Dissent Fall 2001
POLITICS ABROAD The End of Denial Solidarity, Diversity, and Constitutional Patriotism in Germany Jan-Werner Müller undivided nation-states. Skeptics also charged that, in itself, constitutional patriotism was too abstract and, as a particularly inappropriate metaphor went, “bloodless.” The writer Mar- n the 1980s and early 1990s, one could be tin Walser, apparently taking poetic license, forgiven for getting the impression that went furthest when he called it a typical prod- IGermans had a monopoly on self-obsessed uct of the fashionable “political masturbation” debates about their “identity.” When the coun- of the 1980s. try was still divided, politicians and intellectu- After unification in 1990, many expected als joined in what seemed to be an intermi- talk of constitutional patriotism to disappear. nable series of ceremonies, conferences, and The dream of “post-nationalism,” the hope to televised discussions about the meaning of show other European countries how to tran- Germany. Today, a united Germany has hardly scend traditional nationalism, appeared to be found consensus on its ever elusive national lost. A self-styled New Right sought a return identity; and yet, both the tone and the param- to an unashamed defense of the national in- eters of the debate have changed profoundly, terest. Moderate voices like the Social Demo- and not just because of unification. Slowly, crat historian Heinrich August Winkler—later there is convergence on a definition of to become an adviser to Gerhard Schröder— “Germanness” that is no longer ethnic, that is asked that Germans accept their status as a more accepting of immigrants, and that implies “post-classical nation-state.” In practice, prag- a less tortuous, though not complacent rela- matism reigned, but unease lingered.
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