Lecture 15 Hurricane Structure
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Characteristics of Satellite-Based Ocean Turbulent Heat Flux Around the Korean Peninsula and Relationship with Changes in Typhoon Intensity
remote sensing Article Characteristics of Satellite-Based Ocean Turbulent Heat Flux around the Korean Peninsula and Relationship with Changes in Typhoon Intensity Jaemin Kim and Yun Gon Lee * Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Astronomy, Space Science, and Geology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-042-821-7107 Abstract: Ocean-atmosphere energy exchange is an important factor in the maintenance of oceanic and atmospheric circulation and the regulation of meteorological and climate systems. Oceanic sensible and latent heat fluxes around the Korean Peninsula were determined using satellite-based air-sea variables (wind speed, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric specific humidity and temperature) and the coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (COARE) 3.5 bulk algorithm for six years between 2014 and 2019. Seasonal characteristics of the marine heat flux and its short- term fluctuations during summer typhoons were also investigated. Air-sea variables were produced through empirical relationships and verified with observational data from marine buoys around the Korean Peninsula. Satellite-derived wind speed, sea surface temperature, atmospheric specific humidity, and air temperature were strongly correlated with buoy data, with R2 values of 0.80, 0.97, 0.90, and 0.91, respectively. Satellite-based sensible and latent heat fluxes around the peninsula were also validated against fluxes calculated from marine buoy data, and displayed low values in summer and higher values in autumn and winter as the difference between air-sea temperature and specific humidity increased. Through analyses of spatio-temporal fluctuations in the oceanic turbulent heat Citation: Kim, J.; Lee, Y.G. -
Subtropical Storms in the South Atlantic Basin and Their Correlation with Australian East-Coast Cyclones
2B.5 SUBTROPICAL STORMS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC BASIN AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH AUSTRALIAN EAST-COAST CYCLONES Aviva J. Braun* The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1. INTRODUCTION With the exception of warmer SST in the Tasman Sea region (0°−60°S, 25°E−170°W), the climate associated with South Atlantic ST In March 2004, a subtropical storm formed off is very similar to that associated with the coast of Brazil leading to the formation of Australian east-coast cyclones (ECC). A Hurricane Catarina. This was the first coastal mountain range lies along the east documented hurricane to ever occur in the coast of each continent: the Great Dividing South Atlantic basin. It is also the storm that Range in Australia (Fig. 1) and the Serra da has made us reconsider why tropical storms Mantiqueira in the Brazilian Highlands (Fig. 2). (TS) have never been observed in this basin The East Australia Current transports warm, although they regularly form in every other tropical water poleward in the Tasman Sea tropical ocean basin. In fact, every other basin predominantly through transient warm eddies in the world regularly sees tropical storms (Holland et al. 1987), providing a zonal except the South Atlantic. So why is the South temperature gradient important to creating a Atlantic so different? The latitudes in which TS baroclinic environment essential for ST would normally form is subject to 850-200 hPa formation. climatological shears that are far too strong for pure tropical storms (Pezza and Simmonds 2. METHODOLOGY 2006). However, subtropical storms (ST), as defined by Guishard (2006), can form in such a. -
The Influences of the North Atlantic Subtropical High and the African Easterly Jet on Hurricane Tracks During Strong and Weak Seasons
Meteorology Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects 2018 The nflueI nces of the North Atlantic Subtropical High and the African Easterly Jet on Hurricane Tracks During Strong and Weak Seasons Hannah Messier Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/mteor_stheses Part of the Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Messier, Hannah, "The nflueI nces of the North Atlantic Subtropical High and the African Easterly Jet on Hurricane Tracks During Strong and Weak Seasons" (2018). Meteorology Senior Theses. 40. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/mteor_stheses/40 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Meteorology Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Influences of the North Atlantic Subtropical High and the African Easterly Jet on Hurricane Tracks During Strong and Weak Seasons Hannah Messier Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Alex Gonzalez — Mentor Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa Joshua J. Alland — Mentor Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York ABSTRACT The summertime behavior of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH), African Easterly Jet (AEJ), and the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) can provide clues about key physical aspects of a particular hurricane season. More accurate tropical weather forecasts are imperative to those living in coastal areas around the United States to prevent loss of life and property. -
Investigation and Prediction of Hurricane Eyewall
INVESTIGATION AND PREDICTION OF HURRICANE EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES By Matthew Sitkowski A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2012 Date of final oral examination: 4/9/12 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: James P. Kossin, Affiliate Professor, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Daniel J. Vimont, Professor, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Steven A. Ackerman, Professor, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Jonathan E. Martin, Professor, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Gregory J. Tripoli, Professor, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences i Abstract Flight-level aircraft data and microwave imagery are analyzed to investigate hurricane secondary eyewall formation and eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs). This work is motivated to provide forecasters with new guidance for predicting and better understanding the impacts of ERCs. A Bayesian probabilistic model that determines the likelihood of secondary eyewall formation and a subsequent ERC is developed. The model is based on environmental and geostationary satellite features. A climatology of secondary eyewall formation is developed; a 13% chance of secondary eyewall formation exists when a hurricane is located over water, and is also utilized by the model. The model has been installed at the National Hurricane Center and has skill in forecasting secondary eyewall formation out to 48 h. Aircraft reconnaissance data from 24 ERCs are examined to develop a climatology of flight-level structure and intensity changes associated with ERCs. Three phases are identified based on the behavior of the maximum intensity of the hurricane: intensification, weakening and reintensification. -
Extratropical Cyclones and Anticyclones
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Courtesy of Jeff Schmaltz, the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC/NASA Extratropical Cyclones 10 and Anticyclones CHAPTER OUTLINE INTRODUCTION A TIME AND PLACE OF TRAGEDY A LiFE CYCLE OF GROWTH AND DEATH DAY 1: BIRTH OF AN EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE ■■ Typical Extratropical Cyclone Paths DaY 2: WiTH THE FI TZ ■■ Portrait of the Cyclone as a Young Adult ■■ Cyclones and Fronts: On the Ground ■■ Cyclones and Fronts: In the Sky ■■ Back with the Fitz: A Fateful Course Correction ■■ Cyclones and Jet Streams 298 9781284027372_CH10_0298.indd 298 8/10/13 5:00 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction 299 DaY 3: THE MaTURE CYCLONE ■■ Bittersweet Badge of Adulthood: The Occlusion Process ■■ Hurricane West Wind ■■ One of the Worst . ■■ “Nosedive” DaY 4 (AND BEYOND): DEATH ■■ The Cyclone ■■ The Fitzgerald ■■ The Sailors THE EXTRATROPICAL ANTICYCLONE HIGH PRESSURE, HiGH HEAT: THE DEADLY EUROPEAN HEAT WaVE OF 2003 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ■■ Summary ■■ Key Terms ■■ Review Questions ■■ Observation Activities AFTER COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: • Describe the different life-cycle stages in the Norwegian model of the extratropical cyclone, identifying the stages when the cyclone possesses cold, warm, and occluded fronts and life-threatening conditions • Explain the relationship between a surface cyclone and winds at the jet-stream level and how the two interact to intensify the cyclone • Differentiate between extratropical cyclones and anticyclones in terms of their birthplaces, life cycles, relationships to air masses and jet-stream winds, threats to life and property, and their appearance on satellite images INTRODUCTION What do you see in the diagram to the right: a vase or two faces? This classic psychology experiment exploits our amazing ability to recognize visual patterns. -
FEMA Daily Situation Report
The Disaster Center is dedicated to the idea that disaster mitigation is cost effective and individuals pursuing their own interest are the greatest potential force for disaster reduction. Please consider making a small donation to the Disaster Center When disaster mitigation is cost effective, we are on the road to bringing disasters to an end. •Daily Operations Briefing Friday, October 18, 2013 8:30 a.m. EDT 1 Significant Activity: Oct 17 – 18 Significant Events: None Tropical Activity: • Atlantic – Tropical cyclone activity is not expected during the next 48 hours • Eastern Pacific – Area 1 (20%) • Central Pacific – Area 1 (10%) • Western Pacific – Typhoon Francisco (26W) Significant Weather: • Slight risk of severe thunderstorms – west central Texas • Heavy rainfall – Gulf Coast • Critical Fire Weather Areas / Red Flag Warnings: None • Space Weather: Past 24 hours: Minor/R1 radio blackouts observed; 24 hours: None predicted Earthquake Activity: No significant activity Declaration Activity: • Amendment No. 3 to FEMA-4129-DR-NY • Major Disaster Declaration requests for California, Arizona and the Santa Clara Pueblo 2 Atlantic – Tropical Outlook Updates at 2:00 am/pm and 8:00 am/pm EDT 3 Eastern Pacific – Tropical Outlook http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gtwo_epac.shtml This product is updated at approximately 5 AM, 11 AM, 5 PM, and 11 PM PDT from May 15 to November 30. Special outlooks may be issued as conditions warrant. 4 Eastern - Area 1 As of 8:00 a.m. EDT • Located 425 miles south of Gulf of Tehuantepec • Producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms • Conducive for slow development during next several days • Probability of tropical cyclone development: • Next 48 hours: Low ( 20%) • Next 5 days: Medium ( 40%) 5 Central Pacific – Tropical Outlook http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/cphc/ This product is updated at approximately 5 AM, 11 AM, 5 PM, and 11 PM PDT from May 15 to November 30. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005
MARCH 2008 ANNUAL SUMMARY 1109 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 JOHN L. BEVEN II, LIXION A. AVILA,ERIC S. BLAKE,DANIEL P. BROWN,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, RICHARD D. KNABB,RICHARD J. PASCH,JAMIE R. RHOME, AND STACY R. STEWART Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA/NWS/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 2 November 2006, in final form 30 April 2007) ABSTRACT The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active of record. Twenty-eight storms occurred, includ- ing 27 tropical storms and one subtropical storm. Fifteen of the storms became hurricanes, and seven of these became major hurricanes. Additionally, there were two tropical depressions and one subtropical depression. Numerous records for single-season activity were set, including most storms, most hurricanes, and highest accumulated cyclone energy index. Five hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall in the United States, including four major hurricanes. Eight other cyclones made landfall elsewhere in the basin, and five systems that did not make landfall nonetheless impacted land areas. The 2005 storms directly caused nearly 1700 deaths. This includes approximately 1500 in the United States from Hurricane Katrina— the deadliest U.S. hurricane since 1928. The storms also caused well over $100 billion in damages in the United States alone, making 2005 the costliest hurricane season of record. 1. Introduction intervals for all tropical and subtropical cyclones with intensities of 34 kt or greater; Bell et al. 2000), the 2005 By almost all standards of measure, the 2005 Atlantic season had a record value of about 256% of the long- hurricane season was the most active of record. -
Hand in Hand Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change: Investigating the Response of Tropical Cyclones to the Warming World
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER Hand in Hand Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change: Investigating the Response of Tropical Cyclones to the Warming World by Kopal Arora A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Mathematics in the Faculty of Mathematics College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences 12 February 2018 Declaration of Authorship \Hand in Hand Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change: Investigating the Re- sponse of Tropical Cyclones to the Warming World" is submitted by Kopal Arora, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Master of Philosophy, submitted on October 29, 2018, for examination. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signed: Date: October 29, 2018 i UNIVERSITY OF EXETER Abstract Faculty of Mathematics College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences Master of Philosophy in Mathematics by Kopal Arora iii What are the primary factors governing Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity (TCPI) and how does the TCPI vary with the change in CO2 concentration are the two fundamental questions we investigated here. In the first part, a strong spatial correlation between the TCPI and the ocean temperature underneath was used to develop a statistical model to quantify the TCPI over the remote regions where the TC related observations are difficult to acquire. -
Hurricane & Tornado Risks in June
June 4, 2021 Hurricane & Tornado Risks in June · Several changes in the weather typically occur in June across the Lower 48. Tropical Development · Atlantic hurricane season officially starts June 1, although it has started early the last seven years, including this year. · On average in the Atlantic Basic, one named storm forms every one to two years in June and a hurricane develops about once every five years. · Early in the season, tropical systems tend to form close to the U.S. and often affect the Southeastern U.S., the western Caribbean and parts of Central America. Rainfall, rather than wind, is usually the biggest concern with June tropical cyclones. Tornado Risks · June is typically an active month for tornadoes. · Tornadoes can happen just about anywhere in the Lower 48 in June, given the widespread warmth and humidity. · Low pressure systems can create the ingredients for severe weather in the Plains and Midwest, in particular. The area at greatest risk of tornadoes in June stretches from central Oklahoma into southwestern Minnesota. · Brief, usually weaker tornadoes often occur near the Gulf Coast during the summer. These are usually caused by sea-breeze thunderstorms and sea breeze collisions closer to the coast. Scattered thunderstorms can also create brief tornadoes across much of the South. · Tropical systems can also bring tornadoes, although they are usually weak and short-lived. · Peak hail activity also occurs in June, according to some studies. The Central and Southern Plains see an increase in hail during the early summer due to the combination of the jet stream, moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and daytime heating. -
A Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Size in the Western North Pacific Using an Alternative Metric Thomas B
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 A Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Size in the Western North Pacific Using an Alternative Metric Thomas B. (Thomas Brian) McKenzie III Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES A CLIMATOLOGY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE SIZE IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC USING AN ALTERNATIVE METRIC By THOMAS B. MCKENZIE III A Thesis submitted to the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2017 Copyright © 2017 Thomas B. McKenzie III. All Rights Reserved. Thomas B. McKenzie III defended this thesis on March 23, 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Robert E. Hart Professor Directing Thesis Vasubandhu Misra Committee Member Jeffrey M. Chagnon Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To Mom and Dad, for all that you’ve done for me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my sincere appreciation to Dr. Robert E. Hart for his mentorship and guidance as my graduate advisor, as well as for initially enlisting me as his graduate student. It was a true honor working under his supervision. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Vasubandhu Misra and Dr. Jeffrey L. Chagnon, for their collaboration and as representatives of the thesis process. Additionally, I thank the Civilian Institution Programs at the Air Force Institute of Technology for the opportunity to earn my Master of Science degree at Florida State University, and to the USAF’s 17th Operational Weather Squadron at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI for sponsoring my graduate program and providing helpful feedback on the research. -
FLORIDA HAZARDOUS WEATHER by DAY (To 1994) OCTOBER 1 1969
FLORIDA HAZARDOUS WEATHER BY DAY (to 1994) OCTOBER 1 1969 - 1730 - Clay Co., Orange Park - Lightning killed a construction worker who was working on a bridge. A subtropical storm spawned one weak tornado and several waterspouts in Franklin Co. in the morning. 2 195l - south Florida - The center of a Tropical Storm crossed Florida from near Fort Myers to Vero Beach. Rainfall totals ranged from eight to 13 inches along the track, but no strong winds occurred near the center. The strong winds of 50 to 60 mph were all in squalls along the lower east coast and Keys, causing minor property damage. Greatest damage was from rains that flooded farms and pasture lands over a broad belt extending from Naples, Fort Myers, and Punta Gorda on the west coast to Stuart, Fort Pierce, and Vero Beach on the east. Early fall crops flooded out in rich Okeechobee farming area. Many cattle had to be moved out of flooded area, and quite a few were lost by drowning or starvation. Roadways damaged and several bridges washed out. 2-4 1994 - northwest Florida - Flood/Coastal Flood - The remnants of Tropical Depression 10 moved from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across the Florida Panhandle, and into Georgia on the 2nd. High winds produced rough seas along west central and northwest Florida coasts causing minor tidal flooding and beach erosion. Eighteen people had to be rescued from sinking boats in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Heavy rains in the Florida Big Bend and Panhandle accompanied the system causing extensive flooding to roadways, creeks and low lying areas and minor flooding of rivers.