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Hurricanes Affecting the Texas Gulf Coast

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Hurricanes Affecting the Texas Gulf Coast TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD REPORT 49 HURRICANES AFFECTING THE TEXAS GULF COAST By John T. Carr, Jr. June 1967 Reprinted March 1969 TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD Mills Cox, Chairman Marvin Shurbet, Vice Chairman Robert B. Gilmore Groner A. Pitts Milton T. Potts W. E. Tinsley Joe G. Moore, Jr., Executive Director Authorization for use or reproduction of any material contained in this publication, i.e., not obtained from other sources, is freely granted without the necessity of securing permission therefor. The Board would appreciate acknowledge­ ment of the source of original material so utilized. Published and distributed by the Texas Water Development Board Post Office Box 12386 Austin, Texas 78711 ii FOREWORD Storms producing major floods at interior locations are often related to hurricanes which strike the Texas coast and move inland. Information on hurri­ canes therefore is important for design and operation of reservoirs and other flood control facilities, as well as protection of coastal areas. The Water Development Board often receives requests for information on hurricanes, related weather phenomena, areas subject to inundation from hurri­ cane tides, and hurricane protection facilities. This report is intended to provide both general and specific answers to both the professional and non­ professional. It describes the recurring hurricane problem, hurricane meteo­ rology, five study areas of the Texas Gulf Coast, the status of hurricane pro­ tection projects, and standard project hurricanes and standard project storms. A convenient glossary of terms is included in the interest of a better under­ standing of the presentation. Although the report provides considerable specific information, it is not its intent to provide detailed data for each specific area or storm. Such data can be obtained readily by those individuals requiring it for design purposes. Texas Water Development Board John J. Vandertulip Chief Engineer iii ·. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page GLOSSARY OF TERMS................................................ ...... ix ABSTRACT. .............•...•..•....•.•................•................. 1 INTRODUCTION. ........•...••............................................ 3 Purpose and Scope................................................. 3 PersonneL........................................................ 4 THE RECURRING HURRICANE PROBLEM........................................ 4 Hurricane Damage.................................................. 4 Wind Damage.................................................. 4 Wa ter Damage Due to High Tides............................... 6 Beach Tides.................................................. 6 Bay Tides.................................................... 10 Flood Damage Due to Heavy Rains.............................. 10 Significance of the IS-Foot Topographic Contour................... 11 Subsidence Affecting Hurricane Protection Works................... 14 Texas Hurricane Statistics........................................ 14 History of Occurrences of Gulf of Mexico Hurricanes Which Affected Texas....................................... 16 History of Occurrences of Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea Hurricanes................................... 16 Intensity Criteria and Hurricane Classification................... i8 Hurricane Wind Field.............................................. 19 Hurricane Pressure Parameters..................................... 19 Historical Surges and High Tides.................................. 21 Probable Cycles of Hurricane Occurrence........................... 22 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd.) Page HURRICANE METEOROLOGy.................................................. 26 Hurricane Genesis and Growth...................................... 26 A Hurricane ModeL................................................ 27 Hurricane Tracks.................................................. 27 Extratropical Stage............................................... 36 STANDARD PROJECT HURRICANES AND STANDARD PROJECT STORMS...... ..•... ...• 37 Definitions... ........•..••..•.......••........•.................. 38 Gulf Hurricane Occurrences 1900-56................................ 38 Direction of Approach........................................ 41 Maximum Wind Speed 30 Feet Above Water....................... 41 Summary of Considerations When Selecting the Standard Project Hurricane............................................... 49 EXISTING AND AUTHORIZED HURRICANE TIDAL PROTECTION PROJECTS............ 50 Port Arthur and Vicinity Project. :................. 50 Texas City and Vicinity........................................... 51 Galveston Harbor and Channel Improvement Project.................. 51 The Galveston Sea Wallo........................................... 52 Freeport and Vicinity............................................. 53 Vicinity of Corpus Christi,....................................... 53 Corpus Christi to Brownsville..................................... 53 FIVE STUDY AREAS ALONG THE TEXAS COAST................................. 53 The Galveston Bay Study Area...................................... 54 CONCLUSIONS.. .. .. ... .•. .. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .•.••... .. .. ... 55 RECOMMENDATIONS. .....••.••..•.....•..•.......•..•..•.•..•.....•......•. 55 REFERENCES. .................•..•.....•..•...............•.............. 57 . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cant'd.) Page TABLES 1. Non-hurricane tornado paths compared with hurricane-tornado pa ths . 5 2. Carla-spawned hurricane-tornado wind damages .•........... 5 3. Maximum winds recorded in hurricanes .. ' .. " " " " .. " . 7 4. The 16 most costly hurricanes to affect Texas..................... 17 5. Sections of the United States affected by hurricanes. ...•......... 18 6. Dunn and Miller hurricane classification system................... 19 7. Number of hurricanes and tropical cyclones affecting the Texas coast....... 22 8. Monthly and annual frequencies of hurricanes affecting Texas, 1900-1965 23 9a. Observed frequency of hurricanes affecting Texas during the period 1900-1965 24 9b. Observed probability of occurrence of hurricanes affecting Texas during the period 1900-1965 24 9c. Hurricane frequency by years...................................... 24 FIGURES 1. Compos ite Wind Speed and Direc t ion Pa t tern, Oc tober 3, 1949 ....... 9 2. Hurricane Cindy, September 16-20, 1963 ... ...•.. ... .... ..... ... .... 12 3. Hurricane Carla, September 7-12, 1961 .. 13 4. Land Subsidence in the Houston Area............................... 15 5. Mean Wind Field Above a Typical Westward-Moving Hurricane......... 20 6. Annual Frequency of Tropical Cyclones Moving Inland Over Texas 25 7. A Model Describing the Formative Stages of Tropical Cyclone Development .•.........•..........•.......•.•.....•........•..... 28 8. The Hurricane Model ............................................... 29 9. Cross Section Radar Composite of Hurricane Esther 30 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd.) Page 10. Tracks of North Atlantic Tropical Storms, November-May 1871-1900 31 11. Tracks of Tropical Storms Affecting Texas 1871-1900 .............. 32 12. Tracks of Tropical Storms Affecting Texas, June and July 1901-1963 ...............•........•.......•......•.............. 33 13. Tracks of Tropical Storms Affecting Texas, August and September 1901-1963 ....•.......................•............... 34 14. Tracks of Tropical Storms Affecting Texas, October-May 1901-1963 ....•....•............................................ 35 15. Gulf Coast Zones for Hurricane Frequency......................... 39 16. Gulf Coast Zone Sub-Divisions Showing Total Hurricane Occurrences 1900-1956 ......•.•.•.........•..................... 40 17. Azimuth Distribution of Hurricane Paths in Zone C, Texas Gulf Coast 1900-1956 42 18. Standard Project Hurricane Wind-Speed Profile 30 Feet Above Wa ter ..•....•.•.•.......•..........•.•.....•..........•.. 43 19. Standard Proj ec t Hurricane Isove1 Pa ttern 30 Feet Above Water 44 20. Standard Projec t Hurricane Isove1 Pa ttern 30 Feet Above Water 45 21. Standard Project Hurricane Isove1 Pa ttern 30 Feet Above Water 46 22. Standard Projec t Hurricane Isove1 Pa t tern 30 Feet Above Water 47 23. Standard Project Hurr icane Isove1 Pattern 30 Feet Above Water 48 viii GLOSSARY OF TERMS Definitions in this list are intended to explain terms as used in this report. For the most part, definitions are taken from the "Glossary of Meteorology," published by the American Meteorological Society in 1959 and edited by Ralph E. Huschke. advection. The horizontal shifting of a mass of air (or water). anticyclonic. Having a sense of rotation about the local vertical opposite to that of the earth's rotation; that is, clockwise in the northern hemisphere, counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. astronimical tide. The common oceanic tide--a vertical wave-like movement of wa ter. condensation. The physical process by which a vapor becomes a liquid or solid; the opposite of evaporation. condensation-coalescence process. The physical change of water vapor to a liquid state and the subsequent merging of two of the newly formed water drops into a single larger drop. downwelling. The sinking of surface waters to subsurface layers in a body of wa ter. easterly wave. A migratory wave-like disturbance aloft in the tropical easter­ lies (easterly trade winds). extra tropical. In meteorology, typical of occurrences poleward of the belt of tropical easterlies. fault or faulting. A fracture in the earth's crust, with displacement of one side of the fracture with
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