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Ultra-Wideband Rectenna Using Complementary Resonant Structure Heriot-Watt University Research Gateway Ultra-Wideband Rectenna Using Complementary Resonant Structure for Microwave Power Transmission and Energy Harvesting Citation for published version: Lu, P, Song, C & Huang, KM 2021, 'Ultra-Wideband Rectenna Using Complementary Resonant Structure for Microwave Power Transmission and Energy Harvesting', IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 3452-3462. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2021.3067902 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1109/TMTT.2021.3067902 Link: Link to publication record in Heriot-Watt Research Portal Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Publisher Rights Statement: © 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via Heriot-Watt Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy Heriot-Watt University has made every reasonable effort to ensure that the content in Heriot-Watt Research Portal complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES 1 Ultra-Wideband Rectenna Using Complementary Resonant Structure for Microwave Power Transmission and Energy Harvesting Ping Lu , Member, IEEE, Chaoyun Song , Member, IEEE, and Ka Ma Huang, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract— An ultra-wideband (UWB) rectenna (fractional diverse RF signals will be widely and densely broadcasted in bandwidth > 100%) using a novel wideband complementary the ambient environment, and the overall RF power density matching stub is proposed for microwave power transmission becomes increasingly large. Ambient wireless signals are and energy harvesting. A simple resonant structure, i.e., LC series–parallel resonant circuit, is embedded to the L-shaped typically distributed over a relatively wide spectrum from complementary matching stub. Due to the unique frequency 800 to 2450 MHz, which roughly covers the frequency response of the LC resonant circuit, the proposed matching bands of GSM900/1800/UTMS/LTE/WLAN. An upsurge of stub can exhibit “open” and “short” circuits as a function of research interest has been devoted to wireless energy har- frequency, thereby acting as a complementary matching circuit vesting/microwave power transmission (MPT) from ambient covering a relatively wide frequency range. Having utilized the proposed matching stub, the nonlinear input impedance of mobile signals. With the aid of this emerging energy harvest- the rectifier can be tuned to conjugately match the antenna ing/MPT concept, the future generation of maintenance-free impedance throughout the frequency band of interest. Simulated and long-term standalone wireless sensors might be achieved, and measured results show that the proposed rectenna has which will enable the reliable operation of passive wireless < − good matching performance (S11 10 dB) and high RF-dc sensor networks (WSNs) for Internet of Things (IoT) [1]–[4]. conversion efficiency (>50%) over a relatively wide frequency range from 0.9 to 3 GHz (for GSM, Wi-Fi, and WLAN bands). Microwave power transmission/wireless energy harvesting The maximum conversion efficiency of 73.4% is realized at 3-dBm is a far-field radiative power transmission (WPT) system that input power. It is evident that the proposed resonant structure- wirelessly transmits power via radio waves. The rectenna, based matching scheme is a promising and effective solution to which has been used to receive the radio waves and rectify facilitate the UWB rectenna design with stably high efficiency the RF power to direct current (dc) power, has becoming the over a very wide frequency band. most important part of the MPT system. In wireless energy Index Terms— Broadband rectenna, complementary matching harvesting scenarios, in order to receive RF power from differ- stub, microwave power transmission, resonant structure, ultra- ent frequency bands, many broadband and multiband rectennas wideband (UWB). and rectifiers were proposed [5]–[12]. For example, a coplanar I. INTRODUCTION stripline-based broadband rectenna using a broad T-matched dipole and a traditional single-diode rectifier was proposed in ODERN wireless communication technologies (4G/5G) [5]. Although the receiving antenna of this example covers will require massive numbers of radio frequency (RF) M a wide frequency band, the rectenna can only achieved high transmitters to enable wide area and dense coverage of mobile conversion efficiency (>50%) within a very limited frequency networks, therefore; plenty of mobile base stations have range of 1.7–1.8 GHz, which showed that the broadband been deployed worldwide in most urban and rural areas. In matching of nonlinear rectifier is very challenging. addition, end-use devices like cellphones will also transmit Some matching techniques for broadband rectifiers were uplink signals during the communication. As a consequence, recently reported; in [6], [7], two inductors are interconnected Manuscript received September 26, 2020; revised December 17, 2020 and between the series and shunt diodes of a voltage double recti- February 22, 2021; accepted March 12, 2021. This work was supported fier. Using this method, the frequency-dependent capacitance in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51907130 and Grant 61931009; in part by the Sichuan Science and Technol- of the rectifying diodes could be largely canceled for realizing ogy Program under Grant 2020YFH0091; in part by the Chengdu Science wide operational bandwidth. However, the impedance match- and Technology Program under Grant 2020-GH02-00036-HZ; and in part by ing between the antenna and rectifying circuit was not fully the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 20504153015. (Corresponding authors: Ping Lu; Chaoyun Song.) considered, which will be the wideband matching between two Ping Lu and Ka Ma Huang are with the School of Electronics and complex impedance values over the frequency range. Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China Since the complex input impedances of the antenna and (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). Chaoyun Song is with the School of Engineering and Physical rectifier circuit may vary significantly versus frequency, Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K. (e-mail: the impedance matching becomes very challenging in broad- [email protected]). band rectenna designs [e.g., >30% fractional bandwidth Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2021.3067902. (FBW)]. To achieve good matching performance, some Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2021.3067902 rectennas with multiple and separate matching circuit branches 0018-9480 © 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information. Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Edinburgh. Downloaded on April 20,2021 at 11:52:14 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. 2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES were designed [8]–[10]. Different matching circuit topolo- gies were applied to the circuit branches for covering wider frequency bands, but such a multibranch matching scheme would increase the rectenna size, complexity, and total loss. To miniaturize and simplify the rectenna design, a broadband rectenna with a varactor-based reconfigurable matching stub was proposed [11]. Thanks to the varactor, the matching stub in the rectifier could be reconfigured for realizing good matching between the antenna and rectifying circuit in a wide frequency band. However, an extra biasing network was still required, resulting in difficulties in rectenna integra- tion. Besides, additional loss was introduced by the varactor diode, and the power conversion efficiency was not constantly high in the desired frequency bandwidth. To achieve high conversion efficiency, an off-center-fed (OCFD) asymmetrical dipole with embedded rectifier and a spiral antenna array were proposed for eliminating the matching network to miniaturize the rectenna size further [12], [13]. In [12], the spiral antenna was used as frequency-independent antenna element for a constant source impedance over different frequency bands, while the diode was integrated onto the antenna directly. However, owing to the nonlinearity of the rectifier diode, poor impedance matching between the diode and antenna over a wide frequency band
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