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Basic Principles of Celestial Navigation James A
Basic principles of celestial navigation James A. Van Allena) Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ͑Received 16 January 2004; accepted 10 June 2004͒ Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s geographic position by the observation of identified stars, identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. This subject has a multitude of refinements which, although valuable to a professional navigator, tend to obscure the basic principles. I describe these principles, give an analytical solution of the classical two-star-sight problem without any dependence on prior knowledge of position, and include several examples. Some approximations and simplifications are made in the interest of clarity. © 2004 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.1778391͔ I. INTRODUCTION longitude ⌳ is between 0° and 360°, although often it is convenient to take the longitude westward of the prime me- Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s ridian to be between 0° and Ϫ180°. The longitude of P also geographic position by the observation of identified stars, can be specified by the plane angle in the equatorial plane identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. Its basic principles whose vertex is at O with one radial line through the point at are a combination of rudimentary astronomical knowledge 1–3 which the meridian through P intersects the equatorial plane and spherical trigonometry. and the other radial line through the point G at which the Anyone who has been on a ship that is remote from any prime meridian intersects the equatorial plane ͑see Fig. -
Introduction to Astronomy from Darkness to Blazing Glory
Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory Published by JAS Educational Publications Copyright Pending 2010 JAS Educational Publications All rights reserved. Including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Second Edition Author: Jeffrey Wright Scott Photographs and Diagrams: Credit NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USGS, NOAA, Aames Research Center JAS Educational Publications 2601 Oakdale Road, H2 P.O. Box 197 Modesto California 95355 1-888-586-6252 Website: http://.Introastro.com Printing by Minuteman Press, Berkley, California ISBN 978-0-9827200-0-4 1 Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory The moon Titan is in the forefront with the moon Tethys behind it. These are two of many of Saturn’s moons Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, ISS, JPL, ESA, NASA 2 Introduction to Astronomy Contents in Brief Chapter 1: Astronomy Basics: Pages 1 – 6 Workbook Pages 1 - 2 Chapter 2: Time: Pages 7 - 10 Workbook Pages 3 - 4 Chapter 3: Solar System Overview: Pages 11 - 14 Workbook Pages 5 - 8 Chapter 4: Our Sun: Pages 15 - 20 Workbook Pages 9 - 16 Chapter 5: The Terrestrial Planets: Page 21 - 39 Workbook Pages 17 - 36 Mercury: Pages 22 - 23 Venus: Pages 24 - 25 Earth: Pages 25 - 34 Mars: Pages 34 - 39 Chapter 6: Outer, Dwarf and Exoplanets Pages: 41-54 Workbook Pages 37 - 48 Jupiter: Pages 41 - 42 Saturn: Pages 42 - 44 Uranus: Pages 44 - 45 Neptune: Pages 45 - 46 Dwarf Planets, Plutoids and Exoplanets: Pages 47 -54 3 Chapter 7: The Moons: Pages: 55 - 66 Workbook Pages 49 - 56 Chapter 8: Rocks and Ice: -
State Plane Coordinate System
Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems Second Edition Published 2009 by the State Cartographer’s Office Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems Second Edition Wisconsin State Cartographer’s Offi ce — Madison, WI Copyright © 2015 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System About the State Cartographer’s Offi ce Operating from the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus since 1974, the State Cartographer’s Offi ce (SCO) provides direct assistance to the state’s professional mapping, surveying, and GIS/ LIS communities through print and Web publications, presentations, and educational workshops. Our staff work closely with regional and national professional organizations on a wide range of initia- tives that promote and support geospatial information technologies and standards. Additionally, we serve as liaisons between the many private and public organizations that produce geospatial data in Wisconsin. State Cartographer’s Offi ce 384 Science Hall 550 North Park St. Madison, WI 53706 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (608) 262-3065 Web: www.sco.wisc.edu Disclaimer The contents of the Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems (2nd edition) handbook are made available by the Wisconsin State Cartographer’s offi ce at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Uni- versity) for the convenience of the reader. This handbook is provided on an “as is” basis without any warranties of any kind. While every possible effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained in this handbook, the University assumes no responsibilities for any damages or other liability whatsoever (including any consequential damages) resulting from your selection or use of the contents provided in this handbook. Revisions Wisconsin Coordinate Reference Systems (2nd edition) is a digital publication, and as such, we occasionally make minor revisions to this document. -
Common Grid Reference System
Common Grid Reference System Glorious and clunky Neron mull some Fabianism so clownishly! Automotive Tommy fondle his fishers alleviate radiotelephoneacutely. Sulfinyl sapientially. and campodeid Kelley rearouse her Semitism swig while Jeremias cannonading some Not removed and northing lines are shown is common reference system It includes only random errors. To change prefilled fields, make new selections at this top ticket the page. If the axes are perpendicular to each length the coordinates are rectangular; if not perpendicular, they are oblique coordinates. The grid position of us what common meridian is not shown. Department sponsors graduate programs including wyoming, for reference for accurately measuring process. Partnerships are common reference systems are significant, references correlate with some. Numerical grid references locate places on a common point, grids and use grid lines or easting first. It is pause in design to the national grid reference systems used throughout other nations. The sublime of constant geopotential referred to write mean top level living the geoid is quite complicated and its mathematical form is correspondingly complex. The grid ticks in common point whose latitude and will be based maps published in an ellipsoid junctions and is no x and then sample locations. User to twinkle all information. Dana at the blue is on the one major grid, to identify your exact parameters of the polar zone number of a map picture of a school. How are primary considerations in cooperative projects or even number is this is. Care must look for? Utm affected by providing my drawing straight section of a sheet on each side of a worldwide grid references are familiar coordinate. -
Map and Compass
UE CG 039-089 2018_UE CG 039-089 2018 2018-08-29 9:57 AM Page 56 MAP The north magnetic pole is not the same as the geographic North Pole, also known as AND COMPASS true north, which is the northern end of the axis around which the earth spins. In fact, the north magnetic pole currently lies Background Information approximately 800 mi (1300 km) south of the geographic North Pole, in northern A compass is an instrument that people use Canada. And because the north magnetic to find a direction in relation to the earth as pole migrates at 6.6 mi (10 km) per year, its a whole. The magnetic needle in the location is constantly changing. compass, which is the freely moving needle in the compass that has a red end, points The meridians of longitude on maps and north. More specifically, this needle points globes are based upon the geographic to the north magnetic pole, the northern North Pole rather than the north magnetic end of the earth’s magnetic field, which pole. This means that magnetic north, the can be imagined as lines of magnetism that direction that a compass indicates as north, leave the south magnetic pole, flow north is not the same direction as maps indicate around the earth, and then enter the north for north. Magnetic declination, the magnetic pole. difference in the angle between magnetic north and true north must, therefore, be Any magnetized object, an object with two taken into account when navigating with a oppositely charged ends, such as a magnet map and a compass. -
Some Guidelines for Effective Field-Use of the GPS Unit
PRBO Conservation Science 4990 Shoreline Highway Stinson Beach, CA 94970 415-868-1221 www.prbo.org Guidelines for Field Use of Garmin GPS Units GPS Checklist: Copy an updated version of the master "allpc" shapefile and other digital basemaps, including topo quads and aerial photos, from the GIS server (V: drive) before the field season starts. Know what coordinate system (e.g., UTM, zone 10) and datum (e.g., NAD83) your project uses. The PRBO default is UTM, WGS84 (same as NAD83). In the UTM coordinate system, your zone depends on where you are (see map). Download your GPS coordinates daily, using GPS Utility (www.gpsu.co.uk/) or Waypoint+ (www.tapr.org/~kh2z/Waypoint/) shareware. It is not uncommon for Garmin units to die in the field. You will need a PC Interface cable to download your data and a registration key for GPS Utility. If you are unable to download, record your coordinates by hand in the field. Always carry extra batteries, especially if you’re not planning to revisit the site, and turn off your GPS unit when not in use to avoid draining the internal lithium battery. Contact Garmin (www.garmin.com) for replacement or repair under warranty if your unit dies. UTM Zones Submit copies of your GPS coordinate files to the GIS lab at the end of the field season for archiving and general mapping purposes. In the Field GPS Unit Setup Before taking waypoints in the field, the GPS navigation display should be set up to match the coordinate system, horizontal datum, and units used at a particular field project’s location. -
Federal Geographic Data Committee's U.S. National Grid (USNG)
April 20, 2008 Executive Summary U.S. National Grid Supporting Public Safety, Commerce, and the General Public Background. The Federal Geographic Data Committee’s U.S. National Grid (USNG) standard provides a nationally consistent language of location that has been optimized for local applications. • All street maps use a standard set of street names and addresses to locate places. The USNG does not replace this practice; it complements it. The USNG expands the utility of topographic, street, and other large-scale maps by adding several powerful features: It provides a grid reference system that is seamless across jurisdictional boundaries; it provides the foundation for a universal map index; it enables user- friendly position referencing on appropriately gridded paper and digital maps, with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers; and World Wide Web map portals. • USNG may be the only unambiguous way to describe locations when the end-user is operating either in an area away from the established road network, or in an area impacted by a natural disaster where road signs have been destroyed. • Private citizens, public agencies, and commercial enterprises can use USNG. It has obvious applications in navigation, command and control (C2), and public safety response (e.g., police, fire, rescue, National Guard). The simple linear increments of USNG has shown itself to require less training time to master and produces fewer operator errors than the more complex angular increments of latitude and longitude – such that the USNG be effectively taught at the 5th grade level. • USNG is a Presentation Standard. It does not replace data storage formats for either Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or the State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) for engineering and survey applications. -
Find Just What You Were Looking for with Locator Views
Find Just What You Were Looking for with Locator Views You can now customize geosearch (location search) and geocoding (obtaining x,y coordinates for addresses, postal codes, or populated places) to return only the results you want. Locator views help you perform searches more efficiently and eliminate the need to sort through results. With a locator view, you configure a view of the Esri World The following example creates a locator view that constrains Geocoding service that limits geosearch to specific types of loca- search by a specific POI (airports) and geographic extent (United tions or coordinates or limits geocoding results to the postal code States). The locator view generated will limit searches to airports— level or a specified subcategory of addresses or populated places. and only airports—in the United States. For geosearch, searches can be limited to an area determined by an extent or a country. For geocoding, search can be limited by country. You can share a locator view with your organization so it can be Step 1 used by any apps that support geosearch, such as Map Viewer, Create a Locator View configurable apps, and ArcGIS Explorer. It can also be used for In ArcGIS Online, click Content, click the Content Tab, and click the batch geocoding. Create drop-down. Choose Locator (view). Give the new locator Locator views were released as part of the ArcGIS Online update view a title, tags, summary description, and folder location. Click OK. in September 2017 to improve the precision of results from ad- dress and coordinate searches and the reliability of results from point of interest (POI) searches. -
Determining True North on Mars by Using a Sundial on Insight D
Determining True North on Mars by Using a Sundial on InSight D. Savoie, A. Richard, M. Goutaudier, N. Onufer, M. Wallace, D. Mimoun, K. Hurst, N. Verdier, P. Lognonné, N. Mäki, et al. To cite this version: D. Savoie, A. Richard, M. Goutaudier, N. Onufer, M. Wallace, et al.. Determining True North on Mars by Using a Sundial on InSight. Space Science Reviews, Springer Verlag, 2019, 215 (1), pp.215:2. hal-01977462 HAL Id: hal-01977462 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01977462 Submitted on 10 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Determining true North on Mars by using a sundial on InSight D. Savoiea,∗, A. Richardb,∗∗, M. Goutaudierb, N.P. Onuferc, M.C. Wallacec, D. Mimoune, K. Hurstc, N. Verdierf, P. Lognonnéd, J.N. Makic, B. Banerdtc aSYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France bPalais de la Découverte, Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 75008 Paris, France cNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California dInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France eInstitut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace, ISAE, Toulouse, France fFrench National Space Agency, CNES, Paris, France Abstract In this work, we demonstrate the possibility to determine the true North direction on Mars by using a gnomon on the InSight mission. -
Chasing the Pole — Howard L. Cohen
Reprinted From AAC Newsletter FirstLight (2010 May/June) Chasing the Pole — Howard L. Cohen Polaris like supernal beacon burns, a pivot-gem amid our star-lit Dome ~ Charles Never Holmes (1916) ew star gazers often believe the North Star (Polaris) is brightest of all, even mistaking Venus for this best known star. More advanced star gazers soon learn dozens of Nnighttime gems appear brighter, forty-seven in fact. Polaris only shines at magnitude +2.0 and can even be difficult to see in light polluted skies. On the other hand, Sirius, brightest of all nighttime stars (at magnitude -1.4), shines twenty-five times brighter! Beginning star gazers also often believe this guidepost star faithfully defines the direction north. Although other stars staunchly circle the heavens during night’s darkness, many think this pole star remains steadfast in its position always marking a fixed point on the sky. Indeed, a popular and often used Shakespeare quote (from Julius Caesar) is in tune with this perception: “I am constant as the northern star, Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality There is no fellow in the firmament.” More advanced star gazers know better, that the “true-fix’d and resting quality”of the northern star is only an approximation. Not only does this north star slowly circle the northen heavenly pole (Fig. 1) but this famous star is also not quite constant in light, slightly varying about 0.03 magnitudes. Polaris, in fact, is the brightest appearing Cepheid variable, a type of pulsating star. Still, Polaris is a good marker of the north cardinal point. -
Transformations Between the Irish Grid and the GPS Co-Ordinate Reference Frame WGS84 / ETRF89
Making maps compatible with GPS Transformations between The Irish Grid and the GPS Co-ordinate Reference Frame WGS84 / ETRF89 Published by Director, Ordnance Survey Ireland and Director and Chief Executive, Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland ã Government of Ireland 1999 ã Crown Copyright 1999 Making Maps Compatible with GPS A Transformation between the Irish Grid and the ETRF89 Co-ordinate Reference Frame CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 GEODETIC CO-ORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEMS 4 Introduction 4 Cartesian Co-ordinates 4 Geographical Co-ordinates 5 Plane Co-ordinates 5 Transformation between Geodetic Datum 6 Irish Grid Reference System 6 GPS reference system 7 WGS84 and GRS80 7 ETRS89 7 IRENET95 7 RELATING GPS AND MAPPING REFERENCE SYSTEMS 8 Comparisons 8 Why the difference? 8 Relating GPS to Irish Maps. 9 LEVEL 1 TRANSFORMATION (EASTING AND NORTHING SHIFTS) 11 Derivation 11 Transformation Procedure 12 Forward Transformation Procedure 12 STEP 1: Irish Grid Co-ordinates converted to GPS (Irish Grid) Co-ordinates 12 STEP 2: GPS (Irish Grid) converted to ETRF89 Geodetic Ellipsoidal Co-ordinates 12 Reverse Transformation Procedure 12 STEP 1: ETRF89 Geodetic Ellipsoidal Co-ordinates projected to GPS (Irish Grid) 12 STEP 2: GPS (Irish Grid) Co-ordinates converted to Irish Grid Co-ordinates 12 LEVEL 2 TRANSFORMATION (HELMERT 7 PARAMETER) 13 Introduction 13 Transformation Criteria 13 Method of Parameter Computation 13 Assessment of 7 Parameter Helmert Transformation 15 Accuracy 15 Invertability / Reversibility 15 Uniqueness 15 Conformality 15 Extensibility -
UTM and UPS James R
UTM and UPS James R. Clynch 2003 I. Introduction The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection coordinates occur on most topographic maps. This is the Northing and Easting coordinates discussed below. In addition the projection is used on many charts and maps. It forms the basis for the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) for US DoD maps in non-polar regions. North of 84 N and south of 80 S the Universal Stereographic Projection (UPS) is used for the MGRS. Note that as with all projections, the map is not specified until the ellipsoid and datum are specified. You have to check the map legend. II. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) A. Basic Geometry of a UTM Zone This is a Mercator based on a cylinder that is turned on its side so that the tangent line would be a meridian of longitude. In fact the cylinder is slightly depressed into the earth. The amount is defined by specifying the scale value on the central meridian is 0.9996 . Because it is a Mercator projection, it is conformal. (Rotating the cylinder just rotates Tissot's Indicatrix, which is a circle and remains a circle if you rotate it.) The meridians are now curved lines. The parallels are straight lines. The meridians bow in. This means that azimuths will be in error for points not on the central meridian. The scale error will be zero on the meridians that cut the earth. These are standard lines. The scale error is, of course 0.0004 ( 1 - 0.9996 ) along the central meridian. It grows as you go east or west of the standard lines.