Alla Vigilia Delle Presidenziali: Dalle Proteste, Al Ruolo Della Classe Media, Alle Relazioni Con Ue E Italia Oleg Barabanov(*)

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Alla Vigilia Delle Presidenziali: Dalle Proteste, Al Ruolo Della Classe Media, Alle Relazioni Con Ue E Italia Oleg Barabanov(*) 29 febbraio 2012 Alla vigilia delle presidenziali: dalle proteste, al ruolo della classe media, alle relazioni con Ue e Italia Oleg Barabanov(*) L’atmosfera alla vigilia delle elezioni presidenziali in Russia è molto effervescente a causa di un’inattesa attivazione della società civile, a partire dall’ufficializzazione dei risultati delle elezioni alla Duma del 4 dicembre 2011. Pochi giorni dopo migliaia di moscoviti sono scesi in strada per dare vita a una imponente e variegata manifestazione, la più grande protesta a Mosca dai tempi della perestroika e della dissoluzione dell’Unione Sovietica. Quali sono le cause di questo movimento di protesta? Sicuramente c’è stato un effetto contagio da parte della Primavera araba. Ma come dimostra la storia contemporanea i soli fattori esterni non sono sufficienti a comprendere e spiegare dinamiche così complesse. La Rivoluzione arancione in Ucraina di fine 2004 non ebbe, per esempio, alcun effetto sul precedente ciclo elettorale russo (2007-2008), a differenza di ciò che si attendevano molti esperti e analisti in Occidente. Per questo ciò che accade oggi in Russia deve essere letto in chiave interna e non soltanto analiz- zando il comportamento della classe media nelle grandi città russe. In generale, una nuova classe media era già emersa durante il precedente ciclo elettorale (2007-2008) in quanto quelli erano gli anni del cosiddetto “decennio grasso”, il periodo della continua crescita dell’economia russa grazie agli alti prezzi del petrolio. Tale benessere aveva consentito di aumentare i salari che in molte città russe hanno addirittura superato i livelli delle retribuzioni nell’Ue. Tuttavia in quel periodo la classe media non ha avanzato richieste politiche, né ha espresso la volontà di un maggiore coinvolgimen- to nella gestione della cosa pubblica. Mi sembra che il catalizzatore attuale dell’attivismo sociale della classe media sia proprio la crisi del 2009 in quanto si teme che il livello di benessere e il nuo- vo stile di vita raggiunti in precedenza possano essere compromessi. Le motivazioni delle proteste russe non appaiono perciò troppo dissimili da quelle che hanno ali- mentato il movimento newyorkese di “Occupy Wall Street”, che pacificamente denuncia i guasti del capitalismo finanziario e quello degli “Indignados” europei che contestano il sistema bancario e auspicano maggiore equità e più lavoro. In questi due casi è stata proprio la crisi a mettere in moto la protesta popolare e si è assistito alla trasformazione della consumerist society in società dei cittadini. Affermo questo non in riferimento alle Ong che sono sempre state attive sia nell’Ue che negli Usa, ma alla classe media, intesa sia come white collars che come blue collars. Negli Stati Uniti il passaggio da semplici consumatori a cittadini è stato ancora più interessante che nell’Ue. Il movimento “Occupy Wall Street” ha ricordato a molti in Russia il senso civico che emer- se duranti i primi anni della perestroika. L’euforia che si coglieva al parco Zucotti a New York mo- stra che molti dei partecipanti a queste proteste per la prima volta si sono sentiti non semplicemen- te consumatori, felici della propria vita, ma cittadini finalmente consapevoli. Un esempio molto inte- ressante è il discorso (postato su Youtube) – una sfilza di slogan popolari e piuttosto banali – che il Le opinioni espresse sono strettamente personali e non riflettono necessariamente le posizioni dell’ISPI. Oleg Barabanov, direttore del Dipartimento di Politiche pubbliche europee dell’Istituto degli Studi europei dell’Università statale di Mosca di Relazioni internazionali – MGIMO –, autore del recente libro Italia dopo la guerra fredda: dalla media potenza verso il mondo dei protagonisti, pubblicato dalla Casa editrice dell’Università MGIMO. 2 ISPI - Commentary filosofo sloveno Slavoj Zizek ha pronunciato a parco Zucotti e che i presenti hanno ripetuto frase dopo frase per circa mezz’ora. Tutto ciò mi ha fatto tornare alla mente le prime proteste di massa ai tempi della perestroika. Ed è esattamente la trasformazione della classe media da consumatori in cittadini in seguito ai guasti della crisi che ha spinto molti russi a scendere in piazza nelle grandi città. Alle preoccupazioni per le conseguenze dell’esito delle elezioni presidenziali si aggiunge una certa apprensione dei russi rispetto alla stabilità monetaria europea e alla tenuta dell’euro. Sin dall’inizio della crisi dell’euro in Russia si sono delineate due tendenze contrapposte rispetto a questo tema. Da una parte, una parte dell’opinione pubblica russa ha espresso un certo compiacimento nel con- statare che anche l’Ue stava attraversando un momento critico sia in termini economici che di cli- ma di opinione e quindi di legittimità della stessa costruzione europea. Questo sentimento si spie- ga col fatto che l’opinione pubblica russa si è stancata delle “lezioni” impartite dall’Ue al paese e dell’atteggiamento di superiorità ostentato da alcuni suoi funzionari. Si è parlato a lungo di “neo- imperialismo” e “neo-colonialismo” per descrivere il rapporto asimmetrico fra Ue e Russia. Questa insofferenza è emersa soprattutto durante l’amministrazione Obama. In seguito alla politica del reset the button del 2009, il presidente statunitense ha abbandonato i tradizionali toni paternalistici nei confronti della Russia e ha optato per un approccio più pragmatico. Un ruolo importante nel giudizio dei russi nei confronti dell’Ue lo ha giocato il recente rafforzamen- to dei rapporti strategici russo-cinesi. Solo nell’ultimo anno (e in relazione con la crisi dell’euro) si può cogliere un cambiamento di fondo nel tono e nelle dichiarazioni di molti esperti e politologi cinesi. A partire dall’estate-autunno 2011 molti di loro hanno iniziato a parlare apertamente di un mondo futuro sino-centrico, di come l’ordine mondiale sia entrato in una fase di trasformazione senza ritorno indietro (prima i cinesi si rifiutavano di trattare di questi temi e sottolineavano che il loro paese non nutre ambizioni globali). In questa nuova prospettiva, i cinesi hanno iniziato a defi- nire la Russia come il “sostegno strategico” o come la “schiena strategica” della Cina e hanno pro- gressivamente cercato una convergenza con Mosca riguardo a decisioni e posizioni in ambito in- ternazionale. Il formato Brics (Brasile, Russia, India, Cina e Sudafrica) ha contribuito in maniera rilevante a questa nuova tendenza. Non bisogna dimenticare che la Cina è l’unica grande econo- mia che nonostante la crisi e, a differenza dell’Ue, ha continuato a crescere. Questo dato ha spinto molti a considerare la possibilità che la Cina possa sostituirsi all’Ue come partner economico stra- tegico della Russia e che l’aquila russa possa realmente guardare non più solo a ovest ma sempre di più anche a est. Nel corso del 2011 la Russia ha perduto perciò percettibilmente interesse verso l’Ue e ha ri-orientato i suoi interessi verso la Cina. Allo stesso tempo, in Russia si riscontra anche un’altra posizione che rimane tuttora molto forte. Dal momento che l’Ue è il cliente principale delle esportazioni russe di gas e petrolio, il permanere della crisi e un’eventuale diffusione della recessione nei diversi paesi membri dell’Unione Europea finirà con l’avere riverberi negativi sulla stessa crescita russa. È necessario perciò che la Russia adotti misure serie per aiutare i paesi dell’Ue a uscire dalla crisi perché solo così sarà in grado di salvaguardare anche i propri interessi economici. Questa è stata anche la posizione del presidente Medvedev. La Russia non ha perciò esitato a sostenere l’euro sia all’interno del Fmi che, indiret- tamente, sul mercato, acquistando le obbligazioni dei paesi della zona euro. La Russia ha quindi accolto positivamente la formazione di un nuovo governo in Italia sotto la guida dell’ex commissa- rio europeo Mario Monti. È nell’interesse russo che l’Italia si salvi e le chance che Monti porti il paese e il suo sistema finanziario fuori dalla crisi sono più alte (rispetto a quello che è riuscito a fare Berlusconi). La Russia è pronta a sostenere l’Italia in questi sforzi. Tuttavia a Mosca si teme che il governo Monti possa vacillare a causa della crescente opposizione dei sindacati alle misure di contenimento della spesa pubblica e dell’ostilità di varie lobby a una liberalizzazione di alcuni comparti dell’economia. Si potrebbe aprire allora una pericolosa fase di instabilità che potrebbe creare una grave falla a livello europeo. ISPI - Commentary 3 È probabile anche che la nuova presidenza russa sia più assertiva nel relazionarsi con Bruxelles. La nomina a presidente del Comitato per gli affari esteri della nuova Duma del conduttore televisi- vo Aleksei Pushkov (sostituisce Konstantin Kosachev, politico dallo stile diplomatico e moderato), noto per le sue simpatie per visioni radicali e per il rafforzamento della posizione internazionale russa, va in questa direzione. La Russia continuerà la politica dell’energy superpower sia nei rap- porti con i paesi dello spazio post-sovietico che con quelli europei. Dopo l’avvio del Nord Stream l’attenzione principale sarà sulla realizzazione dell’altro progetto di gasdotto – South Stream. Rela- tivamente a quest’ultimo appare evidente la stretta collaborazione costruttiva con l’Italia in quanto proprio l’Italia potrebbe in prospettiva diventare il consumatore-chiave del gas trasportato dal South Stream, mentre Eni è già uno dei partner principali di Gazprom nella costruzione di tale ga- sdotto. Così i rapporti tradizionalmente stabili tra l’Italia e la Russia riceveranno uno stimolo ag- giuntivo per il loro ulteriore rafforzamento. Dal momento che l’ex cancelliere tedesco Gerhard Schröder presiede il consorzio del Nord Stre- am, a Mosca si vocifera (sono apparsi alcuni articoli in tono ironico) che la stessa carica per il South Stream potrebbe ora toccare all’ex presidente del Consiglio Silvio Berlusconi. Tuttavia que- sta opzione sembra poco plausibile. Non è un segreto che la leadership russa abbia avuto relazioni molto strette con l’ex presidente del Consiglio Silvio Berlusconi.
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