29, Avmvimuvi, †K‡I Evsjv Bmi, Xvkv - 1207|

cÖKvkK Editorial Board RvZxq ¯’vbxq miKvi Bbw÷wUDU (GbAvBGjwR) 29, AvMviMuvI, †k‡i evsjv bMi, XvKv - 1207| Saleh Ahmed Mujaffor : Chairman Director General Md. Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan : Member Director ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix (Training & Consultancy) RvZxq ¯’vbxq miKvi Bbw÷wUDU (GbAvBGjwR) Md. Moniruzzaman : Editor 29, AvMviMuvI, †k‡i evsjv bMi, XvKv - 1207| Director (Research and Planning) Md. Abu Bakar Siddique : Member Director (Administration and Co-ordination) cÖKvkKvj Md. Abdul Khaleque : Associate Editor Ryb, 2021wLª÷vã| Joint Director (Research & Planning) A. Jehad Sarker : Associate Editor Assistant Director Mohammad Abdul Jalil Mollik : Member Secretary Publication Officer The views expressed in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Institute. Contents Contributors Pages Hosneara Dalia Assistant Professor Department of Public Women’s Modes of Campaign in Urban 1-16 Administration Local Government Election of University of Barishal, Barishal Bangladesh: A Study on Barishal City Corporation Election Tasnuva Habib Zisan Assistant Professor Department of Public Challenges and Opportunities of Elected 17- 85 Administration Women Leadership in Urban Local University of Barishal, Government: A Study on Selected City Barishal Corporations in Bangladesh Md Abdul Khaleque jont Director, NILG B-eR¨© e¨e¯’vcbvq wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi mgm¨v I 87- 105 Librarian m¤¢vebv: GKwU we‡kølY Md. Matiur Rahman Nurul Islam Research Officer ‡cŠi eR¨© e¨e¯’vcbvq P¨v‡jÄ I DËi‡Yi Dcvq 107-164 Md. Mahfuzar Rahman Assistant Research Officer †gv: kwdKzj Bmjvg hyM¥cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I mgš^q), GbAvBGjwR †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj Rwjj gwjøK cÖKvkbv Kg©KZ©v, GbAvBGjwR †gvt bvwRg DwÏb WKz‡g‡›Ukb Kg©KZ©v, GbAvBGjwR †gv. gvndzRvi ingvb mnKvix M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v, GbAvBGjwR byiæj Bmjvg M‡elYv Kg©KZ©v, GbAvBGjwR, XvKv| Women’s Modes of Campaign in Urban Local least half of the total population of countries, their representation Government Election of Bangladesh: A Study on should be ensured proportionally in all spheres of life (Masdith Barishal City Corporation Election & Supatra , 1997). Political participation is the prominent indicators to enhance women’s social and economic status. Hosneara Dalia Usually, it is considered as the male dominated sphere and that’s Tasnuva Habib Zisan why a tiny proportion of women are found in political arena. Abstract Religious misinterpretation, conservative value system, high This paper deals with women’s campaign issues in local patriarchy, economic dependency and multi-dimensional family government election in Bangladesh. Political culture in urban responsibilities generally keep our womenfolk inactive in direct local government election indicates that political popularity participation in politics (Qader & Rowshan, 1994). So, reflects in the mode of campaigning. In this regard, public knowledge about politics, prompt participation and relation as well as strategies is needed to be maintained by the determination are important for women. candidates for election campaign. So, the research objective is to Generally, opportunity to acquire the knowledge about political identify the nature and extent of the women’s modes of campaign process is difficult for women. Many women candidates are in election. The study analyzes how far women are advanced understood to be proxies, contesting seats on behalf of towards empowerment in political sphere. Self-participation in disqualified male family members1. Conducting election campaign, campaign at night, ability to self-financing, freedom campaign is the first step of participating in electoral process. of expressions, taking self-decision in campaign etc. are the Women need popularity and communication skills for election imperative indicators to indicate the state of empowerment of campaign. Women have more opportunities in politics if the women participants in Local Government Politics (LGP). The constraints are sorted out2. Here, the objective of the study is to study is conducted in quantitative approach for data presentation, find out the nature of women’s participation in Local with qualitative analysis. The finding reveals that women Government Politics (LGP) through analyzing their modes of candidates are yet to enjoy equal space in public relation. Many campaign. women are considered not to be trust worthy. Key words: Empowerment, election, participation, politics, Rationale of the study and problem statement: urban local government and Campaign. The concept of women’s empowerment is applied to the disadvantaged group of a society for bringing them to the same Introduction level of advanced section (Moin, 2011). Different types of factors Empowerment of women has different dimensions like social, like socio-economic cultural conditions are mainly responsible educational, economic, political and legal etc. Women’s political for poor involvement of women in politics. Among social and empowerment is the crucial point through which they can cultural factors, deep rooted patriarchal traditions, norms and participate in decision making process. As women constitute at attitudes, poverty, lack of resources, low salaries or income, 1https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&v Democratic%2520Governance%2FWomens%2520Empowerment%2FBangl ed=2ahUKEwjaioqmgdjuAhWA4zgGHUfASkQFjADegQIChAC&url=http adesh %3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fundp%2Flibrary%2F 2 UNDP. gender equality and women empowerment in public administration: Bangladesh case study discrimination in the work place, lack of access to political party campaigning for political parties, being aware about politics, lists are noted as root causes for women under representation in attending public meetings etc. Salahuddin (1995) defines politics political decision-making (Mahtab, 2015). as a distinct public activity, a conscious and deliberate For ensuring political participation in local government election, participation in a process by which access to and the control over women have to go through election campaign in their respective resources is gained apparently (Salahuddin, 1995). The process area. Women’s modes of campaign are not always smooth in of women’s participation in local government is still in the initial comparison to men in our society. While campaigning, all stage. Traditional male dominated local politics has much lower candidates try to convince the general voters in various ways practice of women participation. Women’s participation in the including arranging different types of programs and activities. political process has not been insignificant so far in South Asia They develop and follow some strategies for conducting such as women are identified through their relationships with the election campaign. To measure women’s nature of participation, males as mothers, wives, sisters and daughters (Ahmed, 2009). strategies of campaigning, campaign at night, ability to self- Women’s involvement in politics and in leadership positions has financing, freedom of expressing views, taking self-decision in been the subject of debate since 1970s in the world. Since then, campaign etc. have been analyzed in Urban Local Government the United Nations has advocated for greater women’s election. participation in political decision-making process. As an outcome of different advocacy programs, the heads of Review of Literature government in the Beijing conference in 1995 signed the Although the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantees equal rights Platform for Action (PFA). Based on this endorsement, the heads through Article 27, 28 and 65(3) to all citizens vividly of the government represented their commitment to achieve incorporated provisions for equal status of women, they are yet gender equality and empowerment of women by ensuring the to enjoy equal participation in social, cultural, economic and integration of a gender perspective at all level of its operation political life of the country. The term ‘empowerment’ is widely (Panday, 2013). However, in Bangladesh, women’s access to used in relation to women throughout the world. In simple sense, influence and power is so limited that their choices are narrower empowerment refers to owing the capacity to act rather than be and their earnings are lower compared with men. Women must acted on (Thomas, 1985). In today’s Bangladesh, women struggle to reconcile their activities outside their respective participation in politics is much encouraged as both the homes with their traditional roles (Goshwami, 1998). Honorable Prime Minister and leader of opposition are women. A study on critical barriers against women’s successful entry into However, their political recognition doesn’t reflect the most politics identified huge campaign costs in election, not receiving typical scenario of general women’s participation in politics as nomination in expected winnable seats to the parliament, lack of both are backed by political family background. In obvious sense, strong party backing for possible candidates and poor financial empowerment is about taking control over own lives, gaining the assistance, lack of powerful support in the constituencies. Male ability to do things, to outline own agendas, ability to change politicians generally occupy the top positions of the party events in a way previously lacking (Young, 2003). (Hossain, 2015). The other term ‘participation’ represents action or being part of Despite several blockade, women partake in organizations within an action such as the decision-making process. Political their localities

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