MEASURING AND MONITORING BIODIVERSITY IN TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE FORESTS © 1995 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published 1995. Printed in Malaysia ISBN: 979-8764-01-3 Center for International Forestry Research Bogor, Indonesia Mailing Address: PO Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia iv Preface This book contains 24 papers selected from among those presented at an interna- tional symposium on Measuring and Monitoring Biodivcrsity in Tropical and Tem- perate Forests , held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, between the 27th of August and 2nd of September, 1994. The symposium was attended by over 240 scientists from more than 40 countries from around the world. In addition to four days of paper presen- tations, there was also a one-day field trip, and a continuous poster session, with more than 35 posters, as well as computer demonstrations of software packages for identifying and measuring biodiversity. Biodiversity is an immense subject, and as tropical and temperate forests are home to a large proportion of the earth s terrestrial biodiversity, it is obviously very difficult to cover the topic comprehensively in a single volume. The papers included in this book were selected to give as broad a coverage as possible of key topics under the general title, including Principles of Measur- ing and Monitoring Biodiversity (8 papers), Genetic Diversity (6 papers), Species and Ecosystem Diversity (5 papers), and Methodology (5 papers). Inevitably, forest trees are the theme of many papers, but also included are papers dealing with diversity of arthropods, microfungi, birds and butterflies, and gibbons, as well as many papers dealing with the entire range of biodiversity. We would like to thank many people who helped to make the symposium and this book possible. Among these are the sponsors of the symposium, the Royal Forest Department of Thailand, the Commission of the European Communities, the Canadian International Devel- opment Agency (including the ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre and SADCC Tree Seed Centre Network), the Canadian Forest Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the Center for International Forestry Research, and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the entire Organizing Committee in Thailand, and particularly the assistance of Ms. Rosita Go of CIFOR, for her work before, during, and after the symposium, especially in arranging financial support for developing coun- try scientists, and preparing the manuscripts for publication. Finally, we would like to thank reviewers of the manuscripts: Md. K. Alam, S. Appanah, P. Ashton, K. Bawa, K. Boonpragob, W. Brockelman, J. Brouard, N. Byron, K. Chaisurisri, J. Coles, M. Collins, J. Cornelius, C. Cossalter, J. Davie, L. Duchesne, Y. El-Kassaby, R Finkeldey, A. Gillison, M. Green, P. Hall, S. Harris, O. Hendrickson, M. Hossain, M. Ibach, H. Joly, P. Kanowski, M. Kariuki-Larsen, R Leakey, S. Magnussen, E. McKenzie, J. McNeely, D. Meidinger, C. Nair, F. Ng, I. Nielsen, T. Nieman, M. van Noordwijk, H. Offerman, A.S. Ouedraogo, C. V Palmberg Lerche, C. Pielou, B. Ponoy, R. Prabhu, S. Rai, A. Rao, W. Ratnam, U. Rosalina Wasrin, C. Sastry, J. Sayer, R. Shivas, R Szaro, J. Turnbull, R Uma Shaanker, S. Yatabe, C. Yeatman, and A. Young. T.J.B. Boyle B. Boontawee (with Dr. Gunnar Seidenfadon), Edible and Poisonous Plants in Thailand, produced by the Military Research and Development Centre of the Ministry of Defense, and Wild Plants of Thailand, in the Thai Encyclopedia for Youths, initiated by H.M. King Bhumipol Adulyadej . Professor Tern had been working on wild flowers and wild plants from the very beginning of his career until the end of his life. He acquired an enormous depth of experience in botany, on his own, by trekking through all the forests and regions of Thailand. His worldwide reputation meant that any visiting botanist or forest scientist were always recommended to see him when they visited Thailand. At the end of his life, he contributed actively to the debate on forest biodiversity. He was a member of the organizing committee for the IUFRO Symposium on Mea- suring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests, held in Chiang Mai, August 27 - September 2, 1994. He presented the keynote speech at the Sympo- sium, which is included in these Proceedings, and led participants on a field trip to examine forest biodiversity at Doi Inthanon National Park. Vlll Table of Contents Preface v Dedication vii Keynote address 1 Chapter 1 1 Overview of the status of biodiversity in tropical and temperate forests: Prof. Tern Smitinand Principles of Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity Chapter 2 5 Biodiversity versus old-style diversity: measuring biodiversity for conservation: E. C. Pielou Chapter 3 19 Measuring and monitoring forest biodiversity: a commentary: J. Burley and I. Gauld Chapter 4 47 Landscape characterization and biodiversity research: V. Dale, H. Offernan, R. Frohn and R. Gardner Chapter 5 67 Comparative paradigms for biodiversity assessment: W. Myers, G. Patil and C. Taillie Chapter 6 87 What do measurements of biodiversity tell us? G. Namkoong ix Chapter 15 227 Gene diversity study based on isozyme analysis in teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) provenances: A. Kertadikara and D. Prat Species and ecosystem diversity Chapter 16 237 Species diversity of the second growth at Ngao Demonstration Forest, Lampang Province: S. Kiratiprayoon, J. Luangjame, P. Damrongtbai and M. Tarumatsawas Chapter 17 247 Biodiversity assessment of forest tree species in Bia National Park Ghana: A. Oteng-Yeboah Chapter 18 257 Measuring and inventorying arthropod diversity in temperate and tropical forests: N. Stork Chapter 19 271 Diversity of microfungi in the wet tropics of north Queensland: K. D. Hyde Chapter 20 287 Reserve size and implications for the conservation of biodiversity in the Andaman Islands: P. Davidar, S. Devy, T. Yoganand and T. Ganesh Methodology Chapter 21 303 Methods for measurement of species diversity: J. Gajaseni and K. Boonpragob xi Chapter 22 309 Tools to diagnose forest integrity: an appraisal method substantiated by SILW-STAR assessment of diversity and forest structure: H. Koop, H. Rijksen and J. Wind Chapter 23 335 A GIS approach to mapping spatial variation in tropical rain forest biodiversity: A. Grainger, S. Rose, Trisurat and W. Brockelman Chapter 24 355 Assessing priority areas for biodiversity and protected areas networks: C. Margules and I. Kitching Chapter 25 365 Zapped, scanned, timed and digitized - advanced technologies for measuring and monitoring vegetation diversity: G. Lund, D. Evans and D. Linden Index 383 xii Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN TROPICALAND TEMPERATE FORESTS KEYNOTE ADDRESS Prof. Dr. Tern Smitinand Ladies and gentlemen, since the Director General of the Royal Forest Department has an urgent commitment elsewhere, the organising committee has asked me to deliver the keynote address in his stead. I will try my best to make it as brief as possible. CONCEPT OF BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity is a term that has recently been widely used. It is the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. It can be defined as the number of different items and their relative fre- quency, For biological diversity, these items are organised at many levels, ranging from DNA sequences that are the molecular basis of heredity to complete eco- systems. Thus, the term encompasses genes, species, ecosystems and their relative abundance. Biodiversity can be divided into three hierarchical categories: - Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species covering dis- tinct populations of the same species or genetic variation within a population. - Species diversity refers to the variety of living organisms on earth. - Ecosystem diversity refers to the variability of habitats and biotic communities including the variety of ecological processes within ecosystems. VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY The diversity manifested by the countless kinds of genetic materials, varied species and ecosystem types has enormous value. The variety of distinct micro-organisms, plants, animals and habitats can influence the productivity and services derived from the ecosystems. Biodiversity provides direct economic benefits in terms of food, medicine and industrial raw materials, and supplies the functional ingredients for natural ecosystems to provide an array of essential services to man (photosynthesis, regulation of absorption and breakdown of the hydrologic cycle and climate, absorption and breakdown of pollutants and many others). Plants and animals, like human beings, have an established right to existence, therefore we should be concerned with their value and conserve their diversity. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CAUSES Our biological resources are being overused, hampering their regenerative capa- city. The crucible of extinction is already threatening our natural environment. In order to save our remaining forests from ultimate destruction, a clear understanding of the major causes of biodiversity losses is needed. The known manifestations of the loss of biodiversity are: habitat loss and fragmentation, overharvesting, intro- duced species, chemical pollution, global climatic changes, and agricultural and forest industries. The decline of biodiversity is caused by direct and indirect factors. It is the consequence of use or misuse of the environment by man for his own purposes. The loss of tropical forests