Jabalpur Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jabalpur (Hindi: जबलपरु), formerly known as Jubbulpore, is one of the major cities of Madhya Jabalpur Pradesh state in India. It is the third largest urban जबलपुर Jubbulpore agglomeration[3] in Madhya Pradesh and the 26th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the Metropolis 2011 census statistics.[3] Its old name was thought Nickname(s): Sanskaardhaani, Marble City, Ordnance to be Jabalipuram but, in actuality, it was Hub of India, Narmada Nagari Jubbulgarh. It was later changed to Jubbulpore during British Governance and is now simplified as Jabalpur. Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of both the Jabalpur district (the second most populous Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh) and the Jabalpur division. Historically, a center of the Kalchuri and Gond dynasties, Jabalpur developed a syncretic culture influenced by the intermittent reigns of the Mughal and Maratha. In the early nineteenth Location of Jabalpur in India century, it was gradually annexed in British India Coordinates: 23°10′N 79°56′E as Jubbulpore and incorporated as a major Country India cantonment town. After the independence of India, State Madhya Pradesh there have been demands for a separate state of District Jabalpur Mahakoshal with Jabalpur as its capital. Government Jabalpur is known for its picturesque marble rock • Type Mayor–Council formations (Bhedaghat) on the banks of the river • Body Jabalpur Municipal Corporation Narmada. Because it is the army headquarters of • Mayor Dr. Swati Godbole (BJP) five states (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, • District Shri Shivnarayan Rupla Odisha, Bihar and Jharkhand), one sixth of the city Magistrate is occupied by the Ministry of Defence. Several Area important federal and state institutions are located • Metropolis 1,367 km2 (528 sq mi) in Jabalpur, including four Universities (RDU, Elevation 412 m (1,352 ft) JNAU, GMU and NDVU), the premier technology institute and the oldest in central India, the JEC Population (2011)[2] and the IIIT. • Metropolis 1,967,564 • Rank 28th Important institutions and organisations such as • Density 478/km2 (1,240/sq mi) the High Court, four Indian Ordnance Factories of • Urban 1,738,777 the gigantic OFB, the Madhya Pradesh State • Rural 14,21,937[1] Electricity Board, Tropical Forest Research • Agglomeration 26th Institute, and the zonal headquarters of the WCR Rank are here. Demonym Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpur is associated with Maharishi Mahesh Jabalpurites Yogi, Osho, Rani Durgawati, Arjun Rampal, Time zone IST (UTC+5:30) Harishankar Parsai, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, PIN 482001 to 4820xx Telephone code +91­761 Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Prem Nath, Rehman Vehicle MP­20 and many other literati and glitterati as their registration hometown. Sex ratio 929 ♂/♀ Average Literacy 89.13% Rate Official language Hindi Contents Website www.jabalpur.nic.in (http://www.jabalpur.nic.in) 1 Etymology www.jmcjabalpur.org 2 History (http://www.jmcjabalpur.org) 2.1 The Haihayas 2.2 The Gonds 2.3 The Marathas 2.4 The Beohars 2.5 The British Raj and 1857 2.6 End of 19th century CE 2.7 Gandhian Era 2.8 Post Independence 3 Demographics 4 Civic administration 5 Arts and culture 6 Geography 7 Topography 8 Climate 9 Economy 9.1 Indian Ordnance Factories 9.2 Defence establishments 9.3 Agriculture 10 Transportation 10.1 Airport 10.2 Railways 10.3 Road 10.4 Bus 11 Communication services 12 Media 12.1 Newspapers 12.2 Radio 13 Tourism 13.1 Shaheed Smarak 13.2 The Beohar House 13.3 Radha Krishna Temple­ Complex 14 Sports 15 Culture 15.1 Shopping Malls & Hypermarkets in the Jabalpur City 15.2 Major fast food restaurants in the Jabalpur City 16 Jabalpur Cantonment 17 Education 18 List of educational institutions in Jabalpur 19 See also 20 References 21 External links Etymology Jabalpur postulated to be Jabalipattan (Hindi: जाबालपन) or Jabalipuram (Hindi: जाबालपरमु ) conveniently associated with the legendary sage Jaabaali mentioned in the epic Ramayana, possibly as his tapasya­bhoomi (place of penance) though no such link as ever been evident historically. In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation passed a resolution to freshly name the city as Jabalipuram.[4] Variations of words jabal, jabel, jebal, jebel, jbel, djebel, jibal, etc. have been used for the Arabic word meaning "mountain, hill or slope" (as elevations). The words have been used to name ,'ﺟﺒﻞ' ,"jah­bahl" many mountains, places, people, or others. History Ashokan relics have been found in Rupnath, a place 84 km north of Jabalpur, suggesting the existence of human civilisation here dating back to c. 300 BCE. Much later in history, Karanbel (now called Tripuri/Tewar), on the outskirts of current Jabalpur, was the capital of the famous Kalchuri kingdom in the 9th–10th centuries CE. The Haihayas In c. 675 CE, the region was taken by Raja Bamraj Dev (ruled c. 675–800 CE) of the Kalachuri dynasty who made Karanbel (Tripuri/Tewar) near Jabalpur their capital. Their kingdom was spread over present day Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, far­eastern states, Bangladesh, Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The most illustrious of Kalchuri kings was Yuvrajdev I (ruled c. 915–945 CE) who married Nohladevi – a princess of the Chalukya dynasty. Their Amatya was Golok Simha Kayastha, who was instrumental in the establishment of the Chausath­Yogini shrine near Bhedaghat, while the descendents of the Kalchuri kings are lost in history. Those of Amatya Golok Simha Kayastha continued to look after the politics of the region as Diwan Bhoj Simha under Raja Sangramsahi (ruled c. 1491–1543 CE), Diwan Adhar Simha under Rani Durgavati (ruled c. 1550–1564 CE) and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha who remained the Jagirdar of Jabalpur till 1947. The Gonds In the 13th century CE, the Gonds seized Jabalpur and made it their capital. Inscriptions record the existence during the 11th and 12th centuries of a local line of princes of the Haihai people who are closely connected with the history of Gondwana. Gond Raja Madansahi (ruled c. 1138–1157 CE) of Mandla constructed a bastion in the 12th century CE on top of a hill which, after him, was named Madan­Mahal. In the 16th century CE, Maharaja Sangramsahi, who ruled for almost 52 years, extended his power to over 52 districts, including the twin­ townships of Garha­Katanga. He started administering the region from here, thus the name Garha­ Mandla. He was the longest reigning monarch and his period is believed to be the golden era in the history of Garha­Mandla region. A large number of projects of public interest were undertaken during his reign. His daughter­in­law was the famous Rani Durgavati who ruled from Singaurgarh fort in Sangrampur not too far from Garha (later Jubbulpore/Jabalpur). During the reign of his minor grandson VeerNarayan (ruled by Queen­Mother Rani Durgavati c. 1550–1564 CE), Khwaja Abdul Majeed Harawi bearing the title 'Asaf­Khan or Commander' as viceroy of Kara Manikpur, conquered the Garha­Mandla principality. First painting ever made on Maharani Durgavati, shown gearing­up for In this battle of Narrai in 1564 CE, the Gond Queen­Mother Rani battle of Narrai. This fresco by Durgavati made supreme sacrifice, with her prime minister Beohar Rammanohar Sinha is in Adhar Simha Kayastha and others. Initially, 'Asaf­Khan' or Jabalpur's Shaheed­Smarak. Commander of Mughal Emperor Akbar's forces, held Garha­ Mandla as an independent chief but eventually submitted to the Mughal emperor Akbar. After Raja Sangramsahi, the next most illustrious king was Raja Hridaysahi (ruled c. 1652–1704 CE) who, coincidentally, also ruled for almost 52 years. He ruled the Garha­Mandla region from Chauragarh fort but later moved the capital to Ramnagar in c. 1652 CE and then back to Mandla fort in c. 1698 CE for strategic reasons. Most of the waterbodies (lakes, reservoirs, stepwells, dams, wells) are from his time. The last Gond ruler who ruled efficiently was Nizamsahi (ruled c. 1753– 1780 CE) after whom the Gond kingdom collapsed and the Maratha took over. The Marathas The Mughal Empire, however, enjoyed little more than a nominal supremacy; and the Gond­ administrators of Garha­Mandla maintained a practical independence from Raja Hridaysahi onwards. The scenario remained so until their subjugation by the Maratha governors of Sagar in c. 1781 CE. They called it Jabbalgarh. In c. 1798 CE, the Maratha Peshwa granted the Nerbuddah valley to the Bhonsle kings of Nagpur, who continued to hold the district until the British occupied it in c. 1818 CE after defeating the Marathas in the Battle of Sitabuldi in 1817 CE. The Beohars There were periods of power­shifts from one sovereign to another. During such transitional turmoils, Jubbulpore's Beohar dynasty (not to be confused with the Beohar surname) reigned and safeguarded their region's interests since the Kalchuri period, that is c. 945 CE onwards. Beohars (Hindi: यौहार) were Jagirdars (like Dukes or Earls) who looked after internal affairs and inter­state relations. In peace, they were lords who conserved their state's traditions/customs Vyauhar (Hindi: यौहार) and during war resumed their role of gallantry knight­commanders or Sardar, thus, the title­prefix Sardar­Beohar with salutation Rajman­ Rajeshri (Hindi: रायमान­राजेी). Their earliest recorded progenitor finds mention as Amatya Golok Simha during the Kalchuri dynasty. One of their ancestors, Adhar Simha Kayastha, as Rani Durgavati's representative, met Akbar in his court and, as knight­commander, led the army and laid his life for the nation. The Coat of Arms or Crest of the Much later, coat­of­arms (flag) and estates were granted Jagirdars of Jubbulpore/Jabalpur of following coronation of R.R.