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Shaw for the Utopians, Capek for the Anti-Utopians San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications, English and Comparative Literature English and Comparative Literature January 1997 Shaw for the Utopians, Capek for the Anti-Utopians Julie A. Sparks San Jose State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/eng_complit_pub Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Julie A. Sparks. "Shaw for the Utopians, Capek for the Anti-Utopians" SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies (1997): 163-181. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English and Comparative Literature at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, English and Comparative Literature by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Julie A. Sparks SHAW FOR THE UTOPIANS, CAPEK FOR THE ANTI-UTOPIANS The continuing argument between utopian writers who prefigure the Millennium and the anti-utopian writers who prophesy the approach of Armageddon is generally assumed to be a struggle between wide-eyed optimism and misanthropic pessimism. But the profoundest thinkers in each camp sometimes find, after a prolonged engagement with their dialogic opposites, that their tents are pitched on common ground-that a Hegelian synthesis has occurred wherein the seemingly irreconcilable positions have merged into a guarded but life-affirming optimism. One such reconciliation can be found in the dramatic dialogue between Bernard Shaw, representing the utopians, and Karel Capek (1890­ 1938), a Czech anti-utopian writer with Luddite tendencies and conser­ vative religious views who respected Shaw's work but disagreed with some of its deepest philosophical underpinnings. They began working out their different visions of humanity's future independently, both weighing the unprecedented destructive ferocity of World War I against the great promise ofthe early twentieth century's technological advances and exploring humanity's prospects in a utopian-dystopian format. Both also employed their own variations on biblical themes--Creation, Armageddon, and the achievement of the Millennium-to illustrate their different conclusions. Eventually, however, they were drawn into a dialogue that focused on a question central to utopian and anti-utopian discourse: Should humanity strive for a secular millennium, struggling to re-create man and society into the image suggested by our brightest 166 JULIE A. SPARKS hopes, or should we content ourselves with the status quo and wait patiently for divine orchestration to work out our destiny? Their essential disagreement on this point stems in part from their very different concepts of humankind's progress. As J. L. Wisenthal explains in his study ofShaw's dialectic dramatic method, "His perspec­ tive is evolutionary, and he thinks in terms of progress toward goals rather than their actual attainment. In an evolutionary world no stage is final, and in a neo-Lamarckian evolutionary world the human will is always aiming at something higher."1 In contrast to this evolutionary outlook, Capek agrees with the prophet of Ecclesiastes that there is nothing new under the sun, and he found evidence for this belief even in a London art museum. In his Letters from England, written after his trip there in 1924, he wrote, "How awful a discovery to find the perfection of man even at the very beginning of existence; to find it in the formation of the first stone arrow, to find it in a Bushman drawing. [D]readful is the relativity of culture and history; nowhere behind us or before us is there a point of rest, of an ideal, of the finish and perfection of man; for it is everywhere and nowhere, and every spot in space and time where man has set up his work is unsurpassable."2 There could hardly be a more radical divergence of perspective than this, and it led the two writers to present very different interpretations of humanity's distant past and hypothetical future, especially when they became aware of each other's work and squared off for a theological battle. Nevertheless, the first arguments in the debate did not begin as such. Between 1918 and 1920 Shaw labored on an immense work, a five­ play cycle called Back to Methuselah, in an effort to provide a modern credible religion that could guide us all out of the error and folly that seemed to have brought us so close to the edge of doom during the Great War. The resulting work was his "metabiological pentateuch" which begins "In the Beginning" with a re-working of the Genesis myth and extends "As Far as Thought Can Reach" to a far-distant future when humankind has evolved into god-like Ancients who live for centu­ ries in their serene, intensely intellectual utopia. Although Shaw's history of humankind recognizes the power-mad, wantonly destructive Cain element in our early stages, he shows how the truly vital, creative element finally prevails and pulls humanity onward and upward straight past the tidy millennia! societies that the socialist utopian reformers were dreaming about. The last play of the cycle, As Far as Thought Can Reach, ends with a prophecy that some super-evolved humanity, discarding the bodies that encumber it, will eventually spread to populate the stars. Although many critics objected that the utopia of Shaw's Ancients is not a very appealing goal to strive for and that Back to Methuselah only SHAW AND KAREL CAPEK 167 demonstrated Shaw's misanthropy, Shaw seriously intended to offer modern man hope that through willing ourselves to be better, we could ascend the evolutionary ladder from the Yahoo to the Houyhnhnm stage of intellectual and spiritual development. Thus understood, Shaw's Creative Evolution is probably the brightest optimism that could be maintained in the aftermath of Neo-Darwinism and the Great War. In 1920, the same year Shaw finished his utopian pentateuch, Capek, writing in Czechoslovakia, finished his first anti-utopian play, R. U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), wherein he, like Shaw, evaluates twentieth­ century millennial ambitions and Apocalyptic fears employing a modern version of biblical motifs. In Capek's own words, he meant to write "a comedy, partly of science, partly of truth. The old inventor, Mr. Rossum . is no more or less than a typical representative of the scientific materialism of the last century. His desire to create an artificial man-in the chemical and biological, not the mechanical sense-is inspired by a foolish and obstinate wish to prove God to be unnecessary and absurd. Young Rossum is the modern scientist, untroubled by metaphysical ideas; scientific experiment is to him the road to industrial production, he is not concerned to prove, but to manufacture."s This scenario develops into a dark cautionary tale. Young Rossum, hoping to free humanity from toil and establish a leisurely millennial society on android labor-and to make a fortune in the process-is at first phenomenally successful. But the utopian scheme creates too much leisure and renders humans obsolete. Recognizing this, the robots rise up and destroy humanity, then realize that they too soon face extinction because they are not designed for reproduction. Yet the play ends with a life-affirming miracle as two of the robots metamorphose into love­ struck humans. Ending where Back to Methuselah begins, this Adam and Eve go forth to renew and repopulate the earth. Although the central concerns of Back to Methuselah and R.U.R. are very different, both feature automatons that are created in a laboratory to resemble human flesh and intellect very closely-more "androids" in the current use of the term than the metallic, mechanical beings usually implied by the term "robot" (a Capek-coined word from the Czech "robota" for "forced labor, drudgery"), although the robots hold a much more central position in Capek's play. In Methuselah the automatons appear in only one scene of the last play of the cycle, As Far as Thought Can Reach, and they live only briefly before they turn vicious, kill their creator, and then die. In Capek's play, however, the robot revolution easily upstages the human characters' petty concerns, giving the play a more "science fiction" feel and a more coherent focus than Shaw's eclectic, rambling chronicle could achieve. Despite their differences, the two plays were linked in the public's 168 J ULIE A. SPARKS consciousness when, in 1922, both were given their American debut (it was a world premiere for Methuselah) by New York's Theatre Guild­ Shaw's in February and March, Capek's in October. One reviewer with the New York Herald noticed an affinity between the two plays immedi­ ately, observing that R. U.R. "has as many social implications as the most handy of the Shavian comedies," while a reviewer with the New l'Ork American goes so far as to assert (rather snidely) that "Bernard Shaw did not write R . U.R . but he probably will. Possibly later on we shall have a variation of R.U.R . by Mr. Shaw and then what we accepted last night as an exceedingly enjoyable and imaginative fantasy will become a dull diatribe." 4 Yet the two playwrights who were being discussed together in New York both insisted later that they remained unaware of each other's work for some time, and the evidence seems to support this. R.U.R.'s principal motif-man-made automatons that try to overthrow their creators-<:an be traced back to much earlier influences. One obvious possibility is the medieval Jewish folk-tale of the Golem, a clay manikin brought to life through cabalistic magic to defend the Jews of the Prague ghetto. Since a German film version of this legend was being shown widely in Czechoslovakia in 1920, the year Capek wrote R .U.R., its influence on the play seems probable.5 Another obvious precedent is Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (the New York TiTMS critic titled his review "A Czecho-Slovak Frankenstein").
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