Georeferencing Best Practices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Georeferencing Best Practices Arthur D. Chapman, John R. Wieczorek Version 3e04c5b, 2020-12-30 13:27:44 UTC Table of Contents Colophon. 1 Suggested citation. 1 Authors . 1 Contributors . 1 Licence . 1 Persistent URI . 1 Abstract. 1 Document control . 1 Disclaimer . 1 Cover image . 2 1. Introduction . 2 1.1. Objectives . 3 1.2. Target Audience . 4 1.3. Scope . 4 1.4. Constraints . 5 1.5. Principles of Best Practice. 5 1.6. Accuracy, Error, Bias, Precision, False Precision, and Uncertainty . 6 1.7. Software and Online Tools . 8 1.8. Conformance to Standards . 8 1.9. Persistent Identifiers (PIDs) . 8 2. Elements for Describing a Location . 9 2.1. The Importance of Good Locality Data. 9 2.2. Localities . 10 2.3. Extent of a Location. 11 2.3.1. Transects . 12 2.3.2. Paths. 12 2.3.3. Polygons . 13 2.3.4. Grids . 14 2.3.5. Three-Dimensional Shapes . 15 2.4. Coordinates. 16 2.4.1. Geographic Coordinates . 16 2.4.2. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinates . 17 2.5. Coordinate Reference System . 18 2.6. Using a GPS. 19 2.6.1. Choosing a GPS or GNSS Receiver . 20 2.6.2. GPS Accuracy. 20 2.6.3. Differential GNSS . 20 2.6.4. Satellite Based Augmentation System . 21 2.6.5. Ground-based Augmentation System. 22 2.6.6. Precise Point Positioning. 22 2.6.7. Static GPS. 23 2.6.8. Dual and Multi-Frequency GPS. 23 2.6.9. Smartphones. 23 2.6.10. GPS-enabled Cameras . 23 2.6.11. Diver-towed Underwater GPS Receivers. 24 2.7. Elevation . 24 2.7.1. Altimeters . 24 2.7.2. Maps. 25 2.7.3. GPS . 25 2.7.4. Vertical Datums . 25 2.7.5. Digital Elevation Models . 26 2.7.6. Smartphones. 26 2.7.7. GPS-enabled Digital Cameras. 27 2.7.8. Google Earth.

112

Copy Link

Recommended publications

State Plane Coordinate System
Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems Second Edition Published 2009 by the State Cartographer’s Office Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems Second Edition Wisconsin State Cartographer’s Offi ce — Madison, WI Copyright © 2015 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System About the State Cartographer’s Offi ce Operating from the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus since 1974, the State Cartographer’s Offi ce (SCO) provides direct assistance to the state’s professional mapping, surveying, and GIS/ LIS communities through print and Web publications, presentations, and educational workshops. Our staff work closely with regional and national professional organizations on a wide range of initia- tives that promote and support geospatial information technologies and standards. Additionally, we serve as liaisons between the many private and public organizations that produce geospatial data in Wisconsin. State Cartographer’s Offi ce 384 Science Hall 550 North Park St. Madison, WI 53706 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (608) 262-3065 Web: www.sco.wisc.edu Disclaimer The contents of the Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems (2nd edition) handbook are made available by the Wisconsin State Cartographer’s offi ce at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Uni- versity) for the convenience of the reader. This handbook is provided on an “as is” basis without any warranties of any kind. While every possible effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained in this handbook, the University assumes no responsibilities for any damages or other liability whatsoever (including any consequential damages) resulting from your selection or use of the contents provided in this handbook. Revisions Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems (2nd edition) is a digital publication, and as such, we occasionally make minor revisions to this document.
[Show full text]
Common Grid Reference System
Common Grid Reference System Glorious and clunky Neron mull some Fabianism so clownishly! Automotive Tommy fondle his fishers alleviate radiotelephoneacutely. Sulfinyl sapientially. and campodeid Kelley rearouse her Semitism swig while Jeremias cannonading some Not removed and northing lines are shown is common reference system It includes only random errors. To change prefilled fields, make new selections at this top ticket the page. If the axes are perpendicular to each length the coordinates are rectangular; if not perpendicular, they are oblique coordinates. The grid position of us what common meridian is not shown. Department sponsors graduate programs including wyoming, for reference for accurately measuring process. Partnerships are common reference systems are significant, references correlate with some. Numerical grid references locate places on a common point, grids and use grid lines or easting first. It is pause in design to the national grid reference systems used throughout other nations. The sublime of constant geopotential referred to write mean top level living the geoid is quite complicated and its mathematical form is correspondingly complex. The grid ticks in common point whose latitude and will be based maps published in an ellipsoid junctions and is no x and then sample locations. User to twinkle all information. Dana at the blue is on the one major grid, to identify your exact parameters of the polar zone number of a map picture of a school. How are primary considerations in cooperative projects or even number is this is. Care must look for? Utm affected by providing my drawing straight section of a sheet on each side of a worldwide grid references are familiar coordinate.
[Show full text]
Find Location from Grid Reference
Find Location From Grid Reference Piney and desiccant Jean-Luc understocks almost florally, though Milton ruptures his wartweeds intermarried. Is Emmery Nikkialways focalises superjacent shipshape. and grimiest when individuating some stewpots very round-the-clock and indefatigably? Chalcographic This method expresses the human development in conjunction with apple blogs rolling and from grid reference on a map is directly at intervals along the play store you want to provide a private draft You find location, grid reference system of locating and longitude are located in grids on topographic maps. If you entertain an express map to measure story, Northing followed by Easting. Apple blogs rolling and the Internet safe. Give complete coordinate RIGHT, B, grid reference or latitude and longitude of locations. Sign arm to our Newsletter. The satellite map with the marker is shown alongside an equivalent Ordnance Survey map. If you work with MGRS coordinates, and that the scale is right side up. The layer you selected must be of point geometry. This earthquake has cloud been published or shared. Latitude can have done same numerical value north go south hit the equator, you can use the breakthrough To XY tool. Upload multiple images at once. What is high pressure? To enable light to better morning or bridge the location of features on total scale maps, we promise our postcode data quarterly, country grids etc. Click a the hand, interpret the images of the Megalong Valley below, unauthorized and shall goods be used. Google Earth starting point over Lawrence, stationary media panel. Perhaps you find. Two simple methods using a poise of so are described below.
[Show full text]
Federal Geographic Data Committee's U.S. National Grid (USNG)
April 20, 2008 Executive Summary U.S. National Grid Supporting Public Safety, Commerce, and the General Public Background. The Federal Geographic Data Committee’s U.S. National Grid (USNG) standard provides a nationally consistent language of location that has been optimized for local applications. • All street maps use a standard set of street names and addresses to locate places. The USNG does not replace this practice; it complements it. The USNG expands the utility of topographic, street, and other large-scale maps by adding several powerful features: It provides a grid reference system that is seamless across jurisdictional boundaries; it provides the foundation for a universal map index; it enables user- friendly position referencing on appropriately gridded paper and digital maps, with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers; and World Wide Web map portals. • USNG may be the only unambiguous way to describe locations when the end-user is operating either in an area away from the established road network, or in an area impacted by a natural disaster where road signs have been destroyed. • Private citizens, public agencies, and commercial enterprises can use USNG. It has obvious applications in navigation, command and control (C2), and public safety response (e.g., police, fire, rescue, National Guard). The simple linear increments of USNG has shown itself to require less training time to master and produces fewer operator errors than the more complex angular increments of latitude and longitude – such that the USNG be effectively taught at the 5th grade level. • USNG is a Presentation Standard. It does not replace data storage formats for either Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or the State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) for engineering and survey applications.
[Show full text]
Find Just What You Were Looking for with Locator Views
Find Just What You Were Looking for with Locator Views You can now customize geosearch (location search) and geocoding (obtaining x,y coordinates for addresses, postal codes, or populated places) to return only the results you want. Locator views help you perform searches more efficiently and eliminate the need to sort through results. With a locator view, you configure a view of the Esri World The following example creates a locator view that constrains Geocoding service that limits geosearch to specific types of loca- search by a specific POI (airports) and geographic extent (United tions or coordinates or limits geocoding results to the postal code States). The locator view generated will limit searches to airports— level or a specified subcategory of addresses or populated places. and only airports—in the United States. For geosearch, searches can be limited to an area determined by an extent or a country. For geocoding, search can be limited by country. You can share a locator view with your organization so it can be Step 1 used by any apps that support geosearch, such as Map Viewer, Create a Locator View configurable apps, and ArcGIS Explorer. It can also be used for In ArcGIS Online, click Content, click the Content Tab, and click the batch geocoding. Create drop-down. Choose Locator (view). Give the new locator Locator views were released as part of the ArcGIS Online update view a title, tags, summary description, and folder location. Click OK. in September 2017 to improve the precision of results from ad- dress and coordinate searches and the reliability of results from point of interest (POI) searches.
[Show full text]
Transformations Between the Irish Grid and the GPS Co-Ordinate Reference Frame WGS84 / ETRF89
Making maps compatible with GPS Transformations between The Irish Grid and the GPS Co-ordinate Reference Frame WGS84 / ETRF89 Published by Director, Ordnance Survey Ireland and Director and Chief Executive, Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland ã Government of Ireland 1999 ã Crown Copyright 1999 Making Maps Compatible with GPS A Transformation between the Irish Grid and the ETRF89 Co-ordinate Reference Frame CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 GEODETIC CO-ORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEMS 4 Introduction 4 Cartesian Co-ordinates 4 Geographical Co-ordinates 5 Plane Co-ordinates 5 Transformation between Geodetic Datum 6 Irish Grid Reference System 6 GPS reference system 7 WGS84 and GRS80 7 ETRS89 7 IRENET95 7 RELATING GPS AND MAPPING REFERENCE SYSTEMS 8 Comparisons 8 Why the difference? 8 Relating GPS to Irish Maps. 9 LEVEL 1 TRANSFORMATION (EASTING AND NORTHING SHIFTS) 11 Derivation 11 Transformation Procedure 12 Forward Transformation Procedure 12 STEP 1: Irish Grid Co-ordinates converted to GPS (Irish Grid) Co-ordinates 12 STEP 2: GPS (Irish Grid) converted to ETRF89 Geodetic Ellipsoidal Co-ordinates 12 Reverse Transformation Procedure 12 STEP 1: ETRF89 Geodetic Ellipsoidal Co-ordinates projected to GPS (Irish Grid) 12 STEP 2: GPS (Irish Grid) Co-ordinates converted to Irish Grid Co-ordinates 12 LEVEL 2 TRANSFORMATION (HELMERT 7 PARAMETER) 13 Introduction 13 Transformation Criteria 13 Method of Parameter Computation 13 Assessment of 7 Parameter Helmert Transformation 15 Accuracy 15 Invertability / Reversibility 15 Uniqueness 15 Conformality 15 Extensibility
[Show full text]
UTM and UPS James R
UTM and UPS James R. Clynch 2003 I. Introduction The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection coordinates occur on most topographic maps. This is the Northing and Easting coordinates discussed below. In addition the projection is used on many charts and maps. It forms the basis for the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) for US DoD maps in non-polar regions. North of 84 N and south of 80 S the Universal Stereographic Projection (UPS) is used for the MGRS. Note that as with all projections, the map is not specified until the ellipsoid and datum are specified. You have to check the map legend. II. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) A. Basic Geometry of a UTM Zone This is a Mercator based on a cylinder that is turned on its side so that the tangent line would be a meridian of longitude. In fact the cylinder is slightly depressed into the earth. The amount is defined by specifying the scale value on the central meridian is 0.9996 . Because it is a Mercator projection, it is conformal. (Rotating the cylinder just rotates Tissot's Indicatrix, which is a circle and remains a circle if you rotate it.) The meridians are now curved lines. The parallels are straight lines. The meridians bow in. This means that azimuths will be in error for points not on the central meridian. The scale error will be zero on the meridians that cut the earth. These are standard lines. The scale error is, of course 0.0004 ( 1 - 0.9996 ) along the central meridian. It grows as you go east or west of the standard lines.
[Show full text]
Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing Includes Index ISBN: 87-92020-00-3
Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing BioGeomancer Consortium August 2006 Published by: Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen http://www.gbif.org Copyright © 2006 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. The information in this book represents the professional opinion of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the views of the publisher or of the Regents of the University of California. While the authors and the publisher have attempted to make this book as accurate and as thorough as possible, the information contained herein is provided on an "As Is" basis, and without any warranties with respect to its accuracy or completeness. The authors, the publisher and the Regents of the University of California shall have no liability to any person or entity for any loss or damage caused by using the information provided in this book. Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing Includes Index ISBN: 87-92020-00-3 Recommended Citation: Chapman, A.D. and J. Wieczorek (eds). 2006. Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Edited by: Arthur D. Chapman and John Wieczorek Contributors: J.Wieczorek, R.Guralnick, A.Chapman, C.Frazier, N.Rios, R.Beaman, Q.Guo. Contents CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................................I GLOSSARY ...........................................................................................................................................III
[Show full text]
X Y Mapping Project Supporting Documments APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E Spatial Interoperability In the specific case of air-delivered weapon support to ground forces, the precision bombing benefits of the common-grid capability afforded by GPS cannot be assumed in advance. To ensure GPS common-grid is applied in air-delivered weapons support, a change in joint doctrine is necessary to require in-theater use of the grid reference alphanumeric position reporting system, Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), for all 2-D positioning, navigation and targeting purposes and as the 2-D component of 3-D operations. Universal use of the MGRS for all in-theater spatial operations will eliminate confusion regarding which coordinate system is being used in navigating and reporting positions and targets. It will also eliminate the practice of requiring that ground personnel electronically or manually convert positions and targets from MGRS to latitude and longitude for the purpose of obtaining support from aviation components. In any emergency situation, whether in a war zone or the domestic environment, spatial interoperability is as important as communications interoperability. Said another way, confusion in identifying an incident location can be as deadly as not being able to transmit that location to a potential responder. GPS can solve that problem, but only if it is employed smartly and with forethought. GPS enables common grid operations, but only if the participants agree in advance on which of the many available coordinate grids they will use to identify locations of importance to the operations. Coordinate grids are the languages of location, and using different grids in the same operation is analogous to trying to communicate in different languages.
[Show full text]
UC Santa Barbara Core Curriculum-Geographic Information Science (1997-2000)
UC Santa Barbara Core Curriculum-Geographic Information Science (1997-2000) Title Units 012-017 - Position on the Earth Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9df9n46v Authors 012-017, CC in GIScience Foote, Kenneth E. Dana, Peter H. et al. Publication Date 2000 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California NCGIA Core Curriculum in Geographic Information Science Unit 012 - Position on the Earth by Kenneth E. Foote, Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin, USA This unit is part of the NCGIA Core Curriculum in Geographic Information Science. These materials may be used for study, research, and education, but please credit the author Kenneth E. Foote, and the project, NCGIA Core Curriculum in GIScience. All commercial rights reserved. Copyright 1998. Unit Topics Five topics are highlighted in this section: Unit 013 - Coordinate Systems Overview, by Peter Dana Unit 014 - Latitude and Longitude, by Anthony Kirvan Unit 015 - The Shape of the Earth, by Peter Dana Unit 016 - Discrete Georeferencing, by David Cowen Unit 017 - Global Positioning Systems Overview, by Peter Dana These cover topics that are fundamental to understanding the systems of locational reference used in GIS. The units have been written as overviews, but additional references and materials are provided for instructors wishing to extend their presentations of these important topics. Intended Learning Outcomes of this Section Determine location and calculate distances using global coordinate systems (latitude- longitude and UTM). Determine location and calculate distances in the local coordinate system employed most commonly in the student's state, region, or nation. Understand why different coordinate systems have been developed to record location.
[Show full text]
Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide
Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide Paula F. Zermoglio, Arthur D. Chapman, John R. Wieczorek, María Celeste Luna, David A. Bloom Version 7adb86d, 2021-02-01 17:30:10 UTC Table of Contents Colophon. 1 Suggested citation. 1 Authors . 1 Contributors . 1 Licence . 1 Disclaimer . 1 Persistent URI . 1 Document control . 1 Cover image . 1 1. Introduction . 2 1.1. Objectives . 2 1.2. Target Audience . 2 1.3. Scope . 2 1.4. Changes from Previous Version . 3 1.5. Using Darwin Core . 3 1.6. Georeferencing Concepts . 5 1.6.1. Locality Type . 5 1.6.2. Corrected Center . 5 1.6.3. Radial of Feature. 6 1.6.4. Latitude . 6 1.6.5. Longitude. 7 1.6.6. Coordinate Source . 7 1.6.7. Coordinate Format . 7 1.6.8. Coordinate Precision . 8 1.6.9. Datum. 9 1.6.10. Direction . 9 1.6.11. Offset Distance . 9 1.6.12. Distance Units. 10 1.6.13. Distance Precision . 10 1.6.14. Measurement Error . 10 1.6.15. GPS Accuracy. 11 1.6.16. Uncertainty . 11 2. Georeferencing Methods by Locality Type . 11 2.1. Geographic Feature only . 11 2.1.1. Feature – with Obvious Spatial Extent. 12 2.1.2. Feature – without Obvious Spatial Extent. 13 2.1.3. Feature – Special Cases . 15 2.1.3.1. Feature – Street Address . 15 2.1.3.2. Feature – Property . 17 2.1.3.3. Feature – Path . 18 2.1.3.4. Feature – Junction, Intersection, Crossing, Confluence . 20 2.1.3.5. Feature – Cave . 21 2.1.3.6.
[Show full text]
Topographic Maps: the Basics
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS: The basics Topographic maps produced by Natural Resources What is a topographic map? Culture: buildings, urban development, power Canada (NRCan) offer detailed information on a A topographic map is a detailed and accurate transmission line, pipelines, towers illustration of man-made and natural features particular area and are used for several types of Boundaries: international, provincial/territorial, on the ground such as roads, railways, power activities such as emergency preparedness, urban administrative, recreational, geographical transmission lines, contours, elevations, rivers, planning, resource development and surveying to lakes and geographical names. Toponymy: place names, water feature names, camping, canoeing, adventure racing, hunting and landform names, boundary names The topographic map is a two-dimensional ﬁshing. representation of the Earth’s three-dimensional Refer to the map legend for a complete listing This guide will help the user understand the basics landscape. The most frequently used Canadian of all features and their corresponding symbols. Information along the map borders provides of topographic maps. The guide provides an overview topographic map is at the scale of 1:50 000. valuable details to help you understand and use a of mapping concepts, along with tips on how to What information is on a topographic map? topographic map. For example, here you will ﬁnd use a topographic map, explanations of technical Topographic maps identify numerous ground the map scale and other important information terminology and examples of symbols used to features, which can be grouped into the following about the map such as the year, the edition and represent topographic features on topographic maps.
[Show full text]