Chronology Antiquity and the Middle Ages MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS (Be) (BC) c970 Death of David, King ofJudah; the earliest psalms may date from this time. 776 First recorded Olympic Games, the c962-22 Worship in the Temple of first certain date in Greek history. Solomon organized involving musicians and a professional music school. 753 According to tradition, Romulus founded Rome. All subsequent Roman 7th century Terpander is believed to have events are dated from this year. established the nomos kitharodikos. Music of the Phrygians, influential in Greek music, reached its height. c724 The Spartan victory in the First Messenian War gives her control over the c700 Olympus the Mysian, Phrygian aulos rich plains of Messenia. player and composer, is credited with the introduction ofinstumental music into 616 Date traditionally given for the Greece and the invention of the Etruscan Tarquins becoming kings of enharmonic genus and the Lydian mode. Rome. The first was Tarquinius Priscus. c600 Sappho and Alcaeus lead the Aeolian school oflyric poetry at Lesbos. The 597 Fall ofjerusalem. Beginning of the Dithyramb, a choral song of Dionysus, Babylonian captivity (-538). assumes its conventional form under Arion at Corinth. 594 Solon appointed archon of Athens. He reforms the Draconian laws and founds 586 Sakadas wins at the Pythian games the Athenian democracy. with his aulos solo depicting the victory of Apollo over the Dragon. 510 Tarquinius Superbus expelled from Rome (d495); the Republic commences. c530-497 Pythagoras active: he propounded the scientific basis of music and established a school of Greek music 509 Cleisthenes rises to power in Athens. In theory. 507 he reforms the law and the constitution; ten new tribes replace the late 5th century Sophocles and Euripides previous four and all citizens given a vote admired for their music. in the Assembly. c450 Pindar excels in the choral lyric. 480 Xerxes, the son of Darius, crosses the Hellespont and advances to the pass of c450-c360 Thimotheus, Greek composer Thermopylae where the heroic Spartans and singer to the kithara, active. under Leonidas fight to the death; Athens is taken, but then the Athenians defeat the 406 Death of Euripides, who added sulo Persian fleet in the Bay of Salamis. monody to the musical resources of the Athenian tragedy. 442 Pericles becomes sole ruler of Athens 405 The Frogs of Aristophanes depicts a until 429. During his reign Athens is musical contest in Hades between dominant militarily, commercially and Euripides and Aeschylus. culturally. c400 The heyday ofPhiloxenos and 431 The Peloponnesian war between Timotheus, who marked the end of Athens and Sparta (-404 BC) results in classical Greek music with their virtuosic the loss of Athenian leadership in Greece innovations. and the end ofher 'Golden Age'. 314 Chronology, 1000-400 BC LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE (BC) (BC) (BC) c800 Composition of the 763 First record of an Late 8th century End of great Homeric epics, the eclipse of the sun appears the Geometric period of Iliad and the Odyssey. in Assyrian archives. Greek art and beginning c733-701 Isaiah preaches of the Archaic; anatomy of the coming of a Messiah. 668 King Assur-bani-pal of the human body becomes early 8th century The Assyria accumulates a a preoccupation. Boeotian poet Hesiod library at Nineveh with writes his Works and Days over 22,000 clay tablets c630 The Doric order of and the Theogony. recording Assyrian Greek architecture first 641Josiah, Kingofjudah, achievements in medicine, recognizable at Thermon. oversees the mathematics and Deuteronomic reform and astronomy (-631). c600-580 The earliest centralizes worship at the surviving large-scale Temple in jerusalem 600 Chaldean astronomers architectural sculptures in (-610 BC). invent the signs of the stone on the west c600 Jeremiah active, Zodiac, name many pediment of the temple of prophet ofjerusalem's constellations, establish Artemis in Corfu. destruction and purported the seven-day week and author of the Lamentations. the 24-hour day (-550). mid-6th century Earliest 600 Thales, 'The First appearance of the Ionic Greek Philosopher', seeks c590 Anaximander is said order in the gigantic the origin of all things in to have introduced the temples of Artemis at the element of water sundial (gnomon) to Greece Ephesus and Hera at (-546 BC). and to have made the first Samos in Asia Minor. The c590 Zoroaster reforms the map of the world (--c550). black-figure style of vase Persian religion from a painting reaches its form of polytheism to the maturity whilst the red- worship of a single god. c530 Pythagoras and his followers are considered to figure technique is in its c534 Thespis is reputed to have founded the earliest stages. have developed Greek tragedy from the mathematical study of c480 Archaic period in art Dionysian dithyramb. acoustics and music, ends with the destruction together with many early 484 Aeschylus wins first of Athens by the Persians; prize in the Athenian geometrical discoveries the classical period Tragedy competition. including the Pythagorean begins. 468 Sophocles defeats Theorem. Aeschylus and wins the c470 Temple of Zeus at prize for Tragedy. c432 Meton, Athenian Olympia (--c455 BC), an astronomer, announces early classical masterpiece 455 Euripides produces the the discovery of the first of c92 plays; 18 of the Doric order. survive, including Alcestis, ennaedecateris, a luni-solar Medea, The Trojan Women calendar of235 months or 447 Building of the and lphigenia in Tauris. 19 years. It later became Parthenon on the Acropolis c450 Protagorus active, the the model for the Persian, at Athens (-432 BC). first of the Sophists. Chinese and jewish c435-30 The work of c440 Herodotus travels to calendars, and the method Babylon and Egypt to by which the date of Phidias culminates in his research his history of the Easter is calculated. great statues of Athena at Persian Wars. the Parthenon and Zeus at 424 Aristophanes begins c430 Hippocrates ofChios, Olympia. writing comedies, II of Greek mathematician, which survive, including active (--c400 BC). Euclid c420 The Temple of Apolla The Clouds, The Wasps, The bases the third and fourth Epicurius at Bassae Birds, Lysistrata and The books of his Elements on containing the first Frogs. Hippocrates' lost work. Corinthian columns. 315 Antiquity and the Middle Ages MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS cS80 Plato proposes the ideal Greek SS6 Alexander the Great wins for himself musical education in his Republic. the greatest empire ever. ?cSSO The Books of Chronicles tell of S2S After the death of Alexander his empire instrumentally accompanied psalmody in is fragmented. the Temple ofjerusalem. 264 First Punic War between Rome and Carthage, ending in victory for Rome's ?elliS Aristoxenus, greatest of the Greek new navy at the Aegates in 241. musical theorists, writes his Harmonic Elements. 219 Second Punic War (-201 BC). Hannibal invades Italy by crossing the Alps in 218 cSOO Euclid, Greek mathematician, active and defeats the Romans in 217. in Alexandria; two musical works are attributed to him, Introduction to Harmonics 166Judas Maccabee takes over the jewish (more likely by Cleonides) and Division of rebellion against Antioch us IV of Syria the Monochord. (-161 BC). 149 Third Punic War (-146 BC). Carthage c240 Eratosthenes, Greek scholar, writes on is besieged for two years and is finally the mathematical theory of music in his taken by Scipio Africanus the Younger. Platonikos. The province of Africa established. c%20 Plautus incorporated features of 146 Rome crushes a revolt in Macedonia Hellenistic song and Euripidean monody which becomes a Roman province. with Greek literary style in his Roman Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes comedies. The introduction to Stichus under Roman hegemony. names the musician Marcipor as the composer of the accompaniments. 60 Pompey, Crassus and julius Caesar form the first Triumvirate. c200 A setting of Euripides' Orestes survives 57 Caesar defeats the Gaulish and Belgian on the papyrus, with music possibly by tribes. He invades Britain in 55. Euripides. 52 Revolt of the Gauls under Vercingetorix. cl66 Terence's sixfabulae palliatae include Crushed by Caesar at Alesia, his greatest much recitative cantica, lines intoned to military success. pipe accompaniment. In the prefaces he mentions four kinds of pipe and names the 49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon initiating composer Flaccus. civil war with Pompey and his allies. Caesar triumphs and by 45 BC maintains cl38 'First Delphic Hymn', in 'vocal' dictatorial power. notation; one of two hymns in honour of 44 After refusing a king's crown, offered by Apollo engraved in stone in the Athenian Mark Antony, Caesar is assassinated on treasury at Delphi. the ides of March. Octavian, Caesar's grand-nephew, claims the succession. cl28-12 'Second Delphic Hymn', in 'instrumental' notation by Limenius of SO Octavian triumphs over Mark Antony Athens, uniquely describing the place of and his bride Cleopatra at Actium; he is music in sacrifice. declared 'Augustus' in 28 BC, thus signalling the beginning of the Empire. cliO Vitruvius, Latin writer, who described the hydraulis in some detail. 4 Death of Herod the Great after the execution of his eldest son. Jerusalem pacified by a Roman Legion after a revolt by the Pharisees; Herod Anti pas succeeds to the Tetrarchy of Galilee. 316 Chronology~ 399-1 BC LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 399 The death of Socrates, c377 Death of Hippocrates, whose teachings are considered the founder of 336 presented in Plato's scientific medicine. The conquests of dialogues. Alexander bring the classical period of Greek 323 c368 Plato's Republic, his Death of Aristotle, art to an end and influential central work. exponent of introduce the fourth and empirical method and first 343 final period, the Aristotle (384-22) great botanist and becomes Hellenistic (323 BC).