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ABSTRACT Title of Document: DARING to THINK ABSTRACT Title of Document: DARING TO THINK IS BEGINNING TO FIGHT: THE HISTORY OF MAGAZINE ALTERNATIVA—COLOMBIA, 1974-1980 Carlos G. Agudelo Directed By: Dr. Maurine Beasley, Philip Merrill College of Journalism This case study of alternative, radical journalism in Latin America during the 1970s, seeks to clarify and define the characteristics and limits of this model in concrete, specific historical circumstances. It traces the history of Alternativa, a leftist magazine published between February 1974 and 1980 in Bogotá, Colombia when three groups of people from different backgrounds devised a journalistic alternative model based on four objectives (counter-informing; investigation, analysis and interpretation; divulging the people’s struggles; and propitiating the unity of the left), to effect a lasting change in Colombia’s society. The founders’ common Marxist background determined the magazine’s content and its approach. Initially, they declared themselves independent and neutral toward the left’s groups and decided to reach a wide audience through mass circulation. The narrative shows how inner tensions resulting from principled differences among the magazine’s creators and from political circumstances led to two crises that tested its founding principles and determined its journalistic evolution. It also shows the struggle of the magazine to survive in a hostile climate, against a notoriously reckless and corrupt regime, testing the limits of the freedom of the press. In the first phase, the narrative reviews the history of the country as seen through the eyes of the publication, which contested the official version in the mainstream news media. In the second phase, the investigation highlights paramount issues such as human rights violations, corruption and the role of the press, through the magazine’s critical coverage of Colombia’s armed forces and police. In the third phase, the dissertation explores the magazine’s complex relationship with the left, which eventually led to its demise. As author of this dissertation, I was witness to the events covered by Alternativa, and was part of the staff of writers in the magazine’s third and last stage, with an inside view of a journalistic phenomenon crucial to understanding Colombia’s present troubles. DARING TO THINK IS BEGINNING TO FIGHT: THE HISTORY OF MAGAZINE ALTERNATIVA, COLOMBIA, 1974-1980 By Carlos G. Agudelo Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2007 Advisory Committee: Dr. Maurine Beasley, Chair and Advisor Dr. Michael Gurevitch Dr. Carol L. Rogers Professor Reese Cleghorn Dr. Saul Sosnowski © Copyright by Carlos G. Agudelo 2007 Dedication To The journalists of Alternativa, my friends and companions, the true heroes of this story. To my wife Lucia Victoria, whose love gave me the strength I needed. To my daughter Amanda, who is following in my steps, and to her mother Janis for taking care of her. To my New York friends, Nelson, Orlando, Pacho, Naide, Germán. To María Victoria Escobar de Segura. ii Acknowledgements The help, generosity and wisdom of Dr. Maurine Beasley made this journey possible. My host Margaret Zeigler lent me her space and the privilege of her friendship. I am grateful to Universidad de Antioquia and Colfuturo for their help and to the Philip Merrill College of Journalism for the opportunity to keep educating myself. iii Table of Contents Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii Table of contents iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Theoretical framework, review of the literature and methodology 9 Chapter 3: Historical context 38 Chapter 4: Genesis and conception 57 Chapter 5: The first crisis and a new direction 74 Chapter 6. The second stage 155 Chapter 7: The left and the third stage 196 Chapter 8: Conclusions 277 References 283 iv Chapter 1: Introduction By analyzing the magazine Alternativa in Colombia between 1974 and 1980, I hope to contribute to the understanding of a type of press that falls within a variety of categories and definitions as practiced in countries in the so-called Third World. The very name of the magazine suggests the category of alternative press. Others may include revolutionary, Leninist, emancipatory, critical, leftist, radical or opposition journalism. In mentioning these names, I have to take into account the fact that there is no unanimous consent as to any of these typologies, as indicated in my review of the literature on the issue (Atton 2002, McQuail 1994, Downing 1984). I will argue that Alternativa was unique, given the conditions of the country in which it was born and grew. Similar publications were spawned and grown in Latin America in the same period, but each was a product of its own time and the society that produced it, including the journalistic approaches under which their creators operated. While understanding that only a more thorough comparative study can qualify this assertion, I believe that no publication similar to Alternativa had such an influence as an opinion maker and as an actor in the political and cultural life of its country during its lifetime. This research will be a case study. The aim is primarily to contribute a careful account of the life and times of Alternativa, rescuing it from oblivion as a part of Colombia’s political, cultural and journalistic history. By narrating the events presented in the magazine’s pages and how they came to be there, I believe a light can be shed upon the country’s present situation. In fact, I hope to demonstrate that 1 many of the circumstances that today concern the life of Colombians had their genesis in those six years of the magazine’s life. As a printed periodical, Alternativa placed itself in the crossroads of history, politics, culture and journalism. At first it did so by adopting an uncompromising political position based on longstanding leftist ideals that went back to classic Marxist revolutionary theory. Consistent with those ideals, it tried to bring a lasting change in Colombian society. In time it went from one extreme to the other in the left’s spectrum: initially by openly advocating a socialist revolution and finally by fashioning an electoral alliance which ended up including progressive tendencies within the bourgeois Liberal and Conservative parties. I intend to show how this progression was reflected in the magazine’s journalistic evolution. For analytical purposes, I divide the history of the magazine in three stages: the first from issue 1 to issue 31, when the magazine changed format and periodicity; the second from issue 32 to issue 111, when it stopped publication for four months and reorganized its staff; and the third from issue 112 to 257, when it folded. Each of those periods included a deep, soul-searching crisis that forced the staff to examine its principles and how to deal with the changing political landscape. Each crises represented a step in the road from a dogmatic, radical and aggressive position to a more informative and inclusive one. All this happened while the magazine fought for its economic and political survival in a very hostile environment for human rights. The climate for press freedom was precarious and this was the only mass-circulation medium in the country to oppose the bipartisan Liberal-Conservative regime. 2 Alternativa used the Marxist lens to look at the reality of the country, offering a starkly different perspective than that of the mainstream media. No other medium had ever challenged with such force and determination the virtual monopoly held on news and information by broadcast and print outlets openly allied with the political parties in power and depending upon official approval and advertisers’ patronage. As I hope to show in this investigation, one immediate effect of Alternativa was to highlight the role of the mainstream press as an instrument of the political establishment, used to deliver a manufactured script on the state of the country. Contrary to the few leftist party publications of the time, Alternativa declared its neutrality and independence from any leftist political group. Instead, it chose to air its opinions and differences, uncritically at first, rather than identifying with any of them, and working for their unity. From the beginning, it decided to cater to increase its power as an opinion maker by becoming a mass-circulation publication rather than preaching to the converted, so to speak: the militants and activists of the left. As usually is the case with historical narratives, for such is the method adopted in this research, the tale of Alternativa is several stories in one. They all intersect at the temporal and spatial coordinates of Colombia of the time. I propose to follow those stories through the magazine’s explicit political and journalistic objectives as defined in the four points I shall identify. My conceptual framework seems useful in classifying and understanding the place such a publication had in the theoretical and practical communication and journalism landscape of Colombia and Latin America. 3 Briefly, those objectives were: (1) counter informing, meaning to cast facts in a different light and to present other facts not touched by mainstream mass media; (2) doing investigative, analytical and interpretive reports from a leftist perspective; (3) informing the public about the struggles of the underprivileged classes and (4) helping to achieve the unity of the left. These goals placed the magazine squarely in opposition to the regime by using modern journalism methods hardly ever tried before in Colombia. They highlighted the struggle of lower classes against the undemocratic capitalist regime in order to bring about a lasting political change through an organized and belligerent left. By counter-informing, the makers of the magazine meant to neutralize the monopoly that the ruling class had, through its communication media, depicting the country’s reality, from its history to its contemporary political, economic, social and cultural state.
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