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This Week in the Journal The Journal of Neuroscience, February 11, 2004 • 24(6):i • i This Week in The Journal F Cellular/Molecular leaving a “carbohydrate stub” that can still tied to a cue that promises imminent food inhibit axon growth. To overcome this reward. Sensory Signals Barreling into limitation, Grimpe and Silver designed a Cortical Layer 1 DNA enzyme that specifically targets the ࡗ mRNA for xylosyltransferase-1 (XT-1). Neurobiology of Disease Yinghua Zhu and J. Julius Zhu Because XT-1 initiates glycosylation of the (see pages 1272-1279) protein backbone, the DNA enzyme Adenosine as an Immunomodulator Specific sensory input to neocortex arrives should inhibit formation of carbohydrate side chains. Consistent with this hypothe- Shigeki Tsutsui, Jurgen Schnermann, in layer 4, whereas nonspecific input, such Farshid Noorbakhsh, Scot Henry, as information about salience or novelty, sis, the new reagent reduced fully glycosy- is thought to arrive in layer 1. This scheme lated proteoglycans and allowed regener- V. Wee Yong, Brent W. Winston, might imply a slower arrival of inputs to ation of adult sensory neurons past a Kenneth Warren, and Christopher Power layer 1. In this issue, Zhu and Zhu exam- spinal cord stab lesion. (see pages 1521-1529) ine this question using paired whole-cell f Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive As neuroscientists, we generally think of recording in vivo from layer 1 nonpyrami- modulators in terms of their effect on dal cells and the dendrites of the output Dopamine and Food-Seeking in Real neurons or glia. However in the case of pyramidal neurons in layer 5. They mea- Time adenosine, this purine nucleoside also sured the latency of EPSCs evoked by nat- ural stimulation of whiskers. Surprisingly, Mitchell F. Roitman, Garret D. Stuber, regulates the expression and release of the latency in layer 1 was 5–7 msec, the Paul E. M. Phillips, R. Mark Wightman, pro-inflammatory molecules from acti- same as in layer 4. As expected, layer 1 cells and Regina M. Carelli vated immune cells. In this issue, Tsutsui et had larger receptive fields responding to (see pages 1265-1271) al. use an A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR)- 6–15 whiskers. Because concurrent sig- deficient mouse to examine adenosine The nucleus accumbens, a component of nals in layers 1 and 4 lower the threshold modulation of experimental allergic en- the reward system, is required for food- for dendritic calcium action potentials cephalomyelitis (EAE), a standard experi- motivated learning. Dopamine is released and thus enhance burst firing in the out- mental model for multiple sclerosis (MS). in the nucleus accumbens by axon termi- put cells in layer 5, the authors postulate Their results suggest that the A1AR plays a nals arriving from the ventral tegmental that the concurrent inputs may serve as a far-reaching role in this autoimmune dis- area. This week, Roitman et al. provide coincidence detector. ease. In A1AR-deficient mice, pro- new information on the temporal rela- inflammatory molecules were upregulated Œ tionship between dopamine release and Development/Plasticity/Repair behavior by implanting a carbon fiber and anti-inflammatory molecules were downregulated, with disastrous conse- Glycosaminoglycan Chains and electrode and using fast-scan cyclic voltam- metry to electrochemically detect dopamine quences. The mice displayed increased my- Axon Regeneration every 100 msec. Rats were trained to press a elin degeneration, axon loss, and macro- Barbara Grimpe and Jerry Silver lever in response to a cue light for which they phage activation. In keeping with evidence (see pages 1393-1397) received a sweet treat, intraoral sucrose. Do- from MS patients, A1AR was downregu- pamine was released in the nucleus accum- lated in wild-type mice with EAE. Remark- Extracellular matrix molecules are pro- bens with presentation of the cue, and in ably, caffeine or an A1AR agonist alleviated duced in and around lesions in the CNS. most cases the animal responded immedi- the loss of receptors, and the ensuing neu- The inhibition of axon regeneration by ately by pressing the lever to receive the food roinflammation, in wild-type mice. These molecules such as the chondroitin sulfate reward. Because dopamine was not released results offer an alternative strategy for im- proteoglycans (CSPGs) constitutes a ma- in response to the cue in rats trained without munomodulation. jor impediment to CNS repair. The bacte- reward, or in response to lever pressing, the rial enzyme chondroitinase ABC degrades authors conclude that dopamine release is carbohydrate side chains on CSPGs and can improve axon regeneration. However, the action of this enzyme is incomplete, The electrochemical signal in the nucleus accumbens evoked by electrical stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience February 11, 2004 • Volume 24 Number 6 www.jneurosci.org i This Week in The Journal Brief Communications Œ 1393 A Novel DNA Enzyme Reduces Glycosaminoglycan Chains in the Glial Scar and Allows Microtransplanted Dorsal Root Ganglia Axons to Regenerate beyond Lesions in the Spinal Cord Barbara Grimpe and Jerry Silver Articles CELLULAR/MOLECULAR ᭹ 1272 Rapid Arrival and Integration of Ascending Sensory Information in Layer 1 Cover picture: Photograph of the Drosophila Nonpyramidal Neurons and Tuft Dendrites of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons of neuromuscular junction highlighting the postsynaptic the Neocortex muscle (anti-myosin, blue), the membrane of the Yinghua Zhu and J. Julius Zhu presynaptic motoneuron (anti-HRP, red), and clusters of glutamate receptors opposite each active zone 1296 Circadian Regulation of cGMP-Gated Channels of Vertebrate Cone Photoreceptors: (anti-DGluRIII, green). For details, see the article by Role of cAMP and Ras Marrus et al. in this issue (pages 1406–1415). Gladys Y.-P. Ko, Michael L. Ko, and Stuart E. Dryer 1319 Postsynaptic Calcium Influx at Single Synaptic Contacts between Pyramidal Neurons and Bitufted Interneurons in Layer 2/3 of Rat Neocortex Is Enhanced by Backpropagating Action Potentials Katharina M. M. Kaiser, Joachim Lu¨bke, Yuri Zilberter, and Bert Sakmann 1358 Diversity of Functional Astroglial Properties in the Respiratory Network Dennis Graß, Petra G. Pawlowski, Johannes Hirrlinger, Nestoras Papadopoulos, Diethelm W. Richter, Frank Kirchhoff, and Swen Hu¨lsmann 1398 A Gephyrin-Related Mechanism Restraining Glycine Receptor Anchoring at GABAergic Synapses Jochen Meier and Rosemarie Grantyn 1468 Novel Features of Cryptochrome-Mediated Photoreception in the Brain Circadian Clock of Drosophila Andre´ Klarsfeld, Se´bastien Malpel, Christine Michard-Vanhe´e, Marie Picot, Elisabeth Che´lot, and Franc¸ois Rouyer DEVELOPMENT/PLASTICITY/REPAIR 1377 Regionally Specific Distribution of Corticospinal Synapses Because of Activity-Dependent Synapse Elimination In Vitro Takae Ohno, Hitoshi Maeda, and Masaki Sakurai 1406 Differential Localization of Glutamate Receptor Subunits at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Scott B. Marrus, Scott L. Portman, Marcus J. Allen, Kevin G. Moffat, and Aaron DiAntonio 1439 Neuronal Activity and Adenylyl Cyclase in Environment-Dependent Plasticity of Axonal Outgrowth in Drosophila Yi Zhong and Chun-Fang Wu 1486 ORP150/HSP12A Regulates Purkinje Cell Survival: A Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cerebellar Development Yasuko Kitao, Kouichi Hashimoto, Tomohiro Matsuyama, Hiroyuki Iso, Takeshi Tamatani, Osamu Hori, David M. Stern, Masanobu Kano, Kentaro Ozawa, and Satoshi Ogawa 1497 Multiple Roles for Slits in the Control of Cell Migration in the Rostral Migratory Stream Kim T. Nguyen-Ba-Charvet, Nathalie Picard-Riera, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Anne Baron-Van Evercooren, Constantino Sotelo, and Alain Che´dotal 1507 Postsynaptic Density Assembly Is Fundamentally Different from Presynaptic Active Zone Assembly Tal Bresler, Mika Shapira, Tobias Boeckers, Thomas Dresbach, Marie Futter, Craig C. Garner, Kobi Rosenblum, Eckart D. Gundelfinger, and Noam E. Ziv BEHAVIORAL/SYSTEMS/COGNITIVE f 1265 Dopamine Operates as a Subsecond Modulator of Food Seeking Mitchell F. Roitman, Garret D. Stuber, Paul E. M. Phillips, R. Mark Wightman, and Regina M. Carelli 1288 A Role for Prefrontal Cortex in Memory Storage for Trace Fear Conditioning Jason D. Runyan, Anthony N. Moore, and Pramod K. Dash 1305 Selective Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-2 Receptors on Neurochemically Identified Neurons in the Rat Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Reveals Dual Actions Luise Pernar, Andre L. Curtis, Wylie W. Vale, Jean E. Rivier, and Rita J. Valentino ⌬12,14 1312 A Novel Antipyretic Action of 15-Deoxy- -Prostaglandin J2 in the Rat Brain Abdeslam Mouihate, Lysa Boisse´, and Quentin J. Pittman 1330 Enteric Dopaminergic Neurons: Definition, Developmental Lineage, and Effects of Extrinsic Denervation Z. S. Li, T. D. Pham, H. Tamir, J. J. Chen, and M. D. Gershon 1366 Optical Mapping of the Functional Organization of the Rat Trigeminal Nucleus: Initial Expression and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Sensory Information Transfer during Embryogenesis Yoko Momose-Sato, Yoshiko Honda, Hiroshi Sasaki, and Katsushige Sato 1385 The Basolateral Amygdala Interacts with the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Regulating Glucocorticoid Effects on Working Memory Impairment Benno Roozendaal, Jayme R. McReynolds, and James L. McGaugh 1416 Activation of Phasic Pontine-Wave Generator Prevents Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation-Induced Learning Impairment in the Rat: A Mechanism for Sleep-Dependent Plasticity Subimal Datta, Vijayakumar Mavanji, Jagadish Ulloor, and Elissa H. Patterson 1428 Relationship between Excitation and Inhibition
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