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Based FTIR Spectra for the Region of Thessaloniki and Validation with TROPOMI

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Based FTIR Spectra for the Region of Thessaloniki and Validation with TROPOMI Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Measurements of full atmospheric gas columns ( , , , , ) using ground- based FTIR spectra for the region of Thessaloniki and validation with TROPOMI Author : Mermigkas Marios Supervisor : Professor Balis Dimitrios 1 ΑΡΙ΢ΣΟΣΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙ΢ΣΗΜΙΟ ΘΕ΢΢ΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ΢ ΢ΧΟΛΗ ΘΕΣΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙ΢ΣΗΜΩΝ ΣΜΗΜΑ ΦΤ΢ΙΚΗ΢ Π.Μ.΢. ΦΤ΢ΙΚΗ΢ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΣΟ΢ Μεηρήζεις καηακόρσθης ζηήλης αημοζθαιρικών αερίων ( , , , , ) με ηη τρήζη θαζμαηοζκοπίας σπερύθροσ μέζω μεηαζτημαηιζμού Fourier για ηην περιοτή ηης Θεζζαλονίκης και διαδικαζία επικύρωζης με ηο δορσθορικό όργανο TROPOMI Μέρμηγκας Μάριος Επιβλέπων Καθηγητής : Μπαλής Δημήτριος 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Dr. Dimitrios Balis for his valuable help and for the time he spent in order to help me get through this study as well as for the fact that he inspired and encouraged me through all these years. Also , we are grateful to KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) for providing us with the instrument (EM27/SUN) , which was developed by Bruker Optics and of course Professor Frank Hase and his team for the collaboration. In addition , we want to thank the Department of Meteorology and Climatology ( AUTH ) for the meteorological data. Laboratory Teaching Stuff Chrysanthi Topaloglou is gratefully acknowledged for her precious help and for her instructions during all these months. Furthermore , I want to thank Post-doctoral Research Associate Mariliza Koukouli , PhD students Voudouri Kalliopi-Artemis and Konstantinos Michailidis and Post-doctoral Researcher Nikolaos Siomos for their important help. Finally , special thanks to my mother , my father and my brother for their support and the sacrifices that they have done for me. 4 5 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. 11 ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ............................................................................................. 13 1.) Introduction ...................................................................................... 16 1.1) Climate change .......................................................................... 16 1.2) The greenhouse effect ............................................................... 21 1.3) The anthropogenic Green-House Effect ..................................... 24 1.4) Changes in radiative forcing ...................................................... 26 2) Greenhouse gases .............................................................................. 27 2.1) Carbon dioxide .......................................................................... 28 2.2) Methane (CH4) ........................................................................... 30 2.3) Water vapour (H2O) .................................................................. 32 2.4) Carbon monoxide (CO) .............................................................. 35 2.4.1) Human Impact ................................................................... 35 2.4.2) Potential for control .......................................................... 36 3.1) Interaction of radiation and matter ................................................ 37 3.1.1) Molecular Spectroscopy ......................................................... 38 3.1.2) Molecular vibrations ............................................................... 38 3.1.3) Molecular Potential ................................................................ 39 3.2 ) Discovery of Infrared light ............................................................ 45 3.3 ) What is an Infrared spectrum ? ...................................................... 47 3.4 ) What kind of molecules absorb infrared light ? ............................ 49 4) The Fourier Transform Principal ......................................................... 50 4.1) EM/27 SUN BRUKER INSTRUMENT ............................................ 54 6 4.2) Theory of EM27/SUN - BRUKER ................................................. 58 4.3) Utility and advantages ............................................................... 63 4.4) What is an FTIR spectrum used for ? ......................................... 63 4.5) Interferometer and Fourier Transform ...................................... 67 4.5.1) Michelson’s Interferometer............................................... 67 4.5.2) Interference Pattern ......................................................... 69 4.5.3) Michelson’s Interferometer principle ................................ 71 4.6) Fourier Transform of Interferogram to Spectrum ...................... 74 4.7) Extracting the spectrum from raw data ..................................... 76 4.8) The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ............................................... 78 4.9) Background Spectrum ............................................................... 79 4.10) Absorption spectroscopy ......................................................... 81 4.11) Transmission spectrum ............................................................ 81 5) Analysis of FTIR ground-based measurements ................................... 89 5.1) CamTracker program ................................................................. 89 5.2) Recording Spectra ( OPUS_7.2.139.1294 ) ................................ 93 5.3) TCCON ....................................................................................... 94 5.4) The HITRAN Database ................................................................ 95 5.5) COCCON software description, version: 180806 ........................ 98 5.5.1) Process .............................................................................. 99 5.5.2) Starting the retrieval ....................................................... 102 6) Misalignments ................................................................................. 105 6.1) Ghost to parent ratio ............................................................... 106 6.2) Pressure broadening ................................................................ 107 6.3) Doppler broadening ................................................................. 107 6.4) Air – mass dependency ............................................................ 108 6.5) ILS ............................................................................................ 109 6.6) Zero filling ................................................................................ 111 7 6.7) Apodization Function ............................................................... 112 6.8) Phase Error .............................................................................. 114 7) Ground-based FTIR measurements in Thessaloniki .......................... 116 7.1) Set up ...................................................................................... 116 7.2 ) Mean daily values and daily course of FTIR ground-based measurements in Thessaloniki ........................................................ 118 7.3 ) Standard deviation of x-gases ( Daily values ) ......................... 135 7.4 ) Comparison with other sites ................................................... 140 8) Validation with TROPOMI satellite sensor ( Sentinel - S5P ) ............. 148 8.1) Sentinel 5 – Precursor .............................................................. 150 8.2) EM27/SUN validation with TROPOMI data products (XCO,XCH4)… ............................................................................................................. 155 9) Conclusions ...................................................................................... 164 References……………………………………………………………………………………….166 8 9 10 ABSTRACT In this master thesis , our aim is to extract the daily course of greenhouse gases ( such as carbon dioxide ( ) and methane ( ) ) and also study the effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy by measuring the full atmospheric gas column from the ground where the system (EM27/SUN) is faced up to the space and also to interpret the results for the region of Thessaloniki. The EM27/SUN – FTIR was place up on the roof of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (AUTH) and our measurements were started from 15th of January in the morning. The EM27/SUN spectrometer is intended to measure direct solar radiation in the near infrared (NIR) spectral range. The recorded spectra contain signatures of atmospheric constituents ( , , , , ), which can be evaluated to retrieve the total columns. The system was built and optimized explicitly for analysing atmospheric gases by using the radiation of the sun as a light source for high precision gas analysis and was developed by KIT in collaboration with Bruker Optics. We managed to take our first total column measurements of X-GHGs in the area of Thessaloniki using FTIR spectroscopy for a period of 8 months (January – August 2019) , observe diurnal and seasonal variability of X columns of GHGs and investigate possible sources and correlation with meteorological data. Finally , validation with Sentinel – 5 Precursor satellite sensor , TROPOMI , was achieved for data products such as carbon monoxide and methane exporting a correlation factor between satellite data and ground-based FTIR measurements. Furthermore , we tried to compare our results so far with measurements from different European and world wide sites. 11 12 ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ΢τθν παροφςα διπλωματικι εργαςία ο ςτόχοσ μασ είναι να εξαγάγουμε τθν κακθμερινι πορεία των αερίων του κερμοκθπίου
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