Jabalpur Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jabalpur (Hindi: जबलपरु), formerly known as Jubbulpore, is one of the major cities of Madhya Jabalpur Pradesh state in India. It is the third largest urban जबलपरु Jubbulpore agglomeration[3] in Madhya Pradesh and the 26th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the Metropolis 2011 census statistics.[3] Its old name was thought Nickname(s): Sanskaardhaani, Marble City, Ordnance to be Jabalipuram but, in actuality, it was Hub of India, Narmada Nagari Jubbulgarh. It was later changed to Jubbulpore during British Governance and is now simplified as Jabalpur.

Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of both the Jabalpur district (the second most populous Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh) and the Jabalpur division. Historically, a center of the Kalchuri and Gond dynasties, Jabalpur developed a syncretic culture influenced by the intermittent reigns of the Mughal and Maratha. In the early nineteenth Location of Jabalpur in India century, it was gradually annexed in British India Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E as Jubbulpore and incorporated as a major Country India cantonment town. After the independence of India, State Madhya Pradesh there have been demands for a separate state of District Jabalpur Mahakoshal with Jabalpur as its capital. Government Jabalpur is known for its picturesque marble rock • Type Mayor–Council formations (Bhedaghat) on the banks of the river • Body Jabalpur Municipal Corporation Narmada. Because it is the army headquarters of • Mayor Dr. Swati Godbole (BJP) five states (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, • District Shri Shivnarayan Rupla Odisha, Bihar and Jharkhand), one sixth of the city Magistrate is occupied by the Ministry of Defence. Several Area important federal and state institutions are located • Metropolis 1,367 km2 (528 sq mi) in Jabalpur, including four Universities (RDU, Elevation 412 m (1,352 ft) JNAU, GMU and NDVU), the premier technology institute and the oldest in central India, the JEC Population (2011)[2] and the IIIT. • Metropolis 1,967,564 • Rank 28th Important institutions and organisations such as • Density 478/km2 (1,240/sq mi) the High Court, four Indian Ordnance Factories of • Urban 1,738,777 the gigantic OFB, the Madhya Pradesh State • Rural 14,21,937[1] Electricity Board, Tropical Forest Research • Agglomeration 26th Institute, and the zonal headquarters of the WCR Rank are here. Demonym Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpur is associated with Maharishi Mahesh Jabalpurites Yogi, Osho, Rani Durgawati, Arjun Rampal, Time zone IST (UTC+5:30) Harishankar Parsai, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, PIN 482001 to 4820xx Telephone code +91­761 Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Prem Nath, Rehman Vehicle MP­20 and many other literati and glitterati as their registration hometown. Sex ratio 929 ♂/♀ Average Literacy 89.13% Rate Official language Hindi Contents Website www.jabalpur.nic.in (http://www.jabalpur.nic.in) 1 Etymology www.jmcjabalpur.org 2 History (http://www.jmcjabalpur.org) 2.1 The Haihayas 2.2 The Gonds 2.3 The Marathas 2.4 The Beohars 2.5 The British Raj and 1857 2.6 End of 19th century CE 2.7 Gandhian Era 2.8 Post Independence 3 Demographics 4 Civic administration 5 Arts and culture 6 Geography 7 Topography 8 Climate 9 Economy 9.1 Indian Ordnance Factories 9.2 Defence establishments 9.3 Agriculture 10 Transportation 10.1 Airport 10.2 Railways 10.3 Road 10.4 Bus 11 Communication services 12 Media 12.1 Newspapers 12.2 Radio 13 Tourism 13.1 Shaheed Smarak 13.2 The Beohar House 13.3 Radha Krishna Temple­ Complex 14 Sports 15 Culture 15.1 Shopping Malls & Hypermarkets in the Jabalpur City 15.2 Major fast food restaurants in the Jabalpur City 16 Jabalpur Cantonment 17 Education 18 List of educational institutions in Jabalpur 19 See also 20 References 21 External links

Etymology

Jabalpur postulated to be Jabalipattan (Hindi: जाबालपन) or Jabalipuram (Hindi: जाबालपरमु ) conveniently associated with the legendary sage Jaabaali mentioned in the epic Ramayana, possibly as his tapasya­bhoomi (place of penance) though no such link as ever been evident historically. In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation passed a resolution to freshly name the city as Jabalipuram.[4]

Variations of words jabal, jabel, jebal, jebel, jbel, djebel, jibal, etc. have been used for the Arabic word meaning "mountain, hill or slope" (as elevations). The words have been used to name ,'ﺟﺒﻞ' ,"jah­bahl" many mountains, places, people, or others. History

Ashokan relics have been found in Rupnath, a place 84 km north of Jabalpur, suggesting the existence of human civilisation here dating back to c. 300 BCE. Much later in history, Karanbel (now called Tripuri/Tewar), on the outskirts of current Jabalpur, was the capital of the famous Kalchuri kingdom in the 9th–10th centuries CE.

The Haihayas

In c. 675 CE, the region was taken by Raja Bamraj Dev (ruled c. 675–800 CE) of the Kalachuri dynasty who made Karanbel (Tripuri/Tewar) near Jabalpur their capital. Their kingdom was spread over present day Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, far­eastern states, Bangladesh, Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The most illustrious of Kalchuri kings was Yuvrajdev I (ruled c. 915–945 CE) who married Nohladevi – a princess of the Chalukya dynasty. Their Amatya was Golok Simha Kayastha, who was instrumental in the establishment of the Chausath­Yogini shrine near Bhedaghat, while the descendents of the Kalchuri kings are lost in history. Those of Amatya Golok Simha Kayastha continued to look after the politics of the region as Diwan Bhoj Simha under Raja Sangramsahi (ruled c. 1491–1543 CE), Diwan Adhar Simha under Rani Durgavati (ruled c. 1550–1564 CE) and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha who remained the Jagirdar of Jabalpur till 1947.

The Gonds

In the 13th century CE, the Gonds seized Jabalpur and made it their capital. Inscriptions record the existence during the 11th and 12th centuries of a local line of princes of the Haihai people who are closely connected with the history of Gondwana.

Gond Raja Madansahi (ruled c. 1138–1157 CE) of Mandla constructed a bastion in the 12th century CE on top of a hill which, after him, was named Madan­Mahal. In the 16th century CE, Maharaja Sangramsahi, who ruled for almost 52 years, extended his power to over 52 districts, including the twin­ townships of Garha­Katanga. He started administering the region from here, thus the name Garha­ Mandla. He was the longest reigning monarch and his period is believed to be the golden era in the history of Garha­Mandla region. A large number of projects of public interest were undertaken during his reign.

His daughter­in­law was the famous Rani Durgavati who ruled from Singaurgarh fort in Sangrampur not too far from Garha (later Jubbulpore/Jabalpur). During the reign of his minor grandson VeerNarayan (ruled by Queen­Mother Rani Durgavati c. 1550–1564 CE), Khwaja Abdul Majeed Harawi bearing the title 'Asaf­Khan or Commander' as viceroy of Kara Manikpur, conquered the Garha­Mandla principality. First painting ever made on Maharani Durgavati, shown gearing­up for In this battle of Narrai in 1564 CE, the Gond Queen­Mother Rani battle of Narrai. This fresco by Durgavati made supreme sacrifice, with her prime minister Beohar Rammanohar Sinha is in Adhar Simha Kayastha and others. Initially, 'Asaf­Khan' or Jabalpur's Shaheed­Smarak. Commander of Mughal Emperor Akbar's forces, held Garha­ Mandla as an independent chief but eventually submitted to the Mughal emperor Akbar. After Raja Sangramsahi, the next most illustrious king was Raja Hridaysahi (ruled c. 1652–1704 CE) who, coincidentally, also ruled for almost 52 years. He ruled the Garha­Mandla region from Chauragarh fort but later moved the capital to Ramnagar in c. 1652 CE and then back to Mandla fort in c. 1698 CE for strategic reasons. Most of the waterbodies (lakes, reservoirs, stepwells, dams, wells) are from his time. The last Gond ruler who ruled efficiently was Nizamsahi (ruled c. 1753– 1780 CE) after whom the Gond kingdom collapsed and the Maratha took over.

The Marathas

The Mughal Empire, however, enjoyed little more than a nominal supremacy; and the Gond­ administrators of Garha­Mandla maintained a practical independence from Raja Hridaysahi onwards. The scenario remained so until their subjugation by the Maratha governors of Sagar in c. 1781 CE. They called it Jabbalgarh. In c. 1798 CE, the Maratha Peshwa granted the Nerbuddah valley to the Bhonsle kings of Nagpur, who continued to hold the district until the British occupied it in c. 1818 CE after defeating the Marathas in the Battle of Sitabuldi in 1817 CE.

The Beohars There were periods of power­shifts from one sovereign to another. During such transitional turmoils, Jubbulpore's Beohar dynasty (not to be confused with the Beohar surname) reigned and safeguarded their region's interests since the Kalchuri period, that is c. 945 CE onwards. Beohars (Hindi: यौहार) were Jagirdars (like Dukes or Earls) who looked after internal affairs and inter­state relations. In peace, they were lords who conserved their state's traditions/customs Vyauhar (Hindi: यौहार) and during war resumed their role of gallantry knight­commanders or Sardar, thus, the title­prefix Sardar­Beohar with salutation Rajman­ Rajeshri (Hindi: रायमान­राजेी). Their earliest recorded progenitor finds mention as Amatya Golok Simha during the Kalchuri dynasty. One of their ancestors, Adhar Simha Kayastha, as Rani Durgavati's representative, met Akbar in his court and, as knight­commander, led the army and laid his life for the nation. The Coat of Arms or Crest of the Much later, coat­of­arms (flag) and estates were granted Jagirdars of Jubbulpore/Jabalpur of following coronation of R.R. Sardar­Beohar Kehari Sinha (c. Beohar dynasty. 1735–1845) by Gond rulers for bravery in battlefields. He detained Clive's messenger Jainualbdeen in the region but let him go after intervention from Raja Nizamsahi and Raja Janoji Bhonsle. A chapter in Sir Sleeman's book Rambles and Recollections is devoted to Beohar Kehri Sinha.

R.R. Beohar Dariyav Sinha (c. 1760–1850), an ally of Raja Raghoji II Bhonsle, headed the army to win battles of 1792–93 and 1799–1801 defeating pindari Mir Khan. He hosted the orientalist Vedic­scholar Sir Colebrooke at Beohar Palace on embankment of Phootatal reservoir in 1801 CE and took him to his Burhagarh, Gosalpur and Jujhari. His pioneering initiatives against Thuggee were taken further by Sleeman.

R.R. Beohar Gandharv Sinha (c. 1780–1852) rescued Garha­ The historic Beohar­Palace, seat of Mandla's Rani Laxmankuwari and Prince Nerbuddabux from the Beohar dynasty since the 17th– Visaji Chandokar and crowned him in 1842 ousting cousin 18th century, in the old city of Shankarsahi. The Beohar (Hindi: यौहार) title­prefix and their Jubbulpore/Jabalpur. Riyasat were respected by Nagpur's Bhonsle, Saugor's Peshwa, and British who later became hostile due to the family's nationalism. R.R. Beohar Aman Sinha (c. 1830–1890) joined Raja Shankarsahi in 1857 movement. Beohar Raghuvir Sinha (1877–1960) was last Jagirdar in whose memory, Civil Lines (North) is known as Beohar Bagh and the road from the Railway Stadium to Adhartal as Beohar Raghuvir Sinha Road.

The British Raj and 1857

Under the British Raj, Jabbalgarh became Jubbulpore and was made the capital of the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories, which was part of the North­Western Provinces governed by the Agra­ Principality. At that time it became infamous for the Thuggee murders but made more famous by the man who suppressed thugs, William Henry Sleeman (then Major), who was later appointed Chief Commissioner at Jubbulpore and eventually British Resident at Lucknow. For the noble cause of rehabilitation of thugs' families who were called gurinds, the Beohar family allowed their piece of land known as Gurandi in the heart of the town. In the cantonment of Jubbulpore, Gadadhar Tiwari opened fire on his European superiors and sparked the Independence movement on 16 June 1857. His sacrifice did not go to waste as the movement caught momentum in the region, though, short lived. It broiled for more than four months during which the British were petrified, became extremely vulnerable and dreaded the worst. They ran out of support and supplies and were besieged along with European women and children in their own citadel – the Agency Mansion (now Divisional Commissioner's residence). They survived only because a pro­British local banker­merchant came to their rescue which bought them time for reinforcements to arrive. The 1857 movement was locally spearheaded by Gond Raja Shankarsahi and Prince Raghunathsahi who were later arrested and detained in a jail which still exists next to the DRM office. The same pro­British local banker­merchant's spy Girdharilal Marwari of Belkhadu and his aide Sumer Singh fabricated and planted written evidence at the citadel of Raja Shankarsahi to prove conspiracy against the British. While the banker­merchant received rich favours, recognitions and rewards from the British, the freedom movement culminated with the martyrdom of Raja Shankarsahi and Prince Raghunathsahi from the mouth of a cannon on 18 September 1857 at the very spot where Lady Elgin Hospital now stands. Subsequently, the estates and assets of their supporters and masterminds Thakur Singh Parmar, Beohar Aman Sinha, Ganga Mishra, Sooraj Prasad were confiscated. Sooraj Prasad was later arrested and publicly hanged by Captain Pinckney at Bijeraghugarh (Vijayraghavgarh). The late Raja Shankarsahi's cousin Raja Nerbudabux, along with Brave Beohar Aman Sinha, avenged the martyrdoms by taking life of Captain Ashley Tottenham of 4th Madras Cavalary on 7 November 1857.

End of 19th century CE

The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories became part of the new Central Provinces in 1861 which in 1903 became the Central Provinces and Berar. By the early 20th century CE, Jubbulpore became the headquarters of a brigade in the 5th division of the Southern Army. The Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur got established in the year 1904.

Gandhian Era

Mahatma Gandhi's longest and most important stay in Jubbulpore was in 1933 at the Beohar Palace of Beohar Rajendra Simha. Mahatma was accompanied by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Ravishankar Shukla, Dr Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Khurshed Nariman, Abul Kalam Azad, Jamnalal Bajaj, Dr Syed Mahmud, Mahadev Desai, and many others, and a meeting of AICC/CWC was held at the Beohar Palace. Bapu's grandson Kanu (son of Ramdas Gandhi) stayed with him at the palace at Sathia Kua near Hanumantal. Mahatma Gandhi's memorabilia of that occasion are well preserved by descendents of the Beohar dynasty at the Beohar House in Beohar Bagh. Beohar Rajendra Sinha helping his guest Mahatma Gandhi on the Many freedom fighters voluntarily gave up comforts of their staircase of Beohar Palace in lives and family and plunged into Gandhiji's three­S (swadeshi, Jubbulpore/Jabalpur. swaraj and satyagrah) movements and the freedom struggle at large. In the wake of India's independence and nation building, they happily and gracefully embraced the harshes of long jail­sentences. Such bravehearts from Jubbulpore included Beohar Rajendra Sinha, Ravishankar Shukla, Sunderlal Tapasvi, Thakur Laxman Singh Chauhan, Seth Govind Das, Harihar Vyas, Maheshdatt Mishra, Deviprasad Shukla, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Hukumchand Narad, Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Balmukund Tripathi, Dwarka Prasad Mishra, Kunjilal Dubey, Narsinghdas Agrawal, Rameshwarprasad Guru, Bhawaniprasad Tiwari, Kashiprasad Pandey, Nathuram Vyas, Chidambaram Pillai, Sawaimal Jain, Satyendra Mishra, Sitaram Jadhav, Mulayamchand Jain and many­many more.

The Tripuri Congress session in 1939 was presided over by Subhas Chandra Bose. Jhanda Satyagraha was launched under Lokmanya Tilak's direction. A Congress session was held at Vishnudatt Shukla Nagar at TilwaraGhat (near Jubbulpore) in 1939 when Subhas Chandra Bose was elected the Congress President against the wishes of Mahatma Gandhi.

Post Independence

Because of Bapu's strong linkages with Jabalpur and his very special love for it, his mortal remains were brought to the city after his martyrdom. After going through the entire city on Beohar Rajendra Sinha's shoulders, the urn containing Mahatma Gandhi's ashes were immersed in holy river Narmada by Pt. R.S. Shukla, Beohar Rajendra Sinha, Seth Govind Das and others on 12 February 1948 in TilwaraGhat where a massive unprecedented condolence meeting was held. In 1950–51, the Central Provinces and Berar became the Indian state of Madhya Beohar Rajendra Sinha (right), RS Pradesh and Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla became the first chief Shukla (centre) and LS Chauhan minister of a Congress­led government. Madhya Bharat, Vindhya (left) immersing Mahatma Gandhi's Pradesh and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956 ashes in TilwaraGhat near when Jubbulpore became Jabalpur but, despite Jabalpur's very Jubbulpore/Jabalpur. strong claims, Bhopal was declared the capital of Madhya Pradesh. Demographics

As of 2001 India census,[5] Jabalpur had a population of Religions in Jabalpur 1,267,564. Males constitute 52% of the population and Religion Percent females 48%. Jabalpur has an average literacy rate of Hindus 63% 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male Muslims 13% literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 70%. In Jabalpur, Christians 2.5% 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Jains 20.4% Others† 1.1% As of 2011, India census, Jabalpur had a population of 2460714 Distribution of religions †Includes Sikhs (0.2%), Buddhists (<0.2%). Total Population Male Female Rural Urban

3160714 1278448 1182266 1421937 1738777

Total Literacy 82.5 89.1 75.3 73.7 88.5 Civic administration The Jabalpur Municipal Corporation (JMC) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city. The JMC council comprises 70 elected representatives, called corporators, one from each ward (locality). Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. A corporator from the majority party is selected as a mayor. The headquarters of Jabalpur Municipal Corporation is near Teen Patti Chowk, Wright Town. As of 2011, the Jabalpur municipality covered an area of 53 km2.

Jabalpur contributes one member to the Lok Sabha, current member is Rakesh Singh of Bharatiya Janata Party. Additionally, Jabalpur sends 8 members to the State Legislative Assembly of which 4 are from city proper, namely Jabalpur Purba, Jabalpur Uttar, Jabalpur Cantonment, Jabalpur Paschim. Another 4 are from rural parts of Jabalpur district. Arts and culture

Jabalpur has been given the name SanskaarDhaani or the cultural capital of Madhya Pradesh by acharya Vinayak Narhari Bhave, while Bhopal is RajDhani or political capital and Indore is VanijyaDhani or commercial capital. The reason for being called SanskarDhani is because many culture­connoisseurs have had long terms significant associations with the city, including Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Harishankar Parsai, Beohar Rajendra Simha, Subhadrakumari Chauhan, Prof Kavi Indra Bahadur Khare, Seth Govind Das, Roopkumar Soni, Alakhnandan Sinha, Gyanranjan Shrivastava, Rehman, Prem Nath, Rajkapoor's wife Krishna Raj Kapoor, Arjun Rampal, Jaya Bachchan, Aadesh Shrivastava, Raghubir Yadav, and more recently Abhas Joshi, [multi dimensional talent in the field of Science and arts, writer, poet and social worker Prof Dr Mukul], [ankit santosh soni]a well known still photographer of Bollywood now residing in Mumbai etc., but, most important in this context, the internationally recognised artist­painter from Jabalpur Royal eohar family, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha who designed and Jabalpur­born internationally decorated the original preamble to the Constitution of India. acclaimed painter Beohar Traditional famous sculptor Kundan was a native of the city. Rammanohar Sinha beautified the original calligraphic manuscript of The presence of the river Narmada, rule of Gond and Kalchuri­ Constitution of India in 1948–49. His Maratha dynasties made Jabalpur a Hindu dominated area. legible short­signature in Devanagari Mughal rule brought in a sizeable Muslim population. The city script as Ram on the Preamble page had Hindu­Muslim riots in the 1960s that shook the confidence (lower­right corner, within outermost of Indian Muslims in secular India.[6] There has been a sharp border­design), and as Rammanohar decline in these riots owing to a gradual, slow path to progress. on other pages of the Constitution bear testimony to this fact. The present culture is dominantly related to agricultural population of the city and surrounding areas. The food and clothing change with the harvest of crops in every season, usually observed by Hindus.

Jabalpur has a very cosmopolitan feel about it. There are people of almost all major religions and castes in India. The city has Marwari, Bengali, Malayali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannadiga, Marathi, and Punjabi people in sizeable ratios and there are people from other regions of India as well. The city has been a stage for many cultural inventions and many traditional rituals. The city has been peaceful since a long time after the 1960s and now is marching towards development in the spheres of infrastructure and industries.

Each festival is celebrated with great pomp. Navratri and Dusshera are celebrated with full energy. Not only residents but also visitors from all over MP come to see the Durga Pandals of the city.

Some of the nonprofit organisations (NGOs) active in promotion of art and culture are:

Pahal literary magazine (Prof Gyanranjan & others) Vivechana (Himanshu Rai & others) Dialogue­With­Nature­International or DiWiNe­I (Beohar Dr Anupam­Sangita Sinha & others) Pragatisheel Lekhak Sangha (Pankaj Swamy 'Gulush' & others) Patheya (Rajkumar Tiwari 'Sumitra' & others) Viprakul Parishad (Rajesh Pathak 'Pravin' & others) Ityaadi Group (Supriya­Vinay Amber & Others) MP Artists' Forum (Kamta Sagar & others) MiPhoSo (Mukul Yadav & others) Triveni Parishad (Dr Gayatri Tiwari & others) Gunjan Kala Sadan (Omkar Shrivastava & others) MitraSangh (Ajeet Verma & others) Jabalpur Manch (Pankaj Verma & Others) Ordnance Factory Khamaria's Natya Kala Sansthan (V.M. Ignatius & others) Milan Kalawardhan {Samajik, Shaikshanik and sanskrutik Sanstha}Regd.{Dr.Bhaskar Khandekar and others[7]}

Geography

Jabalpur is located at 23°10′N 79°56′E . The central point of India is located in Jabalpur district. It has an average elevation of 411 metres (1,348 feet). Topography

The topography of Jabalpur provides a picturesque setting for movies. The hills of Jabalpur, with varied mineral content are a popular destination for geologists and archaeologists.

The city is surrounded by low, rocky, and barren hillocks. The main water reservoirs of Khandari and Pariyat are to the northeast. Water is also drawn from Narmada River by Public Health Dept.

The main crops are wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds, and maize. Bargi Dam on the river Narmada is used for irrigation, water supply and power generation. The town is surrounded by several lakes and water tanks. The area is rich in limestone, refractory clay, bauxite, iron ore, manganese and other deposits. There are few industries connected with above minerals in the area. Climate

Jabalpur has a humid subtropical climate, typical of North­ Jabalpur Central(Madhya Pradesh and Climate chart (explanation) Southern Uttar pradesh) India. JFMAMJJASOND Summer starts in late March and last 42 39 38 up to June. May is the hottest month 34 31 31 32 28 29 29 with average temperatures reaching 25 24 up to and beyond 45 C. They are 26 26 24 23 23 followed by monsoon season, which 21 19 16 lasts until early October, with a total 11 12 8 9 precipitation of nearly 55 in (1386 mm). Winter starts in late November and last until early March. They peak in January with average daily temperature near 15. Jabalpur gets moderate rainfall of 35 inches 19 16 16 5 11 169 382 458 188 39 12 11 (889 mm) during July–September Average max. and min. temperatures in °C due to the southwest monsoon. Precipitation totals in mm

Source: IMD (http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do? function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1¶m=2&station=Jabalpur)

Imperial conversion JFMAMJJASOND 108 102 100 93 88 88 90 82 84 84 77 75 79 79 75 73 73 70 66 61 52 54 46 48

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.4 6.7 15 18 7.4 1.5 0.5 0.4

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches