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Racism and the Media: a Textual Analysis St. Catherine University SOPHIA Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers School of Social Work 5-2015 Racism and the Media: A Textual Analysis Kassia E. Kulaszewicz St. Catherine University Follow this and additional works at: https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers Part of the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Kulaszewicz, Kassia E.. (2015). Racism and the Media: A Textual Analysis. Retrieved from Sophia, the St. Catherine University repository website: https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/477 This Clinical research paper is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Social Work at SOPHIA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers by an authorized administrator of SOPHIA. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running head: MEDIA AND RACE 1 Racism and the Media: A Textual Analysis by Kassia E. Kulaszewicz, BSW, LSW MSW Clinical Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the School of Social Work St. Catherine University and the University of St. Thomas St. Paul, Minnesota in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Social Work Committee Members Ande Nesmith, Ph.D., LICSW, (Chair) Eowyn Gatlin, MSW, LGSW Brandon Jones, M.A. The Clinical Research Project is a graduation requirement for MSW students at St. Catherine University/University of St. Thomas School of Social Work in St. Paul, Minnesota and is Conducted within a nine-month time frame to demonstrate facility with basic social research methods. Students must independently conceptualize a research problem, formulate a research design that is approved by a research committee and the university Institutional Review Board, implement the project, and publicly present the findings of the study. This project is neither a Master’s thesis nor a dissertation. MEDIA AND RACE 2 Abstract The topic of media influencing racism in our society is significant in research. It targets media bias, and therefore it is wise to explore how media contributes to racism in explicit ways. During the beginning stages of film and media, African Americans struggled to represent their own stories, beliefs, opinions and identities because White people controlled the entertainment industry and chose what images of Black people to portray. This study incorporated an understanding standing of Bandura’s Learning Theory to gain understanding of how media messages impact our belief and value system. This study examined what information was available to readers and viewers of the news media and how that information impacts our beliefs, emotions, and behaviors towards others. Specifically, as it relates to racial differences, stereotypes, racial micro-aggressions and perceptions of African American males. Major findings include examples and information related to racial micro-aggressions and the impacts as it relates to media exposure. The research also recognizes "identifier" word patterns using "black" and "white". The research offers a conclusion, that on average, “black” is used three times, more in news reporting than "white". The over usage of the word “black” becomes a racial micro- aggression because it can condition the mind to associate the word with negative connotation. Patterns of criminalization and justification are exposed. Black men are often criminalized and represented as violent is the media. As contrast, in the event of a White officer as the shooter of a Black man, the officer's actions are justified or supported regardless of the criminality of the officers own actions. In consideration with how race is presented in the media historically, it seems that this research would show a correlation that racism is likely still reinforced through news media whether conscience or not. MEDIA AND RACE 3 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................04 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................07 Historical Context..............................................................................................................07 Media Influence.................................................................................................................10 Crime Reporting.................................................................................................................10 Ethnic Emphasis.................................................................................................................12 Impacts Media Has On Racism..........................................................................................14 Micro-aggressions………………………………………………………………………..15 Stereotypes.........................................................................................................................16 Perception of African America Males...............................................................................19 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................20 Conceptual Framework ...............................................................................................................22 Methodology .................................................................................................................................25 Textual Analysis................................................................................................................25 Inclusion Criteria...............................................................................................................26 Search Strategy..................................................................................................................26 Data Abstraction................................................................................................................26 Thematic Analysis.............................................................................................................27 Findings .........................................................................................................................................28 Obtained Sample................................................................................................................28 Themes...............................................................................................................................29 Racial Micro-aggressions......................................................................................30 Black and white identifiers........................................................................ 30 Racial micro-aggressions in news article presentation structure............. 32 Behavior and Emotional Representation...............................................................34 Discussion .....................................................................................................................................36 References ....................................................................................................................................41 MEDIA AND RACE 4 “The media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they control the minds of the masses.” -Malcom X Introduction This research examined the impacts that media has on racism and considered the question of whether or not media reinforces racism in our communities. More specifically, this research looked at how the media impacts the portrayal of African American men by asking how African American male shooting victims are portrayed in the media. In one form or another, media influences the majority of the population in the United States. With the advancement of technology, the impacts of mass media are profound. Most people utilize some form of media in their everyday lives. Media impacts our beliefs, assumptions, public ideology, as well as our experiences. Happer and Philo (2013) documented the following in their research: … [we] found a relationship between the prior exposure to information, often related to strength of attitude, on the subject and the degree to which the information impacted on beliefs and opinions. Those who had been least exposed to either subject were most open to adjusting their views and conversely those who arrived at the groups with most exposure were least likely to have their opinions changed by the new information. This was the case even if the information they had been exposed to was polarized, or inaccurate. (p. 332) Media educates people, with and without credible knowledge. School of Social Work Dean Larry Davis from the University of Pittsburgh was quoted saying that, “One of the most MEDIA AND RACE 5 important things any group of people can do is to control the image of themselves” (Barlow, 2011, paragraph 3). This research looked at some of the impacts of media and supported the argument that media does reinforce racism. Day (2009) who wrote the sixth edition of A New History of Social Welfare defined racism by noting that "racism is prejudice with power against people of color: African-American, Hispanic, Asian American, and Native Americans" (p.20). Day (2009) went on to say that "American values make us assume that race determines human trade capacities and that white people are inherently superior to people of color" (p.20). It is important to understand that
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