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Integrated Management of Diseases Caused by Graminicolous Fungi

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Integrated Management of Diseases Caused by Graminicolous Fungi د ا ﺶ ﺑ ﻤﺎریﺷﻨﺎ ﮔﺎ (ﺷﺎﺎی ا:۶۲۹۰‐۲۵۸۸، ﺷﺎﺎی چ: ۹۲۷۰‐۲۲۵۱) ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺟﻠﺪ ۲، ﺑﺎر و ﺗﺎﺴﺘﺎن ۱۳۹۸ Plant Pathology Science (eISSN:2588-6290, pISSN:2251-9270) Vol. 8(2), 2019 Extensional Article Integrated Management of Diseases Caused by Graminicolous Fungi SEPIDEH FEKRIKOHAN, REZA MOSTOWFIZADEH-GHALAMFARSA Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Received: 07.03.2019 Accepted: 30.07.2019 Fekrikohan S and MostowfizadehGhalamfarsa R (2019) Integrated management of diseases caused by graminicolous fungi. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):58-69. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.58 Abstract Wheat is one of the most important cereals grown as human and animal food in the world, including Iran. This crop is infected by various pathogens such as fungi. Graminicolous fungi are important pathogens which cause root and crown rot, leaf blight and black spot on wheat. Some methods, with high efficiency and safety for human and environment, have been employed for controlling these diseases. Since the activity of these fungi depends on some factors such as soil temperature, pH, moisture and nutrients, the proper agricultural practices before planting and suitable irrigation and good fertilization would be effective in pathogen control. Various species of Trichoderma, arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi and some bacterial species may control the disease through some mechanisms such as biofilm production, plant growth promotion and enzyme production. Generally, integrated management with the aid of simultaneous application of several control measures would give the best results. Key words: Wheat, Pleosporaceae, Root rot, leaf spot Corresponding author: [email protected] ۵۸ داﺶ ﺑﻤﺎ ریﺷﻨﺎ ﮔﺎ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺟﻠﺪ ۲، ﺑﺎر و ﺗﺎﺴﺘﺎن ۱۳۹۸ Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University & RICeST (Iran) Vol.8(2), 2019 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺮو ﻣﺪﯾﺖ ﺗﻠﻔ ﺑ ﻤ ﺎریﻫﺎی ﻧﺎ از ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی ﺳﺪە ﻓﮑﺮیﮐﻦ و رﺿﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ زادە ﻗﻠﻤﻔﺮﺳﺎ ﺨﺶ ﮔﺎەﭘﺰﺷ، داﺸﮑﺪە ﮐﺸﺎورزی، داﺸﺎە ﺷاز درﺎﻓﺖ: ١٣٩٧١٢١٦ ﺬ ﯾﺮش: ١٣٩٨٠٥٠٨ ﻓﮑﺮی ﮐ ﻦ س و ﻣﺴﺘﻮ زادەﻗﻠﻤﻔﺮﺳﺎ ر (۱۳۹۸) ﻣﺪﯾﺖ ﺗﻠﻔ ﺑﻤﺎریﻫﺎی ﻧﺎ از ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎنزی. داﺶ ﺑ ﻤﺎ ریﺷﻨﺎ ﮔﺎ DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.58 .۵۸ ‐ ۶۹:(۲)۸ ﭼﮑﺪە ﮔﻨﺪم از ﻣﻢ ﺗﻦ ﮔﺎﻫﺎن زرا اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﺴدە در اﯾﺮان و ﺟﺎن ﺑﺮای ﻏﺬای اﺴﺎن و دام ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ا ز ﺟ ﻤ ﻠ ﻪ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫ ﺎ ﻣ ﻮرد ﺣ ﻤ ﻠ ﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔد. ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎنزی ﺑﻤﺎرﮔﺮان ﻣ ﻫﺴﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﮔﻨﺪم ﭘﻮﺳﺪ رﺸﻪ و ﻃﻮﻗﻪ، ﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺎە اﺠﺎد ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. روش ﻫﺎ ﺎ ﺎرا زﺎد و اﻤﻦ ﺑﺮای اﺴﺎن و ﻣﺤﻂ زﺴﺖ ﺑﺮای ﻣﺎرزە ﺎ آنﻫﺎ ﻪ ﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ. از آنﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺖ ا ﯾ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎ ﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ دﻣﺎ، اﺳﺪﯾﺘﻪ، رﻃﺖ و ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬا ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺧﺎ ﺴﺘ دارد، اﻧﺠﺎم درﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﺎت زرا ﻗﻞ از ﺎﺷﺖ و آﺑﺎری و ﮐﻮدد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، در ﻣﺎر اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺴﺎر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. از ﻃﺮف دﮕﺮ اﻧﻮا از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی Trichoderma و ﻗ ﺎ رچرﺸﻪﻫﺎی آرﻮﺳﮑﻮ و ﺑ ﺮ ﺎیﻫﺎ ﻪ روش ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﯿﻮﻓﻠﻢ، اﻓﺰاﺶ رﺷﺪ ﮔﺎە و ﺗﻮﻟﺪ آﻧﻢ ﺑﻤﺎری را ﻣﺎر ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺎرزە ﺗﻠﻔ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﭼﻨﺪ روش ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻦ ﻧﺠﻪ را دﻫﺪ. واژﺎن ﻠﺪی: ﮔﻨﺪم، Pleosporaceae، ﭘﻮﺳﺪ رﺸﻪ، ﻟﻪ ﺑ ﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم (.Triticum aestivum L) از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻪ ﻃﻮر وﺳﯿﻊ در اﯾﺮان و ﺟﺎن ﻪ دو ﺻﻮرت آ و دﻢ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﮔﺎە ﻏﺬای ﺑﺶ از ﮏ ﺳﻮم ﻣﺮدم دﻧﺎ را ﺗﺄﻣ ﮐ ﻨ ﺪ . ﮔﻨﺪم ﭼﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ و ﭼﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻪ از ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن ﻣﻢ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﮔﺎە ﮔﻨﺪم در درﺟﻪ اول ﺑﺮای ﺗﻐﺬﻪ اﺴﺎن و در درﺟﻪ دوم ﺑﺮای ﺗﻐﺬﻪ دام و ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺻﻨﻌ ﺎ ر ﺮد د ا رد. ﻣان ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﮔﻨﺪم در اﯾﺮان ۱۴ ﻣﻠﯿﻮن ﺗﻦ اﺳﺖ (FAOSTAT 2017). ﺗﺎﻨﻮن ﺑ ﻤﺎ ریﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ زﻧﮓ ﻫﺎ، ﺳﺎﻫﮏ ﻫﺎ، ﺳﻔﺪک ﭘﻮدری، ﺳﻔﺪک ﮐﺮ، ﻟﻪ ﺑ ﺮ ﻫﺎ، ﺳﻮﺧﺘ ﺑﺮگ، ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺎە و ﭘﻮﺳﺪ رﺸﻪ و ﻃﻮﻗﻪ روی اﯾﻦ ﮔﺎە ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ. ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی (Graminicolous) ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ,Alternaria, Bipolaris, Cladosporium Curvularia و Exserohilum از ﺑﻤﺎر ﮔﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﻢ ﮔﻨﺪم ﻫﺴﻨﺪ(Mirabolfathy and Ershad 2006) . ا ﯾ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻣﺜﻞ ﻏ ﺟ و ﺸﮑﻞ ﮐﻨﺪﯾﻮم ﺗﮑﺜ ﺎﺑﻨﺪ. ﮐﻨﺪﯾﻮم ﺑﺮﻫﺎی اﯾﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎ ﺗەرﻧﮓ و ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻢ ﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺎ ﺧﻮﺷﻪای ﺸﮑﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﮐﻨﺪﯾﻮم ﻫﺎ روی ﮐﻨﺪﯾﻮم ﺑﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺎﻧ رﺷﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻧﻔﺮادی داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪای ﺧﻤﺪە و ﺎ ﮔﺮزی واروﻧﻪ ﺸﮑﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ در ﻫﺮ دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﻮدەُرﺳﺖ و اﻧﻞ در ﻃﺒﻌﺖ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻧ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺳﻮﺧﺘ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ و ﻠﻪ ﺑ ﺮ و ﭘﻮﺳﺪ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ و رﺸﻪ در ﺗە ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Alcorn 1988, Shoemaker 1959 ). ۱‐ ﻣﺎن ﻫ ﺎ ی ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی ﻣﻢ ﺗﻦ ﻣﺎن ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زرا و وﺣ ﻫﺴﻨﺪ. از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎن [email protected]:ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ ۵۹ ﻣﺪﯾﺖ ﺗﻠﻔ ﺑﻤ ﺎ ریﻫﺎی ﻧﺎ از ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎنزی ﻓﮑﺮیﮐﻦ و ﻣﺴﺘﻮ زادە ﻗﻠﻤﻔﺮﺳﺎ Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University & RICeST (Iran) Vol. 8(2), 2019 ﺑﺮای اﯾﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە اﻧﺪ، ﻋﻼوە ﺑﺮ ﮔﻨﺪم، ﺟﻮ، ﺑﺮﻧﺞ، ذرت، ذ رتﺧﻮﺷﻪای و ﻧﺸﮑﺮ، ﺗﻮان ﻪ ﺗﻌﺪادی از ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺎی ﻫﺮز ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اوﺎرﺳﻼم (.Cyperus sp. L)، ﺳﻮروف (.Echinochloa crus-galli L)، ﺳﻮرﮔﻮم (.Sorghum spp. L)، ﻋﻠﻒ ﺎغ (ِ .Dactylis spp. L)، ﻗﻤﺶ (.Arundo donax L)، ﻗﺎق (.Sorghum L halepence)، ﻞ ﺧﺮﭼﻨ آوﺰان (.Heliconia rostrata L)، ﻟﻮ (.Typha latifolia L)، ﻣغ (.Cynodon dactylon L)، ﻋﻠﻒ ﺳﺘﺎرە (.Heteranthera zosterifolia L)، ﺑ ﺮ از درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﺜﻞ ﺎج (.Pinus spp. L ) و ﺑ ﺮ از ﮔﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﻮرا ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺎﻣﻪ (Abelmoschus esanlentus (L.) Moench)، ﺧﺎر (.Cucumis sativus L)، ﻣﻮز (.Musa sapientum L)، ﻣﯿﻮە اژدﻫﺎ (.Hylocereus undatus L) (.Saccharum officinarum L) و ﮔﺎﻫﺎ از ﺗەﻫﺎی Malvaceae ،Uforbiaceae ،Anacardiaceae، Rutaceae و Zingiberaceae ا ﺷ ﺎ رە ﮐ ﺮد (,Ellis 1971, Ahmadpour et al. 2011 .( Manamgoda et al. 2011 and 2014, Oeurn et al. 2015, Singh et al. 2016 ٢‐ﺑ ﻤﺎریﻫﺎی ﻧﺎ از ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی در ﮔﻨﺪم اﯾﻦ ﮔﺮوە از ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎ ﺑ ﻤﺎ ریﻫﺎی ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺎە ﺬر، ﻣﺮگ ﺬر، ﭘﻮﺳﺪ رﺸﻪ و ﻃﻮﻗﻪ و ﻟ ﻪ ﺑ ﺮ را روی ﮔﻨﺪم اﺠﺎد ﮐﻨﻨﺪ (Shamim et al. 2008, Matusinsky et al. 2010). ﻫﻤﭽﻨ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻪ ﺳﻠﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ً ﮐﺮدە، ﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺎە ﺷﺪن ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ داﻧﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در آﻟﻮد ﻫﺎی ﺷﺪﺪ داﻧﻪ ﭼﺮوﮐﺪە و ﻻﻏ ﺮ ﺷﺪە و ﺎ اﺻ ﺸﮑﻞ ﻧﺷﻮد (Etebarian and Mohammadifar 2007). ﻧﺠﻪ ﺑﻤﺎر ﺷﺪن ﮔﺎە ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آن ﻫﺎ ﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﻔﺖ و ً ﻤﺖ داﻧﻪ و ﺣ ﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺪە ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﺑﻮﺗﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﻤﺎر در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﺎە ﺗﺮ از ﺳﺎﯾﻦ ﻫﺴﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼوە ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ آﻟﻮد ﺷﺪﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻪ ﻣﺮ گ ﮔﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺎ ﺣ ﻣﺮگ ﺬر ﻗﻞ از ﺧﺮوج از ﺧﺎ ﺷﻮد. در ﻧﺠﻪ ﮐﭽ در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪە ﺷﻮد. ﺟﺪول ۱ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻗﺎرچ ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی اﺠﺎد ﮐﻨﻨﺪە ﺑﻤﺎری در ﮔﻨﺪم در اﯾﺮان را ﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ. ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ اﻫﻤﺖ زﺎد و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﺑﻮدن ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺷﺪت ﺧﺴﺎرت وارد ﺷﺪە ﻪ آن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی، ﺑﺮر روشﻫﺎی ﻣﺎر و ﻣﺎرزە ﺎ ﺑﻤﺎری اﻫﻤﺖ ﻗﺎﻞ ﺗﻮﺟ د ا رد. ﻫﺪف از ﻧﺎرش اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮر روشﻫﺎی ﻣﺎر ﺑ ﻤﺎریﻫﺎی ﻧﺎ از اﯾﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ و اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻦ راە ﺎر در اﻂ اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ. ۳‐ﻣﺪﯾﺖ ﺑ ﻤﺎریﻫﺎی ﻧﺎ از ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی در ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑ ﻤﺎریﻫﺎی اﺠﺎد ﺷﺪە ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﻦ ﮔﺮوە از ﻗ ﺎ رچﻫﺎ در ﮔﻨﺪم ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺎ ﺣ ﺗﺮ ﮐﯿ از ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺲ اﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد (Hashemi Alizadeh et al. 2013) از اﯾﻦ رو روشﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎو ﺑﺮای ﻣﺎر آن ﻫﺎ وﺟ ﻮد د ا رد. اﯾﻦ روش ﻫﺎ ﻪ ﻃﻮر در ﭼﺎر دﺳﺘﻪ روشﻫﺎی زرا، ﮐﺸﺖ رﻗﻢﻫﺎی ﻣﻘﺎوم، ﻣ ﺎرزە زﺴ و ﻣ ﺎرزە ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔ ﻧﺪ. ۳‐۱ ‐ روشﻫﺎی زرا ۳‐۱ ‐ ۱‐ ﻣﺎرزە ﺎ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺎی ﻫﺮز : ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺎی ﻫﺮز ﺗە ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن از ﻣﺎنﻫﺎی اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎرﭼﺎی ﺑﻤﺎرﮔﺮ و ﻣﺤﻞ زﻣﺴﺘﺎنﮔﺬرا آﻧﺎ ﻫﺴﻨﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ از ﺑ ﺑﺮدن آﻧﺎ ﭘﺶ از ﺎﺷﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺗﺎﺛ زﺎدی در ﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺮوز و ﺷﯿع اﯾﻦ ﺑ ﻤﺎ ر ﺎ د ا رد. ۳‐۱ ‐ ۲‐ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﺎرــــﺦ ﺎﺷﺖ : ﺧﺴﺎرت اﯾﻦ ﮔﺮوە از ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮم و ﺧﺸﮏ و در ﻓﺼﻞﻫﺎی ﮔﺮم ﺳﺎل اﻓﺰاﺶ ﺎﺪ. ﺑ ﻦ اﻂ ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮوز ﻟﻪ ﺑ ﺮ ﻧﺎ از اﯾﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ دﻣﺎی ۲۹ درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮس و رﻃﺖ ﺎﻻی ۹۰% اﺳﺖ (Viani 2014). ﺑﺮر ﻓ ﮑﺮیﮐﻦ و ﻣﺴﺘﻮ زادە ﻗﻠﻤﻔﺮﺳﺎ (۱۳۹۸ ) ﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺲﻫﺎ ی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی ﺣﺪا رﺷﺪ ﺧﻮد را در دﻣﺎﻫﺎی ۲۵ ﺗﺎ ۳۵ درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮس دارﻧﺪ. ﻗﺪرت ﺧ ﺴ ﺎ رت زا آن ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎﻫﺎی ﺧﺸﮏ و دارای ﺗﺶ ﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﺑﺶ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ (HashemiAlizadeh et al. 2013) ﻪ ﻫﻤ دﻟﻞ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺎ ﯾە ﮔﻨﺪم در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣ در ﻣﺎر ﺑ ﻤﺎریﻫﺎ ی ﻧﺎ از اﯾﻦ ﻗ ﺎ رچ ﻫﺎ د ا رد. ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﺎرــــﺦ ﮐﺸﺖ در ﻣﺎر ﭘﻮﺳﺪ رﺸﻪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﮐﺸﺖ دﯾﺮ ﻫﻨﺎم ﻪ دﻟﻞ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﺮدن زﻣﺎن ﺑﺶ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮای از ﺑ رﻓ ۶۰ داﺶ ﺑﻤﺎ ریﺷﻨﺎ ﮔﺎ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺸﺘﻢ، ﺟﻠﺪ ۲، ﺑﺎر و ﺗﺎﺴﺘﺎن ۱۳۹۸ Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University & RICeST (Iran) Vol.8(2), 2019 ﺟﺪول ۱ ‐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ی ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺎن زی ﺑﻤﺎرﮔﺮ ﮔﻨﺪم در اﯾﺮان Table 1. Graminicolous wheat pathogene species in Iran ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﻞ ﮔﺰا رش ﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ری ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺎری اﺠﺎد ﺷﺪە ﭘﻮﺳﺪ رﺸﻪ و ﻃﻮﻗﻪ ,Irani and Ershad 2000, Mansouri et al. 2001 آذرﺎﺠﺎن ﻏﺮ، اﻼم، Bipolaris .Mirabolfathy and Ershad 2006, Safaei et al ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺷﻤﺎ، sorokiniana ,Abbasi and Aliabadi 2009, Ershad 2009 ,2008 زﻧﺠﺎن، ﻓﺎرس، ﮐﺮﻣﺎن، ,Amarloo et al. 2012, Dehghan et al.
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