Circus Krone, Neben Circus Sarrasani Ein Füh- Relevance

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Circus Krone, Neben Circus Sarrasani Ein Füh- Relevance CIRCUS. FREIHEIT. GLEICHSCHALTUNG. Circus. FREEDOM. ENFOrceD AlignMent. CIRCUS IN GESCHICHTE & GESELLSCHAFT Circus IN HistORY & SOciETY Der Circushistoriker Jewgeni Kusnezow definierte The historian Jewgeni Kusnezow defines circus as Circus als »Einheit der Vielfalt«. Die artistischen Num- the »unity of diversity«. The individual acrobatic acts of mern eines Circusprogrammes können zwar einzeln a circus program may well be performed independent- gezeigt werden, bilden zusammen allerdings eine neue ly, together however, they gain a new overall quality. Gesamtqualität heraus. The origins of circus artistry lie in jester’s shows, Die Ursprünge der Artistik waren GauklerInnen-Darbie- presented at town fairs. After the beginning of the tungen auf Jahrmärkten. Diese wurden ab Beginn des 16th century the blooming of trade turned those into 16. Jahrhunderts durch das Aufblühen des Handels events of major economic and social significance. zu ökonomisch und gesellschaftlich zentralen Ereig- Tightrope-walking, fire-eating, juggling, acrobatics and nissen. Dort waren zur Vergnügung vor allem Seiltanz, the dressage of small animals provided entertainment Feuerschlucken, Jonglage, Akrobatik und die Dressur for the general public. von Kleintieren zu sehen. With the beginning of industrialization, in the middle of Mit Einsetzen der Industrialisierung Mitte des 18. the 18th century, the town fairs’ importance dimini- Jahrhunderts verloren die Jahrmärkte an Bedeutung. shed. Conditions of life and labor changed everywhe- Die Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen der Menschen re. Additionally, the horse, which had been essential veränderten sich stark. Auch die Bedeutung des Pfer- for the forming of the circus in its modern shape, was des, welches Ausgangspunkt für die Entstehung des seen in a different light, as now horse acrobatics emer- Circus im heutigen Sinne war, wandelte sich durch die ged as an art form that was presented in a circular Circus Strassburger in Mannheim 1933 Entstehung der Kunstreiterei und seiner Präsentation manege. in einer runden Manege. BROschÜRE & Ausstellung Philip Astley, English and former cavalryman was Der Engländer und ehemalige Kavallarist Philip Astley among the first to combine horse-shows with other gilt als einer der Ersten, der Pferdevorführungen mit acrobatic presentations. BROschure & EXhibitiON anderen artistischen Darbietungen kombinierte. In the 19th century the circus provided public enter- Im 19. Jahrhundert war Circus Volksvergnügen für tainment for the gentry, the military and the working Adel, Militär und Proletariat. Raubtierdressuren und class. Dressage of predator beasts and the racist rassistische ‚Völkerschauen‘ spiegeln den Aspekt der exhibition of people (’Völkerschauen‘) reflect colonial Kolonialgeschichte wieder. Die gesellschaftliche Breite history. The social diversity of the audience also shone Circus im Nationalsozialismus Circus in National Socialism des Publikums zeigt sich in der Entstehung des Dum- through in the evolution of the asinine clown Dummer Ausgehend von Erzählungen von CircusartistInnen, Following the accounts of circus artists, circus histo- men August, der bourgeoises Verhalten und Aussehen August, who had the unspoken permission to ridicule CircushistorikerInnen und Überlebenden macht diese rians and survivors of the Nazi terror this migrating parodieren durfte. bourgeois appearance and behavior. Wanderausstellung die Geschichte von Circus im exhibition intends to bring the history of the circus du- Nationalsozialismus öffentlich. Sie ist unser Beitrag ring the time of German Nazism to the public eye. For Durch wachsende Mobilität und Technisierung setzte In the beginning of the 20th century, due to advancing zum Prozess der Erinnerung und Aufarbeitung der us, this exhibition is part of a process of remembering sich Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts das transportable mobility and technical progress the transportable tent Geschichte des Circus, der bisher kaum stattgefunden and coming to terms with the history of the circus, a Wandercircuszelt als Hauptauftrittsort durch. Davor of the travelling circus became the main performance hat. Die Ausstellung ist ein Gegengewicht zur Ge- process which has only just begun. This exhibition is wurde überwiegend in festen Circusbauten oder venue. Before, solid circus buildings or riding arenas, schichtsschreibung der großen Circusunternehmen, meant to work as a counterweight to historiography by Reitbahnen aufgeführt, die bis zu 20.000 Menschen which had room for up to 20,000 spectators, had die in ihren Chroniken die NS-Zeit weitgehend uner- the big circus companies, who tend to leave the Nazi erfassten. Erfolgreiche Großcircusse wuchsen zu served that purpose. Successful major circuses grew wähnt lassen. era out of their chronicles. kapitalstarken Unternehmen heran, denen mit hohen into well-capitalized business ventures. They held sub- Aufträgen, vor allem im Industriebereich, durchaus stantial contracts, especially by the industrial sector, The first part of the exhibition concentrates on chan- Der erste Teil der Ausstellung stellt dar, wie die Vorgän- wirtschaftspolitische Bedeutung zukam. Das Kapital and thus even achieved a certain overall economic ges in the circus world, which were brought about by ge der Gleichschaltung und »Arisierung« die Circus- von Circus Krone, neben Circus Sarrasani ein füh- relevance. The capital base of Circus Krone e.g., one of »Aryanization« and enforced alignment. How did each welt veränderten, wie einzelne Circusse damit umgin- render Circusgigant, betrug im Jahr 1930 etwa 25 the leading circus companies besides Circus Sarrasani, circus cope with these demands and how did they gen und mit den Nazis zusammenarbeiteten. Millionen Goldmark. amounted to 25 million Goldmarks in 1930. Der zweite Teil der Ausstellung widmet sich der Verfol- collaborate with the National Socialists? gung und Vernichtung von jüdischen ArtistInnen und The second part of the exhibition explores the perse- Circussen. Einen Schwerpunkt bildet dabei das Leben cution and extermination of Jewish circuses and circus der Artistin Irene Bento. Sie und ihre Familie lebten artists. Here, one of the focuses is the life of the artist von 1943-1945 versteckt beim Circus Adolf Althoff Irene Bento. From 1943 to 1945 she and her family und konnten sich so vor der nationalsozialistischen went into hiding at Circus Althoff and thus could save Vernichtung retten. themselves from extermination at the hands of the Nazis. 2 3 CIRCUS IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS CIRCUS IN NATIONAL SOCIALISM Die kulturpolitische Rolle des Circus war den Haupt- In Nazi cultural policy, radio, press, film and litera- propagandamedien des Radios, der Presse, des Kinos ture were considered the main media of propaganda und der Literatur deutlich untergeordnet. Durch die whereas circus played a minor role. The fascination it Faszination eines breiten Publikums vom Circus hatte generated in a broader public, however, nonetheless dieser für die Nazis trotzdem einen hohen Stellenwert. appealed to the Nazis. In den frühen 1930er Jahren war die aufkommende In the early 1930s, the rising National Socialist mass nationalsozialistische Massenbewegung mit ihren movement and its numerous party rackets were seri- zahlreichen Parteispektakeln für deutsche Circusse ein ous competition for German circuses in the endeavour großer Konkurrent im Kampf um das Publikum, auch for the public’s attention, especially since circuses weil Circusse stark unter den Folgen der Wirtschafts- suffered seriously from the effects of the economic krise von 1929 litten. crisis of 1929. Seit der Machtübergabe an die Nazis bekamen ins- After the handover of power to the Nazis especially besondere Großcircusse, wie Sarrasani, Krone oder the major circuses like Sarrasani, Krone or Hagenbeck, Hagenbeck, die sich kooperationsbereit mit den Nazis which were inclined to collaborate with the Nazis, zeigten, finanzielle Hilfen von der Reichsregierung. received funding by the German Reich‘s govern- Sie erhielten leichter Gastspielgenehmigungen und ment. Additionally they were entitled to tax cuts and Steuervergünstigungen. Ranghohe Parteimitglieder performance permits. Top rank party members paid statteten den Circussen repräsentative Besuche ab. well publicized visits to their shows, which resulted in Dies bedeutete viel positive Presse. widespread positive attention of the press. Kriegspropaganda und Trostspende War Propaganda and Bearer of Comfort Erntedankfest im Circus Busch-Berlin Thanksgiving at Circus Busch-Berlin Mit Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges wuchs die gesell- With the beginning of WWII the social significance schaftliche Bedeutung des Circus und seiner Unterhal- of the circus increased. In 1941, 20 German circuses tungsfunktion weiter. Für das Jahr 1941 wird das Pu- registered 30 million visitors altogether. blikum von 20 deutschen Circussen mit 30 Millionen The »eminent patriotic task of artistry« during the war BesucherInnen beziffert. Die »große vaterländische was to »preserve the calm and optimistic attitude of Aufgabe der Artistik« bestand während des Krieges our national comrades«. This was achieved either by darin, »die ruhige, zuversichtliche Stimmung unserer evasive, i.e. purely entertaining circus shows or by Volksgenossen zu erhalten«. Dieses geschah sowohl comprehensive orchestrations. durch ablenkende, lediglich unterhaltsame Circusvor- stellungen, als auch durch Gesamtinszenierungen. In 1940, Paula Busch and Circus Sarrasani performed a show called »Nena Sahib«, which referred to the In- In dem
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