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Les Esclaves Et Les Affranchis Publics Dans L'occident Romain

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Les Esclaves Et Les Affranchis Publics Dans L'occident Romain Les esclaves et les affranchis publics dans l'occident romain (IIe si`ecleavant J.-C. - IIIe si`ecleapr`esJ.-C.) Francoise Sudi To cite this version: Francoise Sudi. Les esclaves et les affranchis publics dans l'occident romain (IIe si`ecle avant J.-C. - IIIe si`ecleapr`esJ.-C.). Histoire. Universit´eBlaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2013CLF20032>. <tel-01124265> HAL Id: tel-01124265 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01124265 Submitted on 6 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Université Blaise-Pascal – Clermont II Ecole doctorale Lettres, Sciences humaines et Sociales C.H.E.C. Les esclaves et les affranchis publics dans l’Occident romain II e siècle avant J.-C. – III e siècle après J.-C. Thèse de Doctorat Discipline Histoire présentée et soutenue publiquement par Françoise SUDI -GUIRAL Mme Mireille CEBEILLAC -GERVASONI , directeur de thèse (CNRS Paris-UMR 8210-ANHIMA) M. Jean ANDREAU (EHESS) M. Michel CHRISTOL (Université Paris I Sorbonne) Mme Giovannella CRESCI -MARRONE (Université Ca’ Foscari Venise) M. Laurent LAMOINE (Université Blaise-Pascal Clermont II) M. Frédéric TREMENT (Université Blaise-Pascal Clermont II) 2013 Université Blaise-Pascal – Clermont II Ecole doctorale Lettres, Sciences humaines et Sociales C.H.E.C. Les esclaves et les affranchis publics dans l’Occident romain II e siècle avant J.-C. – III e siècle après J.-C. Thèse de Doctorat Discipline Histoire présentée et soutenue publiquement par Françoise SUDI -GUIRAL Mme Mireille CEBEILLAC -GERVASONI , directeur de thèse (CNRS Paris-UMR 8210-ANHIMA) M. Jean ANDREAU (EHESS) M. Michel CHRISTOL (Université Paris I Sorbonne) Mme Giovannella CRESCI -MARRONE (Université Ca’ Foscari Venise) M. Laurent LAMOINE (Université Blaise-Pascal Clermont II) M. Frédéric TREMENT (Université Blaise-Pascal Clermont II) 2013 Aux miens, Je tiens à adresser mes remerciements les plus sincères à Mme Cébeillac- Gervasoni pour avoir accepté de diriger ce travail pendant de longues années et m’avoir toujours encouragée dans sa réalisation. Ma plus vive reconnaissance va également à M. Laurent Lamoine pour son aide précieuse et sa grande disponibilité. Enfin, ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans le soutien constant de ma famille à laquelle je dois tant. 5 Table Introduction Ière partie : Sources et méthode 1. Les sources 1.1 Les sources littéraires 1.2 Les sources juridiques 1.3 La documentation épigraphique 2. Une prosopographie 2.1. Les esclaves 2.2. Les affranchis IIème partie : Les emplois et les fonctions des esclaves et des affranchis publics de l’Occident romain Chapitre 1 : Le service des magistrats 1. Le service des magistrats à Rome 2. Le service des magistrats locaux 2.1. Attestations épigraphiques 2.2. Les limocincti 2.3 Les officiales Chapitre 2 : Esclaves et affranchis publics employés au service de l’administration 1. Les esclaves attachés à la gestion financière 1.1. Les arcarii 1.1.1. Les attestations 1.1.2. Les fonctions des arcarii 1.1.3. Les arcarii spécialisés 1.2. Les dispensatores 1.3. Les vilici 1.3.1. À l’origine, des intendants de domaines 1.3.2. Les vilici dans l’administration financière 1.3.3. Les vilici gestionnaires 2. Les actores 3. Les tabularii 6 Chapitre 3 Esclaves et affranchis publics employés au service des cultes 1. Les esclaves auxiliaires des grandes prêtrises à Rome 1.1. Inventaire des fonctions 1.2. Un cas particulièrement bien documenté : les esclaves publics attachés aux frères arvales 1.2.1. La familia publicorum arvalium 1.2.2. Les servi publici préposés à des tâches administratives auprès de la confrérie 1.2.3. Les servi publici auxiliaires du culte 2. Les aeditui Chapitre 4 Esclaves et affranchis publics employés dans les services techniques et de production 1. Les publici dans les fonctions d’approvisionnement 1.1. L’approvisionnement alimentaire 1.2. L’approvisionnement en eau : les aquarii 2. Les publici dans des fonctions de production 2.1. Les plumbarii 2.2. Les tegularii 3. Des emplois techniques 3.1. Les mensores 3.2. Des publici préposés à des installations spécifiques 4. Les servi publici dans les travaux de force et les tâches ingrates. 4.1. Les opera publica 4.2. Les préposés à l’entretien des lieux et des espaces publics 4.3. Bourreau et gardien de prison 7 IIIème partie : La condition sociale des esclaves et des affranchis publics de l’Occident romain Chapitre 5 La situation économique et matérielle des esclaves et des affranchis publics 1. Ressources, revenus et peculium 1.1. L’entretien des esclaves 1.2. Annua et commoda : la question du « salaire » des esclaves publics 1.3. Peculium et droit de tester 2. Le attestations de richesse 2.1. Les vicarii publicorum 2.2. L’accès à l’épigraphie 2.2.1. Les monuments honorifiques 2.2.2. Les monuments funéraires 2.2.3. Les monuments votifs et cultuels 2.3. Pratiques de dons et évergétisme 2.3.1. Des publici bienfaiteurs de collèges 2.3.2. Quelques actions individuelles remarquables dans le cadre civique 2.3.3 Une réalisation collective : l’ aedes Bellonae d’Ostie Chapitre 6 : Les esclaves et des affranchis publics dans leurs relations sociales 1. Les publici dans les collèges à caractère religieux 1.1. Les publici dans les collèges de l’époque républicaine 1.1.1. Les collèges compitalices de Minturnes 1.1.2. Le collège de Cora 1.1.3. Le collège de Corfinium 1.2. Les publici dans les collèges de l’époque impériale 1.2.1. L’ album des cultores D (ei ) S(olis ) I(nvicti ) Mithrae de Sentinum 1.2.2. L’ album des cultores Silvani de Philippes 1.2.3. La dédicace aux Numina des curiale s de Savaria 2. Les publici dans leur environnement professionnel et leurs liens avec le monde des métiers 2.1. Les publici dans les collèges à caractère professionnel 2.2. Les liens avec les apparitores 8 3. Les familiae publicae 3.1. La documentation 3.1.1. À Rome 3.1.2. Dans les cités 3.2. Une documentation exceptionnelle : la table de la familia publica d’Ostie Chapitre 7 Promotion et mobilité sociale des esclaves et des affranchis publics 1. L’affranchissement, facteur de la promotion individuelle ? 1.1. Les conditions de l’affranchissement des esclaves publics 1.2. L’accès au sévirat et à l’Augustalité 1.2.1. Aperçu général 1.2.2. Une situation exceptionnelle : les albums de Literne 1.2.3. L’Augustalité, signe de réussite et voie de promotion 2. Les unions matrimoniales des publici , gages de promotion pour leurs descendants ? 3. Quelques parcours remarquables 3.1. Un exemple de promotion personnelle : à Ostie, P(ublius) Claudius Abascantus 3.2. Se promouvoir de père en fils 3.2.1. À Sentinum : C. Sentinas Anfiomeus / C. Sentinas C. fil. Lem. Iustus 3.2.2. À Barcino : C(aius) Publicius Melissus / C. Iulius C. fil. Pal. Silvanus 3.2.3. À Saepinum : L. Saepinius Oriens / Oriens / L. Saepinius Orestes Conclusion Bibliographie Annexes 9 Introduction Si comme le rappellent J. Andreau et R. Descat, « l’esclavage constitue, au même titre que la citoyenneté, la réalité sociale la plus caractéristique de l’Antiquité »1, il est aussi un phénomène complexe et multiforme. La servitus publica en est précisément une des différentes composantes. Sous cette expression on définit, d’une façon générale, les hommes et les femmes qui sont la propriété de l’État ou d’une entité publique. C’est à ces individus que ce volume est consacré. Il a pour objet leur étude dans le cadre des provinces occidentales de l’Empire romain 2 entre le II ème siècle avant J.-C. et la fin du III ème siècle de notre ère. L’intérêt pour la question de l’esclavage public dans le monde romain est ancien. Dès le début du XIX e siècle, de premières études sont produites sur ce sujet par des historiens allemands : en 1806, Schumacher publie un De servis publicis populi Romani puis A. Gessner propose un essai intitulé De servis Romanorum publicis paru à Berlin en 1844 auquel vient s’ajouter, en 1889, l’ouvrage de E. Lehmann, De publica Romanorum servitute quaestiones , publié à Leipzig. À côté ces travaux qui restent relativement limités, les esclaves publics se voient consacrer plusieurs passages de la remarquable Histoire de l’esclavage dans l’Antiquité d’H. Wallon 3. En se fondant notamment sur la documentation épigraphique à sa disposition, cet auteur a établi un premier inventaire des emplois occupés par ces dépendants et souligné leur situation particulière au sein du monde servile en relevant les avantages et l’autonomie dont bénéficiaient les servi publici . Précurseur dans cette approche, H. Wallon aborde parallèlement l’étude des esclaves de l’État et celle de ceux des villes. Une quarantaine d’années plus tard, Th. Mommsen évoque lui aussi dans son Droit public romain 4, les personnels serviles placés sous les ordres des magistrats romains : le grand historien allemand s’intéresse principalement aux esclaves relevant de l’administration centrale à Rome, précisant à la fois leurs fonctions et la spécificité de leur condition juridique par comparaison avec « les esclaves ordinaires ». Pourtant, Th. Mommsen est contraint de reconnaître qu’à son époque le sujet ne peut être traité comme il le mérite car tous les matériaux nécessaires à son étude n’ont pas encore été rassemblés et classés.
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