto, (1992) [6] A.D. Cross, R.A. Jones,An Introduction to practical Infra red Spectroscopy, Butterworths& co London (1969) [7] A. Finch, P.N. Gates, F.N. Dickson, F.F. Bentley, Chemi- cal Applications of Far Infrared spectroscopy, academic Press, London, (1970). ????????? ISSN(P):2319 − 3786 Malaya Journal of Matematik ISSN(O):2321 − 5666 ????????? 1105.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Graph Theoretical Interpretation of Different Types of Energies of Elementary Particles, Atoms and Molecules
    Open Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2019, 9, 33-50 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojpc ISSN Online: 2162-1977 ISSN Print: 2162-1969 A Graph Theoretical Interpretation of Different Types of Energies of Elementary Particles, Atoms and Molecules Jorge Galvez Molecular Topology and Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot (Valencia), Spain How to cite this paper: Galvez, J. (2019) A Abstract Graph Theoretical Interpretation of Dif- ferent Types of Energies of Elementary The present work illustrates a predictive method, based on graph theory, for Particles, Atoms and Molecules. Open Jour- different types of energy of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, to be nal of Physical Chemistry, 9, 33-50. specific, the mass defect of the first thirteen elements of the periodic table, the https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpc.2019.92003 + rotational and vibrational energies of simple molecules (such as H2 , H2, FH Received: January 17, 2019 and CO) as well as the electronic energy of both atoms and molecules (con- Accepted: May 19, 2019 jugated alkenes). It is shown that such a diverse group of energies can be ex- Published: May 22, 2019 pressed as a function of few simple graph-theoretical descriptors, resulting Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and from assigning graphs to every wave function. Since these descriptors are Scientific Research Publishing Inc. closely related to the topology of the graph, it makes sense to wonder about This work is licensed under the Creative the meaning of such relation between energy and topology and suggests Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Raman Spectroscopy of Glasseswith High and Broad Raman Gain in the Boson Peak Region
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Raman Spectroscopy Of Glasseswith High And Broad Raman Gain In The Boson Peak Region Yu Guo University of Central Florida Part of the Physics Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Guo, Yu, "Raman Spectroscopy Of Glasseswith High And Broad Raman Gain In The Boson Peak Region" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 996. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/996 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES WITH HIGH AND BROAD RAMAN GAIN IN THE BOSON PEAK REGION by YU GUO B.S. University of Science and Technology of China, 1999 M.S. University of Miami, 2002 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment required for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Physics in the College of Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2006 Major Professor: Alfons Schulte © 2006 Yu Guo ii ABSTRACT This thesis investigates Raman spectra of novel glasses and their correlation with structure for Raman gain applications. Raman gain for all-optical amplification by fibers depends significantly on the cross section for spontaneous Raman scattering allowing to compare signal strength and spectral coverage. We also investigate the relationship between glass structure and the Boson peak (enhancement of the low-frequency vibrational density of states) and report new inelastic neutron scattering spectra for niobium-phosphate glasses.
    [Show full text]
  • Entwicklung Eines Raman-Detektors Zur Integration in Eine HT-HPLC/Irms-Kopplung
    Entwicklung eines Raman-Detektors zur Integration in eine HT-HPLC/irMS-Kopplung Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Björn Fischer aus Willich Düsseldorf, Dezember 2014 aus dem Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Referent: Prof. Dr. Hans Bettermann Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Rainer Weinkauf Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.01.2015 Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren stieg die Zahl der Fälschungen und Plagiate von Markenprodukten stark an. Neben dem volkswirtschaftlichen Schaden entstehen den Herstellern der Originalprodukte hohe finanzielle und wirtschaftliche Schäden – neben Umsatzverlusten haben die betroffenen Unternehmen mit Imageschädigungen und unter Umständen sogar mit Produkthaftungsprozessen für gefälschte Produkte zu kämpfen. Als besonders kritisch wirken sich dabei Fälschungen in den Bereichen Lebensmitteln, Körperpflege und Pharmazeutika aus, die in manchen Fällen sogar zu gesundheitlichen Schädigungen der Konsumenten führen können. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in einem durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) geförderten Forschungsvorhaben (IGF- Vorhaben Nr. 16120 N) ein analytisches Verfahren entwickelt, das die Herkunft bzw. Authentizität von Verbindungen eindeutig bestimmt. Dieser Ansatz kombiniert die Hochtemperatur-Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie
    [Show full text]
  • Neutron and Photon Spectroscopy
    Neutron and Photon Spectroscopy General consideration on this lecture This 3 hours lecture has the ambitious goal to give an overview of most spectroscopic techniques using neutron of light as probing particles. It has not the pretention neither to be exhaustive nor to describe all the possibilities and potential of each technique. It is a presentation of the basics of each technique, with simple pictures and description of the processes involved, with examples of information that can be extracted from it. This lecture is divided in two parts : Part I is an introduction of general concepts of inelastic process, followed by several experimental techniques excluding all that concerns magnetism. Part II is dedicated to magnetism, including some of the Part I experimental technique and new ones. There is many classifications possible for an overview of spectroscopic techniques. For both parts, I decided to separate them in two sections according to the physical process at play : - inelastic scattering that can be viewed as one single photon/neutron that has its energy and momentum modified by interacting with the sample - absorption spectroscopy that involves the annihilation of the probe, and its eventual consequences : emission/fluorescence. Part I : introduction Basic considerations on inelastic process This part is dedicated to general consideration on inelastic physics, and different experimental spectroscopic techniques that do not involve directly magnetism. The first section describes the basics consequences of momentum, energy conservation law and their combination. I gave orders of magnitude for probes and most frequent excitations, concluding on the relation between experimental setups and their associated excitations measurable, underlying intrinsic limitations due to these basics concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • PREFACE Scientists Worldwide Will Know That EUCMOS XX, Which
    xvii PREFACE Scientists worldwide will know that EUCMOS XX, which should have been held in Zagreb, Croatia, in 1991, had to be cancelled owing to the civil war which unfortunately still rages in what was Yugoslavia. It was consequently decided to bring forward EUCMOS XXI by a year and this Congress was held in Vienna from the 23-28 August 1992. These volumes contain the Proceedings of what turned out to be a most successful meeting attended by more than 400 participants from 40 different countries. During the opening ceremony, Professor Jeanette G. Grasselli was elected an Honorary Member of the Austrian Society for Analytical Chemistry and Professor Bernhard Schrader was awarded the Friedrich-Emich Medal for his achievements in Raman spectroscopy. A highlight of the Congress was the Nobel lecture given by Professor Richard R Ernst, the 1991 Nobel Laureate for Chemistry. He delivered a clear and vivid account of the developments that he has made in NMR spectroscopy and their many applications in chemistry, physics and medicine. The scientific work presented during the meeting ranged over the following topics : 1) Molecular structure and interactions; 2) Surface analysis; 3) Hyphenated techniques; 4) Optical sensors (3rd Vienna Gpt(r)ode Workshop); 5) Computer-aided molecular spectroscopy; 6) Theoretical aspects; 7) Biological pathways; 8) Phase transitions and order phenomena; 9) Molecular electronics; 10) General analytical applications. The papers were of a very high standard and, as usual, the participants were able to interact widely through personal and group discussion. The editors would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to these Proceedings.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Materials: Design, Synthese Und Analyse Hochentwickelter Materialien
    ADVANCED MATERIALS: DESIGN, SYNTHESE UND ANALYSE HOCHENTWICKELTER MATERIALIEN Eine Forschungsinitiative der Universität Innsbruck Impressum: Für den Inhalt verantwortlich: o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Erminald Bertel Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck Tel. +43 512 507 5050; Fax:+43 512 507 2925; email: [email protected] Stand: Frühjahr 2003 Herstellung: Fred Steiner, Rinn Dank Der Hypo Tirol Bank und der Industriellenvereinigung Tirol gilt unser herzlicher Dank. Durch ihre großzügige Unterstützung wurde die Publikation dieser Broschüre erst möglich. II Inhaltsverzeichnis Zum Geleit DDr. Herwig van Staa, Landeshauptmann von Tirol ........................................................................3 Dr. Hansjörg Jäger, Präsident der Wirtschaftskammer Tirol ............................................................4 Dr. Oswald Mayr, Präsident der Industriellenvereinigung Tirol ......................................................5 Dr. Harald Gohm, Geschäftsführer der Tiroler Zukunftsstiftung......................................................6 DDr. Haio Harms..................................................................................................................................7 Advanced Materials: Design, Synthese und Analyse hochentwickelter Materialien ..........................9 Erminald Bertel, Koordinator Forschungsinitiative "Advanced Materials" Makromolekulare Chemie und Polymeranalytik ..................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Calibration of MIDI, the Mid-Infrared Interferometer for the VLTI
    Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Diplom-Physiker Peter Schuller born in Bucharest Oral examination: 16th October 2002 Calibration of MIDI, the Mid-infrared Interferometer for the VLTI Referees: Prof. Dr. Christoph Leinert Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duschl Abstract Calibration of MIDI, the Mid-infrared Interferometer for the VLTI MIDI is the MID-infrared Interferometric Instrument at the Very Large Telescope Interfer- ometer (VLTI). It will perform long-baseline stellar interferometry in the N band (8. 13 µm). In the run-up of setting up MIDI, some preparatory tasks had to be solved concerning the cal- ibration of the instrument in the laboratory. Being a crucial sub-system of MIDI, the Internal Delay Line was thoroughly tested in order to characterise its performance. Light sources for different purposes were provided and equipped with appropriate optical layout. Spectral ref- erences were also included. The interrelation of a calibrated Internal Delay Line and spectral calibration is presented. For calibration of the instrument during observations, calibrator stars are used. As part of the selection process of suitable objects for a database of such stars, a sub-sample of candidates was checked by interferometric observations in the K0 band (2.0. 2.3 µm). Special attention was payed to differential effects in narrow sub-bands. The potential of stellar interferometry is shown in the case of some late type stars. High spatial resolution data were used to constrain model parameters of the circumstellar envelopes of these objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Based FTIR Spectra for the Region of Thessaloniki and Validation with TROPOMI
    Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Measurements of full atmospheric gas columns ( , , , , ) using ground- based FTIR spectra for the region of Thessaloniki and validation with TROPOMI Author : Mermigkas Marios Supervisor : Professor Balis Dimitrios 1 ΑΡΙ΢ΣΟΣΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙ΢ΣΗΜΙΟ ΘΕ΢΢ΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ΢ ΢ΧΟΛΗ ΘΕΣΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙ΢ΣΗΜΩΝ ΣΜΗΜΑ ΦΤ΢ΙΚΗ΢ Π.Μ.΢. ΦΤ΢ΙΚΗ΢ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΣΟ΢ Μεηρήζεις καηακόρσθης ζηήλης αημοζθαιρικών αερίων ( , , , , ) με ηη τρήζη θαζμαηοζκοπίας σπερύθροσ μέζω μεηαζτημαηιζμού Fourier για ηην περιοτή ηης Θεζζαλονίκης και διαδικαζία επικύρωζης με ηο δορσθορικό όργανο TROPOMI Μέρμηγκας Μάριος Επιβλέπων Καθηγητής : Μπαλής Δημήτριος 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Dr. Dimitrios Balis for his valuable help and for the time he spent in order to help me get through this study as well as for the fact that he inspired and encouraged me through all these years. Also , we are grateful to KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) for providing us with the instrument (EM27/SUN) , which was developed by Bruker Optics and of course Professor Frank Hase and his team for the collaboration. In addition , we want to thank the Department of Meteorology and Climatology ( AUTH ) for the meteorological data. Laboratory Teaching Stuff Chrysanthi Topaloglou is gratefully acknowledged for her precious help and for her instructions during all these months. Furthermore , I want to thank Post-doctoral Research Associate Mariliza Koukouli , PhD students Voudouri Kalliopi-Artemis and Konstantinos Michailidis and Post-doctoral Researcher Nikolaos Siomos for their important help. Finally , special thanks to my mother , my father and my brother for their support and the sacrifices that they have done for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Lifetime and Degradation Science Of
    LIFETIME AND DEGRADATION SCIENCE OF POLYMERIC ENCAPSULANT IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS: INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE PERFORMANCE LOSS WITH SEMI-GSEM ANALYTICS by NICHOLAS R. WHEELER Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2017 Case Western Reserve University We hereby approve the thesis document1 of NICHOLAS R. WHEELER for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dr. Roger H. French Committee Chair, Adviser Date Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dr. Ozan Akkus Committee Member, Faculty Date Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Michael Hore Committee Member, Faculty Date Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Dr. Timothy J. Peshek Committee Member, Faculty Date Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dr. Laura S. Bruckman Committee Member, Faculty Date Department of Materials Science and Engineering Defense Date: August 25, 2016 1We certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Table of Contents List of Figuresv Acknowledgements ix Acknowledgements ix x Abstractx Chapter 1. Introduction1 World Energy Demands1 Lifetime and Degradation Science for PV2 Chapter 2. Literature Review4 Carrisa Plains Disaster4 Subsequent PV Studies6 Modern PV Module Degradation Perspective7 Confocal Raman Spectroscopy for PV Materials9 EL Images for Localized PV Performance 11 I-V Curves for System Level PV Performance 13 Chapter 3. Experimental Methods 15 Mini-Module Samples 15 Exposure Equipment and Procedures 18 Evaluation Equipment and Procedures 19 Data Analytics & Environment 24 Statistical Methods 32 iii Chapter 4. Experimental Results 36 UL PV Module Study - Degradation Pathway Modeling 36 SDLE Mini-Modules Pilot Study 43 Screen Printed Silver (SP-Ag) Corrosion L&DS Dataset 45 Chapter 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Engineering,Chemistry,Biochemistry
    Chemical E-Books Chemical engineering/Chemistry/BioChemistry/Oil-Gas-Petrochemical (رﻳﺎل)code title Original Price Our Price 652-003 10th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering - PSE2009, Part A & Part B (Computer Aided Chemi 400000 Auth: R. Maria d. B. Alves2009 Elsevier$575 ISBN: 0444534725 Pages: 2218 618-001 12th International Congress on Catalysis, Part A (Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, V.130A) 400000 Auth: J.L.G. Fierro A. Corma F.V. Melo S. M2000 Elsevier$500 ISBN: 044450480X Pages: 2114 640-022 19th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering - ESCAPE-19, 2009, Poland (Computer Aided 400000 Auth: Jacek Jezowski Jan Thullie2009 Elsevier$520 ISBN: 0444534334 Pages: 1264 648-003 20th European Symposium of Computer Aided Process Engineering (Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Volum 600000 Auth: S. Pierucci G. Buzzi Ferraris2010 Elsevier$605 ISBN: 0444535691 Pages: 1372 643-036 2-Butenal (Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents) 20000 Auth: World Health Organization2008 World Health Organization$40 ISBN: 924153074X Pages: 59 424-40 3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites 40000 Auth: TONG, Liyong, and Adrian P. MOURI2002 Elsevier Science.$113 ISBN: 0080439381 Pages: 262 478-10 3D QSAR in Drug Design, Volume 2. Ligand-Protein Interactions and Molecular Similarity (3D Quantitative Structu 180000 Auth: H. Kubinyi Gerd Folkers Yvonne C. M2002 Springer$446 ISBN: 0792347900 Pages: 432 630-039 75 Years of Chromatography, A Historical Dialogue (Journal of chromatography library, Volume 17) 20000 Auth: Leslie S. Ettre Albert Zlatkis1979 Elsevier$44 ISBN: 0444417540 Pages: 516 613-035 A Beginner's Guide to Mass Spectral Interpretation 20000 Auth: Terrence A. Lee1998 Wiley$105 ISBN: 0471976296 Pages: 240 614-011 A Bridge Not Attacked - Chemical Warfare Civilian Research During World War II 20000 Auth: Harold Johnston2003 World Scientific$65 ISBN: 981238152X Pages: 276 588-005 A Century of Separation Science 120000 Auth: Haleem J.
    [Show full text]
  • Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy and the Effects of Metal Ions on DNA Structure
    Journal of Molecular Structure 661-662 (2003) 541–560 www.elsevier.com/locate/molstruc Vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy and the effects of metal ions on DNA structure V. Andrushchenko, D. Tsankov, H. Wieser* Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4 Received 28 May 2003; accepted 6 August 2003 Dedicated to Professor Bernhard Schrader Abstract The effects of manganese (II), nickel (II), chromium (III), and platinum (II) (cisplatin) on the double helical structure of selected oligonucleotides and DNA as detected by vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy (VCD) are reviewed. For (dG–dC)20, the VCD spectra displayed unambiguously the transition from the normal right-handed B-form to the left-handed Z-from at the highest concentration of Mn2þ (8.5 [Mn]/[P]). For poly(rU)·poly(rA)·poly(rU), the double-triple- single helix transition induced by nickel (II) was clearly observable at increasing temperatures. For calf thymus DNA, chromium (III) at 0.6 [Cr]/[P] produced a 4-fold increase of the main VCD couplets, which are characterized as c-type spectra. These unusual features are due to condensed particles with dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the probing light and with regular arrangements of DNA double-helices inside the aggregates. c-Type spectra were also observed for DNA with manganese (II) between 55 and 60 8C at 2.4 [Mn]/[P]. Between 2.4 and 10 [Mn]/[P], intense and indistinct VCD features appeared above the DNA melting point indicating aggregation induced by Mn2þ ions at elevated temperature in a relatively wide range of experimental conditions, whereas DNA condensation with Mn2þ ions occurs only in a very narrow range of concentration and temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Methods and Applications
    Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Methods and Applications Edited by Bernhard Schrader Contributors: D. Bougeard, M. Buback, A. Cao, K. Gerwert, H. M. Heise, G. G. Hoffmann, B. Jordanov, W Kiefer, E.-H. Körte, H. Kuzmany, A. Leipertz, E. Lentz, J. Liquier, A. Röseler, H. Schnöckel, B. Schrader, H. W Schrötter, M. Spiekermann, E. Taillandier, H. Willner VCH Weinheim • New York • Basel • Cambridge • Tokyo Table of Contents Early history of vibrational spectroscopy (B. Schröder) 1 2 General survey of vibrational spectroscopy (B. Schröder) 7 2.1 Molecular vibrations 8 2.2 Methods of observing molecular vibrations 13 2.3 The infrared spectrum 16 2.4 The Raman spectrum 18 2.5 Frequencies of the vibrations of typical model molecules 26 2.5.1 Stretching vibrations of linear triatomic molecules 27 2.5.2 Stretching vibrations of cyclic molecules and molecular chains 30 2.5.3 General rules concerning vibrations 32 2.5.4 Estimating force constants 34 2.6 Vibrational spectra of molecules in different states 35 2.7 The symmetry of molecules and molecular vibrations 38 2.7.1 Symmetry Operators, symmetry elements 39 2.7.2 Point groups, space groups 41 2.7.3 Selection rules of the vibrations of molecules and crystals 44 2.7.3.1 Definition of a group, multiplication tables 44 2.7.3.2 Representations of a group 45 2.7.3.3 Irreducible representations 47 2.7.3.4 The character table 48 2.7.4 The number of vibrational states belonging to the different symmetry species 50 VIII Table of Contents 2.7.5 The number of vibrational states of a molecular crystal 51 2.7.6 Vibrational spectra of thiourea molecules and crystal modifications 54 2.7.6.1 Vibrational states of the free thiourea molecule 54 2.7.6.2 Vibrational states of the thiourea molecule under the constraints of its site symmetry 56 2.7.6.3 Vibrational states of the unit cell of crystalline thiourea 56 2.7.6.4 Correlation of the motional degrees of freedom of thiourea 57 2.7.7 Infrared and Raman activity of lattice vibrations 61 3 Tools for infrared and Raman spectroscopy (B.
    [Show full text]