Rysk Kulturdebatt Under Perestrojkan Och Den Postsovjetiska Perioden

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Rysk Kulturdebatt Under Perestrojkan Och Den Postsovjetiska Perioden RESE A RCH REP ORT S 3 2004 Kerstin Olofsson Rysk kulturdebatt under perestrojkan och den postsovjetiska perioden som samlats i denna antologi har skrivits åren ‒ inom ramen för forskningsprojektet Media Societies Around the Baltic Sea vid Södertörns högskola. De berör alla på olika sätt rysk kulturdebatt i olika medier under Rysk kulturdebatt perestrojkan ( ‒ ) och den postsovjetiska perioden Perestrojkadebatten och -talets postsovjetiska debatt skiljer under perestrojkan sig starkt från varandra. -talet saknar målmedvetenheten och de klara politiska motsättningarna, det liberala lägrets och den postsovjetiska perioden kamp för yttrandefrihet och demokrati i tro på Ordets, den uttalade sanningens, läkande förmåga. Med ett citat anfört ur en liberal artikel : ”Perestrojkan som började med en anti- alkoholkampanj har avslutats med en svår baksmälla.” Det postsovjetiska -talet är präglat av övergångens svårigheter, av identitetssökande som tar sig många olika uttryck. Ett av dessa uttryck är att den ryska intelligentsians roll och egenska- per blir ett av huvudämnena i debatten under den första hälften av decenniet. Det är denna debatt som fokuseras i antologins artiklar om den postsovjetiska perioden. södertörns högskola phone: +46(0)8 608 4000 ¥ fax: +46(0)8 608 4010 e-mail: [email protected] address: se-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden ¥ www.sh.se RESE A RCH REP ORT S 3 2004 kerstin olofsson Rysk kulturdebatt under perestrojkan och den postsovjetiska perioden s ö d e rtörns högskola 2004 S Ö D E RTÖRNS HÖGSKO LA Research Reports 2004:3 Huddinge 2004 ISSN 1403-5111 ISBN 91-89315-40-5 Publicerad med stöd från Östersjöstiftelsen Innehåll Inledning . The Cultural Debate on Abolishing Censorship . Avgör intelligentsian Rysslands öde? . Bilden av intelligentsian i Vladimir Makanins Laz . The Russian Intelligentsia in Focus . The Intelligentsia Debate in post-Soviet Russia . Rysk intelligentsiadebatt i skärningspunkten mellan nytt och gammalt . Inledning ”Inte alla som säger ’Herre!’, ’Herre!’hör himmelriket till. Inte alla ’bildade’ hör till gruppen av kritiskt tänkande individer, det vill säga till intelligentsian.” (Ivanov- Razumnik 1911)1 som samlats i denna antologi har skrivits åren 2000-2003 inom Dramen för forskningsprojektet Media Societies Around the Baltic Sea vid Sö- dertörns högskola. De berör alla på olika sätt rysk kulturdebatt i olika medier under perestrojkan (1985–91) och den postsovjetiska perioden. De artiklar som har översatts till engelska publiceras på detta språk. Perestrojkadebatten och 90-talets postsovjetiska debatt skiljer sig starkt från varandra. 90-talet saknar målmedvetenheten och de klara politiska motsättning- arna, det liberala lägrets kamp för yttrandefrihet och demokrati i tro på Ordets, den uttalade sanningens, läkande förmåga. Med ett citat anfört ur en liberal arti- kel 1991 i denna antologis första text:”Perestrojkan som började med en antialko- holkampanj har avslutats med en svår baksmälla.” Det postsovjetiska 90-talet är präglat av övergångens svårigheter, av identitetssökande som tar sig många olika uttryck. Ett av dessa uttryck är att den ryska intelligentsians roll och egenskaper blir ett av huvudämnena i debatten under den första hälften av decenniet. Det är denna debatt som fokuseras i antologins artiklar om den postsovjetiska perioden. I den ryska kulturen har det sedan 1800-talets första hälft ägnats oerhört mycket intresse och tankekraft åt landets intelligentsia – hur skall den definieras, vad har den för egenskaper, vem ingår i den, vem skall uteslutas, vilken är dess roll, vad betyder den för ”Rysslands öde”. Intelligentsians historia skrivs gång på gång. Särskilt brytningstider har präglats av heta debatter om intelligentsian – det gäller till exempel 1870-talet efter livegenskapens avskaffande, 1890-talet med dess inträngande kapitalism och uppbrytning av bondesamhällets gamla former liksom perioden efter den första ryska revolutionen 1905–07 med dess politiska turbulens och omvandling. Denna typ av debatter omöjliggjordes av den sovjetis- ka censuren. Men när brytningstiden 1990-talet kommer visar det sig att sovjetti- den inte medfört ett traditionsbrott – åter uppstår en intensiv debatt om intelli- gentsian. 1 Ivanov-Razumnik, Istorija russkoj obscestvennoj mysli, I, sid 8 5 De stora idéströmningarna under det ryska 1800-talet och tidiga 1900-talet är slavofilismen (kunde också kallas russofilism), olika ”västinriktade” strömningar (socialistiska och liberala), den agrarsocialistiska narodnikrörelsen, anarkismen, panslavismen, marxismen och sekelskiftets religionsfilosofiska idealism. Särskilt levande i dagens debatt är slavofilismens, narodnikrörelsens och religionsfiloso- fins intelligentsiasyn, den sistnämnda i främst slavofilismens fotspår.Att klargöra slavofilismens och narodnikrörelsens intelligentsiaidéer är värdefullt för förståel- sen av dagens intelligentsiadebatt. Denna präglas av en rad säregenheter som på ett slående sätt visar sig ha sina rötter i 1800-talets idévärld och debatteknik. Slavofilismen från och med 1830-talet är en konservativ och religiös lära för bevarande av Rysslands särprägel mot förändringar inspirerade från väst; euro- peiseringen under Peter den store under 1700-talets första del ses som ett synda- fall. Narodnikrörelsen från och med 1860-talet vill att Ryssland skall göras socia- listiskt genom vidareutveckling av den ännu kvarlevande ryska bygemenskapens traditioner. Den har en revolutionär och terroristisk del och en fredlig. Det är allt- så mycket olika rörelser. Vad de har gemensamt är tron på en ”särskild väg” för Ryssland i förhållande till Västeuropa, den ”Andre” som intellektuella ryssar mäter sig emot – ”Ryssland och Europa” är det övergripande temat i 1800-talets intensiva nationella identitetssökande. Det finns också mycket gemensamt i deras syn på intelligentsian och behandling av intelligentsiabegreppet. Intresset för intelligentsian som samhällsföreteelse är gemensamt. Det finns också påfallande likheter i hur de båda rörelserna utnyttjar de retoriska möjlighe- ter deras behandling av begreppet ger. Slavofilen Ivan Aksakov är den förste meto- diske ”intelligentsiaideologen”, själva benämningen ”intelligentsia” tog han upp som en av de första i början av 1860-talet. Utgångspunkt är den allmänna upp- fattningen om Ryssland som uppdelat i ”folket” och ett västeuropeiskt bildat överskikt,från och med 1860-talet ofta kallat ”intelligentsian”.2 Detta överskiktets import av västeuropeisk bildning, medan befolkningen i stort förblev analfabetisk och höll fast vid gamla trosföreställningar, hör till de faktorer som fått nutida ryska sociologer att kalla Ryssland för det ”första landet i Tredje världen”.3 Men det finns en dubbelhet, eftersom Ryssland samtidigt var en stormakt. Denna dub- belhet är en viktig bakgrund till ryska intellektuellas ofta frustrerade sysslande med sin identitet, till frågor som ”Vad är Ryssland?”,”Vad är intelligentsian?”. 2 O W Müller, Intelligencija. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte eines politischen Schlagwortes, sid 252, 258, 259 3 LGudkov, B Dubin, Intelligencija, sid 81 6 Något som de båda riktningarna har gemensamt är just uppdelningen i ”folk” och ”intelligentsia” sedda som helheter, med statsmakten i triangelns tredje hörn. För slavofilerna är folket en ”organisk enhet” i överensstämmelse med deras ro- mantiska samhällsideal.4 Romantiken som filosofisk lära har överhuvudtaget varit mer inflytelserik i den ryska kulturen än i sitt ursprungsland Tyskland. Na- rodnikerna anser i överensstämmelse med sitt socialistiska samhällsideal att folket har gemensamma sociala intressen.5 Båda riktningar tilldelar intelligentsian en mycket stor roll som andlig ledare, och i samband därmed finns en konception om intelligentsians skuld för negativa samhällsföreteelser och folkets olyckor. Återkommande är också uttryck för besvikelse på intelligentsian, som ständigt inte anses leva upp till förväntningarna. Detta leder hos skribenter inom båda riktningarna till hela ”lastkataloger” eller ”syndaregister” med den tyske intelli- gentsiahistorikern Otto Müllers uttryck.6 Aksakov framlägger den inflytelserika teorin om intelligentsian som förmedlare mellan folket och statsmakten, något som han anser gör politiska partier överflödiga.7 Politiskt ”splittring” av intelli- gentsian (liksom folket) ses som något negativt.Något som båda riktningarna har gemensamt, liksom från olika utgångspunkter den traditionella ryska intellektu- ella högern och vänstern i stort,är en avsky för kapitalistiska och materiella driv- krafter, för borgerligheten, sedd som en del av ett komplex av ”småborgerliga” ideal. Nu återstår den stora frågan om vad och vem som konstituerar denna intelli- gentsia med dess krav på en ledande roll. Då är vi framme vid det ytterst kompli- cerade problemet med definitionen av ”intelligentsian” och den retoriska använd- ningen av begreppet. Otto Müller skriver om en ”babylonisk språkförbistring” i sin kända begreppshistoria, där ”intelligentsian” redan i underrubriken betecknas som ett ”politiskt slagord”. Så som ordet används i 1800-talets texter, skriver han, visar sig den omhuldade föreställningen om den ”klassiska ryska intelligentsian” vara en litterär fiktion. Ordet ”intelligentsian” betecknar en rad olika saker. Och inte nog med det – det räcker inte att fråga vem ordet betecknar; man måste också fråga sig vem som yttrar det, när det görs, i vilken avsikt och vilken tid som avses. Olika normativa modeller för en äkta intelligentsia kläs dessutom i deskriptiva termer. Han ger exempel på logiska
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