DOCSLIB.ORG

EVOSTC Restoration Notebook: Pigeon Guillemot

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EVOSTC Restoration Notebook: Pigeon Guillemot estoration noteR book November 1998 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba Photo courtesy USFWS By Katherine J. Kuletz (50%-80%) breed in Alaska. Surveys conducted by the U.S. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife since 1989 estimated the population of pi­ geon guillemots at 3,500 in Prince William Sound (PWS),2 Pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) are medium-sized 9,000 in lower Cook Inlet,3 [FIG.1] and 19,000 in southeast­ seabirds in the Family Alcidae, close cousins to auklets, murres, ern Alaska.4 murrelets, and puffins. The pigeon guillemot nests along rocky In PWS the guillemot population has declined by 67% since coastline from California to Alaska in the North Pacific and the 1970s.2 Detailed counts at study colonies confirm this along eastern shores of Siberia.1 Other members of the genus decline. Pre-spill counts of about 2,000 guillemots breeding at Cepphus are: black guillemots (C. grylle), which inhabit the the Naked Island complex in central PWS were twice as high North Atlantic and the Bering Sea coast of Alaska, and spec­ as post-spill counts.5 Although guillemots in PWS show clear tacled guillemots (C. carbo), in the Sea of Okhotsk and Ja- spill-related effects, the reason for the magnitude of the de­ pan.1 Pigeon guillemots, like all auks, forage by swimming cline is not well understood, and counts in 1985 suggest that underwater in pursuit of their prey. They nest mostly in small the decline began prior to the spill.5 Local threats to guillem­ scattered colonies or in solitary pairs. The estimated world ots include gillnet bycatch mortality, oil pollution, and preda­ population of pigeon guillemots is about 235,000 and most tion. Changes in marine ecosystems could affect food avail­ ability and regional population trends. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council 1 n o t eR bestoration o o k Annual Cycle and Nesting Habitat Although guillemot colonies may be limited Vital Statistics Little is known about the winter range of by nest sites in some locations, the adequacy of Population pigeon guillemots, but exposed coastlines ap­ local food supplies may be equally important, Approx. 3500 PWS; pear to be deserted in favor of more sheltered because guillemots forage within 7 km of their 9000 lower Cook Inlet inshore waters.1,6,7 Low numbers of guillem­ nests,7 and usually much closer.10,11,12,13 Population Trend ots remain in southcentral Alaska throughout the Nesting density probably varies due to the avail­ 6 67% decline in PWS since the winter. Guillemots begin to return to their ability of both suitable nest sites and food abun­ ‘70s, some areas show trend of breeding grounds in April, usually sporting their dance. Perhaps because they feed nearshore and continued decline since 1989 summer plumage. Breeding plumage is a star­ near their nests, guillemots can be found nest­ tling change from their winter plumage of mostly ing as isolated pairs or in small colonies scat­ Lifespan white head and belly and dark gray back. Adults tered along the coastline, although in a few lo­ 14+ years of breeding age are a sleek black, with white cations there are colonies of more than 1000 Adult Size wing patches and bright red feet that match the pairs.14 Length, 32-33 cm; wing span, red lining of the mouth. Younger birds have faint One or two eggs are laid in natural cavities, 175-188 cm; weight, 445-565 g. white streaking mixed with the black feathers. often in rock crevices in talus boulders or on In May, maximum numbers of birds are cliff faces or in labyrinth tree root systems. Some Breeding Season present at the colonies and courtship begins in birds nest in artificial structures. Occasionally Lay eggs May-June; earnest. The guillemots gather in groups on the a bird will construct a nest-scrape if soil, sand, fledging July-August water and on rocks near the colonies where they or gravel is present. The eggs are the size of Incubation/Fledging socialize and establish pair bonds. Compared chicken eggs and vary in color from white to Eggs hatch in 26-33 days; to other alcids, guillemots have the widest array slightly bluish or pale green, with variable gray chick fledges in 29-54 days. of vocal calls and behaviors to affect pair bond­ and brown blotches concentrated in a band at Clutch size ing and establish dominance hierarchies. Calls one end. Incubation is intermittent after the first One or two eggs per season; include various hunch-whistles, trills, and alarm egg is laid until the clutch is completed, usually 8,9 some replacement clutches screams to signal perceived dangers. Lively 3 days later, after which full-time incubation duet flights and chases over land and water, of­ begins.10 Both adults have a two-lobed brood Chick weights ten continuing underwater, can be observed dur- patch and share incubation of the eggs, exchang­ Hatch at 24-50 g, semiprecocial; ing this time. The distinctive red fledge at 350-550 g. legs and interior of the mouth may Maturity also play an important role in court­ Age at breeding approx. 3-4 yrs ship and social interactions. Pairs tend to be monogamous and gener­ Plumages ally retain the same mate and de­ Winter and juvenile, gray above / fend the same nest site in succes­ white below; breeding, blackish- sive years.1,10 brown iridescent with white wing Pigeon guillemots are found patch along rocky coastlines during the Diet breeding season, which in Gunnels, pricklebacks, ronquils, southcentral Alaska is May through sculpins, flatfish, rockfish, small August. Guillemots are flexible in crustacea, squid, sand lance, nest selection and will use isolated smelt, juveniles of cod, herring, offshore islands or onshore sites. pollock, and salmon Nest predation by birds and mam­ mals can be intense, so nest site se­ lection is vital to a pair’s breeding Photo by Greg Golet success. River otter and mink prey on adults, eggs and chicks while A guillemot chick at 6-8 weeks is ready to leave the nest. ravens, crows, jays and magpies take unattended eggs or chicks if they can reach ing incubation duties approximately every 4-8 them. Nests can be found by the smell and pres­ hours. ence of chick feces on the rocky cliffs. The high- Chicks hatch after an average of about 32 pitched peeping of chicks begging for food, or days, with the first-laid egg usually hatching 1­ the adult delivering fish to their young, also help 2 days before the second.7,15,16 The size ad­ predators (and researchers) to locate nests. vantage of the ‘alpha’ chick can become critical 2 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Rn estorationo t e b o o k if food is scarce, resulting in many single-chick Pigeon Guillemot Study Sites broods later in the season. The chicks are semi- precocial and able to stand after only a few hours. Because the chicks cannot thermoregulate for the first few days, they are brooded by adults during this period. At hatching the chicks are covered by a thick black-brown down that later Naked Island becomes gray. Feathers begin to appear about Colonies day 12 and chicks are fully feathered by day 20­ 25, although tufts of down persist. Juvenile Jackpot Island plumage after fledging is similar to adult winter Colony Prince plumage, but with more gray on the head, throat, William and belly. Sound Chicks are fed by both parents, each carrying one fish or invertebrate at a time in their bill back to the nest throughout daylight hours. Chicks eat the fish whole, head-first, and gain Kachemak Bay Colonies weight rapidly, tripling their mass within 10 days.10,17 After this rapid start, growth rates can vary greatly between chicks, and fledging age may range from 29 to 54 days.1 Sometimes FIG. 1. Colonies of pigeon chicks exceed adult weights, but lose some herring, smelt, and gadids are also significant 11,20,21 guillemots can be found weight just prior to fledging. Fledglings usu­ prey species. [FIG.2]. Individual throughout the oil spill ally depart from the nest at night or early in the guillemots, however, often show distinct diet region. Monitoring of evening. The young, which are independent preferences, even in the presence of apparently colonies has taken place in abundant alternative prey species.10,11,12,22 Kachemak Bay and in from their parents, are capable swimmers and Prince William Sound at divers, but do not fly for several weeks. For example, some birds would catch and feed Jackpot Island and at Guillemot pairs, even within the same colony, their chicks only blennies, while others at the Naked Island. Naked Island exhibit a wide range in breeding phenology. In same colony would use sand lance or Pacific has five distinct colonies included in the study. Alaska, fledging occurs from July to September. herring. In Kachemak Bay, diet appeared to vary Most guillemots in southcentral Alaska fledge with location of the colony, suggesting that prey from late July to mid August, with the peak oc­ use was a function of local habitat (Litzhow and curring during the first two weeks in August.6,11 Piatt, unpubl data). At Naked Island, however, The numbers of adult guillemots at the colonies there were no significant differences in the diet gradually decrease as the chicks fledge. preferences among colonies.22 Little is known about the movement of im­ Because different fish are not equal in nutri­ mature birds in the fall, but estimated chick sur­ tional value, the feeding preferences of adults vival is around 40%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Printable Species Checklist Only (PDF)
    Waterfowl N Shorebirds N Gulls and Terns N Owls N Greater Scaup American Avocet Bonaparte’s Gull Barn Owl ◡ Lesser Scaup ◡ Black Oystercatcher Franklin’s Gull Great Horned Owl ◡ Harlequin Duck Black-bellied Plover Heermann’s Gull Snowy Owl Surf Scoter American Golden-Plover Mew Gull Northern Pygmy-Owl White-winged Scoter Pacific Golden-Plover Ring-billed Gull Barred Owl ◡ Black Scoter Semipalmated Plover Western Gull 2 Short-eared Owl Long-tailed Duck Killdeer ◡ California Gull Northern Saw-whet Owl ◡ Bufflehead Whimbrel Herring Gull Kingfishers Common Goldeneye Long-billed Curlew Iceland Gull Belted Kingfisher ◡ Barrow’s Goldeneye Marbled Godwit Glaucous-winged Gull 2 ◡ Woodpeckers Hooded Merganser ◡ Ruddy Turnstone GWxWestern Gull (hybrid) ◡ Red-breasted Sapsucker ◡ Common Merganser Black Turnstone Caspian Tern P Downy Woodpecker ◡ Red-breasted Merganser Red Knot Common Tern Hairy Woodpecker ◡ Ruddy Duck ◡ Surfbird Loons Pileated Woodpecker ◡ Quail and Allies Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Red-throated Loon Northern Flicker ◡ California Quail ◡ Stilt Sandpiper Pacific Loon Falcons Ring-necked Pheasant ◡ Sanderling Common Loon American Kestrel ◡ P Grebes Dunlin Yellow-billed Loon 1 Merlin Peregrine Falcon Pied-billed Grebe ◡ Rock Sandpiper Cormorants Flycatchers Horned Grebe Baird’s Sandpiper Brandt’s Cormorant Olive-sided Flycatcher Red-necked Grebe Least Sandpiper Pelagic Cormorant ◡ Western Wood-Pewee P Eared Grebe Pectoral Sandpiper Double-crested Cormorant ◡ Willow Flycatcher Western Grebe Semipalmated Sandpiper Pelicans ◡ Hammond’s Flycatcher
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Ecology and Extinction of the Great Auk (Pinguinus Impennis): Anecdotal Evidence and Conjectures
    THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VOL. 101 JANUARY1984 No. 1 BREEDING ECOLOGY AND EXTINCTION OF THE GREAT AUK (PINGUINUS IMPENNIS): ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE AND CONJECTURES SVEN-AXEL BENGTSON Museumof Zoology,University of Lund,Helgonavi•en 3, S-223 62 Lund,Sweden The Garefowl, or Great Auk (Pinguinusimpen- Thus, the sad history of this grand, flightless nis)(Frontispiece), met its final fate in 1844 (or auk has received considerable attention and has shortly thereafter), before anyone versed in often been told. Still, the final episodeof the natural history had endeavoured to study the epilogue deservesto be repeated.Probably al- living bird in the field. In fact, no naturalist ready before the beginning of the 19th centu- ever reported having met with a Great Auk in ry, the GreatAuk wasgone on the westernside its natural environment, although specimens of the Atlantic, and in Europe it was on the were occasionallykept in captivity for short verge of extinction. The last few pairs were periods of time. For instance, the Danish nat- known to breed on some isolated skerries and uralist Ole Worm (Worm 1655) obtained a live rocks off the southwesternpeninsula of Ice- bird from the Faroe Islands and observed it for land. One day between 2 and 5 June 1844, a several months, and Fleming (1824) had the party of Icelanderslanded on Eldey, a stackof opportunity to study a Great Auk that had been volcanic tuff with precipitouscliffs and a flat caught on the island of St. Kilda, Outer Heb- top, now harbouring one of the largestsgan- rides, in 1821. nettles in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge Watchable Wildlife Introduction
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge Watchable Wildlife Introduction Home for Wildlife Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge Summer brings nesting songbirds to was set aside by executive order the forested and grass uplands and on in 1915 as a refuge, preserve, and to the spits. Often visitors see harbor breeding ground for native birds. seals swimming in the marine waters Located in the northwest corner of and hauling out on shore to rest and Washington State on the Salish Sea, nurse their pups within the protection approximately 60 miles northwest of of the Refuge boundaries. Visitors have Seattle, it offers a diversified habitat also spotted other marine mammals, of sand beaches, protected bay such as orca and minke whales, in the waters, seagrass beds, mudflats, and Refuge waters. forested and grass uplands. About this The following fish and wildlife species Good wildlife viewing opportunities Checklist list includes 244 species of birds, 29 occur throughout the year on the Refuge. species of mammals, 8 species of In winter, the area is important to sea reptiles and amphibians, and 26 species ducks and other waterfowl who feed of fish that are found on the Refuge. and find storm shelter in the Since most birds are migratory, their protected waters of Dungeness Bay. seasonal occurrence and abundance, as The Bay remains an well as associated habitats are coded. important migration stop The list was prepared with the and wintering ground for assistance of Bob Boekelheide, Rod brant. Many shorebird Norvell and other knowledgeable species also feed on the birders. If you see something rare or shorelines and mudflats unusual, please share the information during the spring and fall with the Refuge biologist.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Fossil Seabirds from the Tertiary of the North Pacific
    Paleobiology,18(4), 1992, pp. 401-424 A review of the fossil seabirds fromthe Tertiaryof the North Pacific: plate tectonics,paleoceanography, and faunal change Kenneth I. Warheit Abstract.-Ecologists attempt to explain species diversitywithin Recent seabird communities in termsof Recent oceanographic and ecological phenomena. However, many of the principal ocean- ographic processes that are thoughtto structureRecent seabird systemsare functionsof geological processes operating at many temporal and spatial scales. For example, major oceanic currents,such as the North Pacific Gyre, are functionsof the relative positions of continentsand Antarcticgla- ciation,whereas regional air masses,submarine topography, and coastline shape affectlocal processes such as upwelling. I hypothesize that the long-termdevelopment of these abiotic processes has influencedthe relative diversityand communitycomposition of North Pacific seabirds. To explore this hypothesis,I divided the historyof North Pacific seabirds into seven intervalsof time. Using published descriptions,I summarized the tectonicand oceanographic events that occurred during each of these time intervals,and related changes in species diversityto changes in the physical environment.Over the past 95 years,at least 94 species of fossil seabirds have been described from marine deposits of the North Pacific. Most of these species are from Middle Miocene through Pliocene (16.0-1.6 Ma) sediments of southern California, although species from Eocene to Early Miocene (52.0-22.0 Ma) deposits are fromJapan,
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Ecology of Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus Columba) on Alcatraz Island, California
    BREEDING ECOLOGY OF PIGEON GUILLEMOTS (CEPPHUS COLUMBA) ON ALCATRAZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA A thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University A S In partial fulfillment of the requirements for polfc the Degree - Masters of Arts In Geography: Resource Management and Environmental Planning by Victoria Leslie Seher San Francisco, California August 2016 Copyright by Victoria Leslie Seher 2016 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read Breeding Ecology of Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columbaj on Alcatraz Island, California by Victoria Leslie Seher, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Geography: Resource Management and Environmental Planning at San Francisco State University. Benjamin Becker, Ph.D. National Park Service BREEDING ECOLOGY OF PIGEON GUILLEMOTS (CEPPHUS COLUMBA) ON ALCATRAZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA Victoria Leslie Seher San Francisco, California 2016 This study compared the breeding ecology and diet of Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) from an urban estuarine colony (Alcatraz Island) and a remote oceanic colony (Southeast Farallon Island) to better understand how spatial differences and current management influence the two colonies. I used video cameras inside nest sites to help monitor the breeding phenology, reproductive success, and prey delivered to chicks on Alcatraz Island in 2015 and 2016. Data collected in this study were compared with data collected by Point Blue Conservation Science on Southeast Farallon Island. Results show similarities in breeding phenology between the two colonies, although the breeding start date was earlier on Alcatraz in 2016 by 12 days. Productivity was higher on Alcatraz in both years with 0.73 and 0.83 fledged chicks/pair while productivity dropped on Southeast Farallon Island from 0.65 fledged chicks/pair in 2015 to 0.30 fledged chicks/pair in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Thurston County Species List
    Washington Gap Analysis Project 202 Species Predicted or Breeding in: Thurston County CODE COMMON NAME Amphibians RACAT Bullfrog RHCAS Cascade torrent salamander ENES Ensatina AMMA Long-toed salamander AMGR Northwestern salamander RAPR Oregon spotted frog DITE Pacific giant salamander PSRE Pacific treefrog (Chorus frog) RAAU Red-legged frog TAGR Roughskin newt ASTR Tailed frog PLVA Van Dyke's salamander PLVE Western redback salamander BUBO Western toad Birds BOLE American bittern FUAM American coot COBR American crow CIME American dipper CATR American goldfinch FASP American kestrel TUMI American robin HALE Bald eagle COFA Band-tailed pigeon HIRU Barn swallow STVA Barred owl CEAL Belted kingfisher THBE Bewick's wren PAAT Black-capped chickadee PHME Black-headed grosbeak ELLE Black-shouldered kite (White-tailed kite DENI Black-throated gray warbler DEOB Blue grouse ANDI Blue-winged teal EUCY Brewer's blackbird CEAM Brown creeper MOAT Brown-headed cowbird PSMI Bushtit CACAL California quail BRCA Canada goose VISO Cassin's vireo (Solitary vireo) BOCE Cedar waxwing PARU Chestnut-backed chickadee SPPA Chipping sparrow NatureMapping 2007 Washington Gap Analysis Project ANCY Cinnamon teal HIPY Cliff swallow TYAL Common barn-owl MERME Common merganser CHMI Common nighthawk COCOR Common raven GAGA Common snipe GETR Common yellowthroat ACCO Cooper's hawk JUHY Dark-eyed (Oregon) junco PIPU Downy woodpecker STVU European starling COVE Evening grosbeak PAIL Fox sparrow ANST Gadwall AQCH Golden eagle RESA Golden-crowned kinglet PECA Gray jay ARHE Great
    [Show full text]
  • Pigeon Guillemot Study DELIVERABLES for TASK NO
    County: Island Grant No: PROJECT TITLE: Pigeon Guillemot Study DELIVERABLES FOR TASK NO: PROGRESS REPORT: [ ] PROJECT FINAL REPORT: [ X ] PERIOD COVERED: June-Aug 2013 DATE SUBMITTED: This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Pigeon Guillemot Study Whidbey Island, Washington 2013 Breeding Season Kelly L. Zupich Guillemot Research Group Abstract On Whidbey Island, Washington, three Pigeon Guillemot colonies were studied from June 25th, 2013 to August 31st, 2013 during breeding/nesting season. This is the fifth year of study. Pigeon Guillemots are the only seabird that regularly nest on Whidbey Island and remain in the Salish Sea year-round. The diet and behavior of these seabirds makes them an ideal indicator of the condition of the Salish Sea. The objective of this study is to establish baseline data on the population of Pigeon Guillemots on Whidbey Island. The colonies were monitored and data recorded on prey fed to chicks, fledging success, and population. The three colonies involved are Shore Meadows, Mutiny Sands, and Rolling Hills. The average prey choice for all three colonies was 63% gunnel, 29% sculpin, and 8% other. Fledging success in 2013 averaged 55%. Average population was forty five PIGUs at Shore Meadows, fourteen at Mutiny Sands, and nineteen at Rolling Hills. PIGU-Pigeon Guillemot Introduction Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) are medium sized seabirds of the Alcidae family.
    [Show full text]
  • SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does Not Include Alcidae
    SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does not include Alcidae CREATED BY AZA CHARADRIIFORMES TAXON ADVISORY GROUP IN ASSOCIATION WITH AZA ANIMAL WELFARE COMMITTEE Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group. (2014). Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: October 2013 Authors and Significant Contributors: Aimee Greenebaum: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Vice Chair, Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Alex Waier: Milwaukee County Zoo, USA Carol Hendrickson: Birmingham Zoo, USA Cindy Pinger: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Chair, Birmingham Zoo, USA CJ McCarty: Oregon Coast Aquarium, USA Heidi Cline: Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Jamie Ries: Central Park Zoo, USA Joe Barkowski: Sedgwick County Zoo, USA Kim Wanders: Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Mary Carlson: Charadriiformes Program Advisor, Seattle Aquarium, USA Sara Perry: Seattle Aquarium, USA Sara Crook-Martin: Buttonwood Park Zoo, USA Shana R. Lavin, Ph.D.,Wildlife Nutrition Fellow University of Florida, Dept. of Animal Sciences , Walt Disney World Animal Programs Dr. Stephanie McCain: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Veterinarian Advisor, DVM, Birmingham Zoo, USA Phil King: Assiniboine Park Zoo, Canada Reviewers: Dr. Mike Murray (Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA) John C. Anderson (Seattle Aquarium volunteer) Kristina Neuman (Point Blue Conservation Science) Sarah Saunders (Conservation Biology Graduate Program,University of Minnesota) AZA Staff Editors: Maya Seaman, MS, Animal Care Manual Editing Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Director of Animal Programs Debborah Luke, PhD, Vice President, Conservation & Science Cover Photo Credits: Jeff Pribble Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals of New York
    CHECKLIST OF AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF NEW YORK STATE Including Their Legal Status Eastern Milk Snake Moose Blue-spotted Salamander Common Loon New York State Artwork by Jean Gawalt Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish and Wildlife Page 1 of 30 February 2019 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish and Wildlife Wildlife Diversity Group 625 Broadway Albany, New York 12233-4754 This web version is based upon an original hard copy version of Checklist of the Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals of New York, Including Their Protective Status which was first published in 1985 and revised and reprinted in 1987. This version has had substantial revision in content and form. First printing - 1985 Second printing (rev.) - 1987 Third revision - 2001 Fourth revision - 2003 Fifth revision - 2005 Sixth revision - December 2005 Seventh revision - November 2006 Eighth revision - September 2007 Ninth revision - April 2010 Tenth revision – February 2019 Page 2 of 30 Introduction The following list of amphibians (34 species), reptiles (38), birds (474) and mammals (93) indicates those vertebrate species believed to be part of the fauna of New York and the present legal status of these species in New York State. Common and scientific nomenclature is as according to: Crother (2008) for amphibians and reptiles; the American Ornithologists' Union (1983 and 2009) for birds; and Wilson and Reeder (2005) for mammals. Expected occurrence in New York State is based on: Conant and Collins (1991) for amphibians and reptiles; Levine (1998) and the New York State Ornithological Association (2009) for birds; and New York State Museum records for terrestrial mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Submarine Foraging Behavior of Alcids in an Artificial Environment
    Zoo Biology 6:373-378 (1987) Submarine Foraging Behavior of Alcids in an Artificial Environment David Cameron Duffy, Frank S. Todd, and W.R. Siegfried Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.C.D., WR.S.); Hubbs Sea World Research Institute, San Diego, California (F.S. T.) We used an artificial environment at Sea World, Inc, San Diego, to study under­ water foraging behavior of a1cids. Larger birds dove longer and had greater wing­ beat frequencies. The pigeon guillemot Cepphus columba was the only species to use both feet and wings for propulsion; all others used just wings. Aggressive interactions underwater were common. Competition among alcids in the wild may occur primarily underwater, and artificial environments may be the best means to study such interactions. Key words: captivity, competition, diving, foraging INTRODUCTION The study of foraging by seabirds in their natural environments is extremely difficult as they can rarely be observed directly below the surface. Inferences con­ cerning foraging, based on surface observations, may lead to ambiguous results. For example, Cody [1973] concluded that differences in foraging range, rather than diet or foraging depth, facilitated partitioning of food resources between species in alcid communities off the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and off Iceland. Bedard [1976] questioned Cody's findings but did not present alternative explanations for possible partitioning of resources. We suggest that, because alcids normally capture prey below the surface of the sea [Ashmole, 1971; Bradstreet and Brown, 1985], studies of the birds' submarine foraging behavior are needed. We report here an initial study of foraging by seven alcid species kept at Sea World, Inc, San Diego, in an artificial enclosure that attempts to simulate their natural environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Scripta Islandica 72/2021
    SCRIPTA ISLANDICA ISLÄNDSKA SÄLLSKAPETS ÅRSBOK 72/2021 REDIGERAD AV LASSE MÅRTENSSON OCH VETURLIÐI ÓSKARSSON under medverkan av Pernille Hermann (Århus) Else Mundal (Bergen) Guðrún Nordal (Reykjavík) Heimir Pálsson (Uppsala) Henrik Williams (Uppsala) UPPSALA, SWEDEN Utgiven med stöd från Vetenskapsrådet © 2021 respektive författare (CC BY) DOI: 10.33063/diva-439399 Sättning: Ord och sats Marco Bianchi Isländska sällskapet Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet ISSN 0582-3234 (tryckt) ISSN 2001-9416 (digitalt) Innehåll FELIX LUMMER, Of Magical Beings and Where to Find Them: On the Concept of álfar in the translated riddarasǫgur .............. 5 FROG, Preserving Blunders in Eddic Poems: Formula Variation in Numbered Inventories of Vafþrúðnismál and Grímnismál ...... 43 LASSE MÅRTENSSON, The Change menninir > mennurnir, mennirnir in Icelandic ........................................... 93 MARTIN RINGMAR, Läsning för folket? Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu i skandinaviska nyöversättningar: Hur? För vem? Varför? ....... 107 MIKAEL MALES, Kan fornisländskans rúnar betyda ’bokstäver’? ... 127 Recension LASSE MÅRTENSSON, Rec. av Karl G. Johansson och Elise Kleivane (red.). Speculum septentrionale. Konungs skuggsjá and the Euro­ pean Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ..................... 137 Författarna i denna årgång ................................. 143 Of Magical Beings and Where to Find Them On the Concept of álfar in the Translated riddarasǫgur FELIX LUMMER 1. Introduction The process of translation attempts to enable the understanding of for- eign concepts and ideas, something which naturally involves the use of both words and concepts that are already extant in the receiving culture. This natu rally involves linguistic problems, but more interestingly often results in the overlapping, alteration and merging of concepts, something that can have long-term consequences on language and cultural under- standing.
    [Show full text]
  • Sixteen Vetted Fossil Calibrations for Divergence Dating of Charadriiformes (Aves, Neognathae)
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Sixteen vetted fossil calibrations for divergence dating of Charadriiformes (Aves, Neognathae) N. Adam Smith ABSTRACT The Charadriiformes (shorebirds and allies) are an ecologically and morphologi- cally diverse clade with a global geographic distribution. The perceived antiquity of this lineage and the cryptic plumage and morphology of some charadriiforms have made them a frequent focus of study by ornithologists. Likewise, with the relatively recent advent of molecular sequence based divergence estimation methods, no less than seven studies have estimated the timing of cladogenetic events in Charadriiformes. Unfortunately, all of those studies have suffered from poor choice and characterization (i.e., age and taxonomic assignment) of fossil calibrations used for divergence time analysis. Given that studies of both real and simulated data have demonstrated the potential for calibration choice to bias node age estimates, the results of previously published analyses of divergence times for Charadriiformes must, accordingly, be viewed with caution. To alleviate introduction of fossil calibration bias with respect to future analyses of divergence times including Charadriiformes, 16 rigorously evaluated charadriiform fossil calibrations are reported herein. N. Adam Smith. The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 W. Main St., Suite A200, Durham, NC, 27705, U.S.A., [email protected] KEYWORDS: Charadrii; minimum age constraints; Pan-Alcidae; Lari; Scolopaci; seabirds and shorebirds INTRODUCTION forms were previously considered a basal neorni- thine lineage and were influential in the Charadriiformes (shorebirds and allies) are a development of the largely refuted ‘transitional globally distributed clade including more than 360 shorebird’ hypothesis (Olson, 1985; Feduccia, morphologically and ecologically diverse species 1996), dating cladogenetic events in Charadrii- (del Hoyo et al., 1996).
    [Show full text]