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Home , 161 BC, Antoine Busnois, Bernart de Ventadorn, Bertran de Born, Celtic harp, Citole

Chronology Antiquity and the

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

(Be) (BC) c970 Death of , King ofJudah; the earliest may date from this time. 776 First recorded Olympic Games, the c962-22 Worship in the Temple of first certain date in Greek history. Solomon organized involving musicians and a professional music school. 753 According to tradition, founded . All subsequent Roman 7th century is believed to have events are dated from this year. established the nomos kitharodikos. Music of the , influential in Greek music, reached its height. c724 The Spartan victory in the First Messenian War gives her control over the c700 the Mysian, Phrygian rich plains of Messenia. player and , is credited with the introduction ofinstumental music into 616 Date traditionally given for the and the invention of the Etruscan Tarquins becoming kings of enharmonic genus and the Lydian mode. Rome. The first was Tarquinius Priscus. c600 Sappho and Alcaeus lead the Aeolian school oflyric at Lesbos. The 597 Fall ofjerusalem. Beginning of the Dithyramb, a choral song of , Babylonian captivity (-538). assumes its conventional form under Arion at Corinth. 594 Solon appointed archon of . He reforms the Draconian laws and founds 586 Sakadas wins at the Pythian games the Athenian democracy. with his aulos solo depicting the victory of over the Dragon. 510 Tarquinius Superbus expelled from Rome (d495); the Republic commences. c530-497 Pythagoras active: he propounded the scientific basis of music and established a school of Greek music 509 Cleisthenes rises to power in Athens. In theory. 507 he reforms the law and the constitution; ten new tribes replace the late 5th century and previous four and all citizens given a vote admired for their music. in the Assembly.

c450 excels in the choral lyric. 480 Xerxes, the son of Darius, crosses the Hellespont and advances to the pass of c450-c360 Thimotheus, Greek composer Thermopylae where the heroic Spartans and singer to the kithara, active. under Leonidas fight to the death; Athens is taken, but then the Athenians defeat the 406 Death of Euripides, who added sulo Persian fleet in the Bay of Salamis. monody to the musical resources of the Athenian tragedy. 442 Pericles becomes sole ruler of Athens 405 The Frogs of Aristophanes depicts a until 429. During his reign Athens is musical contest in between dominant militarily, commercially and Euripides and Aeschylus. culturally.

c400 The heyday ofPhiloxenos and 431 The Peloponnesian war between Timotheus, who marked the end of Athens and (-404 BC) results in classical Greek music with their virtuosic the loss of Athenian leadership in Greece innovations. and the end ofher ''.

314 Chronology, 1000-400 BC

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

(BC) (BC) (BC) c800 Composition of the 763 First record of an Late 8th century End of great Homeric epics, the eclipse of the sun appears the Geometric period of Iliad and the . in Assyrian archives. and beginning c733-701 Isaiah preaches of the Archaic; anatomy of the coming of a Messiah. 668 King Assur-bani-pal of the human body becomes early 8th century The Assyria accumulates a a preoccupation. Boeotian poet library at Nineveh with writes his Works and Days over 22,000 clay tablets c630 The Doric order of and the Theogony. recording Assyrian Greek architecture first 641Josiah, Kingofjudah, achievements in medicine, recognizable at Thermon. oversees the mathematics and Deuteronomic reform and astronomy (-631). c600-580 The earliest centralizes worship at the surviving large-scale Temple in 600 Chaldean astronomers architectural sculptures in (-610 BC). invent the signs of the stone on the west c600 Jeremiah active, Zodiac, name many pediment of the temple of prophet ofjerusalem's constellations, establish in Corfu. destruction and purported the seven-day week and author of the Lamentations. the 24-hour day (-550). mid-6th century Earliest 600 Thales, 'The First appearance of the Ionic Greek Philosopher', seeks c590 Anaximander is said order in the gigantic the origin of all things in to have introduced the temples of Artemis at the element of water sundial (gnomon) to Greece Ephesus and at (-546 BC). and to have made the first Samos in Asia Minor. The c590 Zoroaster reforms the map of the world (--c550). black-figure style of vase Persian religion from a painting reaches its form of polytheism to the maturity whilst the red- worship of a single god. c530 Pythagoras and his followers are considered to figure technique is in its c534 Thespis is reputed to have founded the earliest stages. have developed Greek tragedy from the mathematical study of c480 Archaic period in art Dionysian dithyramb. acoustics and music, ends with the destruction together with many early 484 Aeschylus wins first of Athens by the Persians; prize in the Athenian geometrical discoveries the classical period Tragedy competition. including the Pythagorean begins. 468 Sophocles defeats Theorem. Aeschylus and wins the c470 Temple of at prize for Tragedy. c432 Meton, Athenian Olympia (--c455 BC), an astronomer, announces early classical masterpiece 455 Euripides produces the the discovery of the first of c92 plays; 18 of the Doric order. survive, including Alcestis, ennaedecateris, a luni-solar Medea, The Trojan Women calendar of235 months or 447 Building of the and lphigenia in Tauris. 19 years. It later became Parthenon on the Acropolis c450 Protagorus active, the the model for the Persian, at Athens (-432 BC). first of the Sophists. Chinese and jewish c435-30 The work of c440 Herodotus travels to calendars, and the method Babylon and Egypt to by which the date of Phidias culminates in his research his history of the Easter is calculated. great statues of at Persian Wars. the Parthenon and Zeus at 424 Aristophanes begins c430 Hippocrates ofChios, Olympia. writing comedies, II of Greek mathematician, which survive, including active (--c400 BC). Euclid c420 The Temple of Apolla The Clouds, The Wasps, The bases the third and fourth Epicurius at Bassae Birds, Lysistrata and The books of his Elements on containing the first Frogs. Hippocrates' lost work. Corinthian columns.

315 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

cS80 Plato proposes the ideal Greek SS6 Alexander the Great wins for himself musical education in his Republic. the greatest empire ever.

?cSSO The tell of S2S After the death of Alexander his empire instrumentally accompanied psalmody in is fragmented. the Temple ofjerusalem. 264 First Punic War between Rome and Carthage, ending in victory for Rome's ?elliS Aristoxenus, greatest of the Greek new navy at the Aegates in 241. musical theorists, writes his Harmonic Elements. 219 Second Punic War (-201 BC). Hannibal invades by crossing the Alps in 218 cSOO Euclid, Greek mathematician, active and defeats the Romans in 217. in ; two musical works are attributed to him, Introduction to Harmonics 166Judas Maccabee takes over the jewish (more likely by Cleonides) and Division of rebellion against Antioch us IV of Syria the . (-161 BC). 149 Third Punic War (-146 BC). Carthage c240 Eratosthenes, Greek scholar, writes on is besieged for two years and is finally the mathematical theory of music in his taken by Scipio Africanus the Younger. Platonikos. The province of Africa established. c%20 Plautus incorporated features of 146 Rome crushes a revolt in Macedonia Hellenistic song and Euripidean monody which becomes a Roman province. with Greek literary style in his Roman Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes comedies. The introduction to Stichus under Roman hegemony. names the musician Marcipor as the composer of the accompaniments. 60 Pompey, Crassus and julius Caesar form the first Triumvirate. c200 A setting of Euripides' Orestes survives 57 Caesar defeats the Gaulish and Belgian on the papyrus, with music possibly by tribes. He invades Britain in 55. Euripides. 52 Revolt of the Gauls under Vercingetorix. cl66 Terence's sixfabulae palliatae include Crushed by Caesar at Alesia, his greatest much recitative cantica, lines intoned to military success. pipe accompaniment. In the prefaces he mentions four kinds of pipe and names the 49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon initiating composer Flaccus. civil war with Pompey and his allies. Caesar triumphs and by 45 BC maintains cl38 'First Delphic ', in 'vocal' dictatorial power. notation; one of two in honour of 44 After refusing a king's crown, offered by Apollo engraved in stone in the Athenian Mark Antony, Caesar is assassinated on treasury at . the ides of March. Octavian, Caesar's grand-nephew, claims the succession. cl28-12 'Second Delphic Hymn', in 'instrumental' notation by Limenius of SO Octavian triumphs over Mark Antony Athens, uniquely describing the place of and his bride Cleopatra at Actium; he is music in sacrifice. declared 'Augustus' in 28 BC, thus signalling the beginning of the Empire. cliO Vitruvius, Latin writer, who described the hydraulis in some detail. 4 Death of Herod the Great after the execution of his eldest son. Jerusalem pacified by a Roman Legion after a revolt by the Pharisees; Herod Anti pas succeeds to the Tetrarchy of Galilee.

316 Chronology~ 399-1 BC

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

399 The death of Socrates, c377 Death of Hippocrates, whose teachings are considered the founder of 336 presented in Plato's scientific medicine. The conquests of dialogues. Alexander bring the classical period of Greek 323 c368 Plato's Republic, his Death of , art to an end and influential central work. exponent of introduce the fourth and empirical method and first 343 final period, the Aristotle (384-22) great botanist and becomes Hellenistic (323 BC). tutor to Philip of zoologist. Euclid, Greek Macedon's son, mathematician and Alexander. 3rd century The Etruscans physicist, active at build true arches with Alexandria 306 Epicurus founds a (-c285 BC). radiating voussoirs, a school in Athens, teaching technique to be perfected that freedom from pain c283 The great lighthouse, by the Romans. and peace in body and one of the seven wonders mind is the highest good. of the ancient world, c280 The sculptor Chares erected on the island c300 Zeno of of ofLindos completes the Pharos in the mouth founds the Stoic school of of the Colossus of Rhodes, the Nile, opposite philosophy. Alexandria. celebrated bronze statue ofHelios the sun-god, and c250 The Septuagint 280 Aristarchus ofSamos one of the wonders of the translation of the Hebrew active (-264 BC), astro- ancient world. Bible into Greek. nomer and mathematician, c200 Plautus, Roman comic the first to postulate the c200 The Winged Victory dramatist, active. heliocentric universe. ofSamothrace sculpted 187 The Temple of from marble. Jerusalem plundered by c250 Ctesibius, Alex- Antiochus III ofSyria. andrian physicist, active. clOO The Venus de Milo, a He is said to have invented marble statue of 166 Terence, Latin comic a clepsydra (water clock), a , created. End playwright, active. hydraulic organ and other of the in 165Judas Maccabee mechanical devices. the arts and transition to rededicates the Temple at Graeco-Roman, which Jerusalem. 211 Death of Archimedes of sees many copies of Syracuse, who developed famous Greek statues that 55 Cicero pulishes De the displacement theory are now lost. oratore, and in 54 BC known as Archimedes' De republica; he was the principle, and invented 20 The Pont du Card, near most influential of all the Archimedean screw Nimes in southern , Latin stylists. and war machines. built (-16 BC), its three c30 , perhaps the storeys carrying the most influential Roman cl50 Hipparchus of aqueduct across the gorge. poet, active. Virgil writes Alexandria catalogues 850 the Aeneid (-19 BC). or more stars, invents the 13 The Pacis set up by Augustus on the Campus 19 Herod the Great begins planisphere, discovers the Martius in Rome (-9 BC), the restoration of the eccentricity of the solar the first great Roman Temple in Jerusalem. orbit and the precession of the equinoxes (-cl25 BC). commemorative 4 Most probable date for sculptured monument, the birth ofJesus Christ. combining 47 Sosigines, Alexandrian documentary reliefs with scenes from c2 Ovid (43 BC-AD 17) astronomer, devises at Roman mythology. begins to write the Caesar's command the Metamorphoses. .

317 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

(AD) (AD) 14 Death of Augustus, who is deified by the 30-35 Quintilian born, Roman orator and Roman state. He is succeeded as emperor write~: who included music among the arts by his stepson Tiberius. boys should study before beginning rhetoric. lnsititutio oratoria, a eulogy of 37 Death ofTiberius; succeeded by music, seeks to demonstrate its antiquity Caligula, Claudius and Nero. and power. 43 Roman invasion of Britain; the conquest is consolidated by AD 47. 59 The first public appearance of Nero singing to his own accompaniment on 64 Burning of Rome, suspected by the the kithara. Romans to have been started by Nero.

70-120 (born c47), Greek 69 Election ofVespasian as emperor after philosopher and biographer, active. suicide of Nero, restoring relative stability Frequent references to music in his to Roman rule; Vespasian turns over the philosophical works provide evidence of conduct of the jewish war to his son Titus. the musical information and vocabulary current among the educated. 70 Siege ofjerusalem. After a heroic defence of 139 days the city and Temple is destroyed and the population dispersed.

79 Eruption ofMt Vesuvius, destroying Herculaneum and Pompeii.

?c85 The evangelist Luke records the 86 The Dacians advance across the Danube Magnificat, Benedictus and Nunc dimittis. under their king Decebalus.

ll1-12 Pliny the Younger mentions ll6 Trajan extends the eastern boundaries hymn-singing at an early morning of the to the Persian Gulf. Christian service in Asia Minor. 122 visits Britain and gives orders c120-35 Mesomedes composes his for the building of a wall. kitharoedic lyrics at the court of 135 Jewish revolt under Simeon Bar- Hadrian. Cochba; end ofjudea as a nation.

?c130 Claudius Ptolemy, the great 138 Death of Hadrian. The reign of his Alexandrian scholar, constructs a adopted son Antoninus is peaceful. complex theory of music in his Harmonics. 161 dies, to be succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius.

180 Death of Marcus Aurelius, followed by Tertullian describes spontaneous c198 instability and barbarian initiative. singing at the Christian agape. 254 Valerian, seeing the Empire threatened c230 The Apostolic tradition describes on all sides, divides it; he rules in the East the singing of Alleluia psalms at Rome and his son, Gallienus, in the West. during the agape. 293 Diocletian creates the Quattuor Principes ?3rd century Aristides Quintilianus Mundi, a system of government with an compiles a comprehensive survey of Augustus and assisting Caesar for East ancient in his De musica. and West. His reforms endure for the remaining century and a half of the Western empire.

318 Chronology, AD 1-300

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

(AD) (AD) (AD) I The period of domestic c30 Arrest and Crucifixion landscapes murals such as ofJesus Christ at the time those at Pompeii (-69). of the Passover. c35-6 Conversion of Saul ofTarsus (St Paul) on the road to . c50 Apostolic Council in Jerusalem, convened to discuss whether or not Gentile Christians should be circumcised and made to observe Mosaic law.

64 According to tradition, Peter martyred at Rome 72 Building of the great during Neronian Roman Colosseum (-80). persecutions, with Paul suffering the same fate. c77 Pliny the Elder writes 81 Reliefs on the triumphal the Historia naturalis, a Arch of Titus show the 73 Destruction of the scientific pharmacology tumultuous events Jewish community at and mineralogy, with Qumran, site of the Dead surrounding the sack of material drawn from Jerusalem. Sea Scrolls. nearly 500 authors of antiquity. c98Juvenal, Roman 2nd century The earliest rhetorician and poet, examples of Christian art, cl27 Ptolemy active, begins to write his Satires. frescoes appearing on the (--cl51), great walls of catacombs. cl55 The First Apology of Alexandrian scholar, who Jus tin Martyr, the first establishes the geocentric 106 Trajan's column in system of the universe in Christian thinker to seek Rome decorated with a to reconcile the claims of his Almagest, and provides spiral frieze showing the most accurate ancient faith and reason. events in the Dacian wars description of the earth's (-113). c240 Mani, a Persian surface in his Geographia. prophet, begins to teach Manicheism, a belief cl30 The Pantheon in 163 Galen arrives in Rome Rome rebuilt with the based on a radical conflict as court physician; his between good and evil. largest domed structure of work in physiology and the ancient world. medicine remained c250 Widespread standard for more than persecution of Christians 211 The Baths ofCaracalla under Decius (-c258). 1000 years. built (-217), the best preserved of the 270 Porphyrius publishes monumental bath- the philosophical treatises complexes of the Imperial ofPlotinus (-300). era. c285 St Anthony of Egypt retires into the desert where he becomes responsible for the birth of Christian monasticism.

319 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

early 4th century Desert monks introduce 312 Constantine, witnessing a vision of the the practice of continuous psalmody. Christian cross in the sky, defeats Maxentius at the Milvian , and c375 Antiphonal psalmody becomes subsequently grants freedom to Christians popular in the Christian East. in the so-called Edict of .

c380 The Apostolic Constitutions mention the 325 Constantine rebuilds Byzantium as singing of the Sanctus and a communion Constantinople, and transfers the captial psalm at the Eucharist. of the Empire there (330).

386 Ambrose introduces vigils and popular 361Julian the Apostate rules both East and psalmody at Milan. West from Constantinople (-363).

391 Augustine completes the sixth and final 403 Honorius leaves Milan for Ravenna book of his De musica. which becomes the Western capital.

early 5th century An annual cycle of 410 Alaric sacks Rome. Alleluia psalms documented for Jerusalem. 429 The Vandals invade Africa from (-430), besieging and capturing Hippo c410 Augustine describes the responsorial where St Augustine dies during the siege. singing of a gradual psalm at Mass. 452 Leo I persuades Attila the Hun to c420 The African scholar Martian us retreat from Italy to . Capella establishes the standard order of the seven liberal arts in his De nuptiis 476 End of the Western Empire with the Philologiae et Mercurii. deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer, a Goth, who becomes King of c425 Pope Celestine I introduces the Italy. responsorial singing of a gradual psalm in the Roman Mass. Cassian adapts 493 Theoderic murders Odoacer and rules Egyptian monastic psalmody to Western Italy until 526. usage. 533-4Justinian's general Belisarius 451 The Trisagion is mentioned first at the captures Carthage from the Vandals and Council ofChalcedon, later to be begins to wrest Italy from Gothic control. introduced into the Byzantine liturgy. 568 The Lombards begin their conquest of c495 writes his De institutione Italy, weakened by decades of war. musica, an influential digest of ancient music theory. 577 The Saxons win the battle ofDeorham and become virtual masters of . c530 Benedict arranges the weekly order of monastic psalmody in his Rule. 622 Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina and establishes himself as a ?c570 The Cheroubikon established as a religious and political leader. Byzantine offertory under Justin II. 632 Death of Mohammed, followed by an ?c650 The Roman schola cantorum founded. extended period of Muslim conquest.

678John the archcantor teaches the Roman 7ll The Moors begin their conquest of chant in York. Spain.

c700 Sergius I introduces the Agnus Dei 726 Pope Gregory II rejects Byzantine into the Roman Mass. taxes; the Papal States ensue.

early 8th century Ordo romanus I describes 723 Charles Martel checks the Moorish the Roman Stational Mass. advance at .

320 Chronology, AD 300-750

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

325 Council of Nicea c305 Theon of Alexandria 306 Maxentius hegins to convened by Constantine active. Ptolemy's build the massive Basilica to consider the Arian astronomical tables were Nova in Rome, completed heresy which denied the known to Islamic science by Constantine. divinity of Christ. and western . 337 Death of the Emperor 382 StJerome produces the c320 Pappus of Alexandria Constantine, who initiated Vulgate translation of the active, author of the the great period oft he Bible (-384). Co/lee/ion, a hand hook of Christian basilica; among c400 St Augustine writes Greek mathematical those he commissioned his spiritual autobio- sciences, invaluable for its himself were St Peter's at graphy, The Confessions. citing of Greek Rome and the achievements. monumental churches at c431 St Patrick (c390-460) Jerusalem and Bethlehem. hegins his Irish mission. 415 Theon's daughter, 496 Conversion and Hypatia, Alexandrian c400-450 The Vatican baptism of Clovis, King of nco-platonist philosopher, Virgil illustrated, one of the Franks. murdered by Christian the very few survivii1g c500 The Celestial Hierarchy monks. illustrated classical of Dionysius the Pseudo- manuscripts. Areopagite written; its c535 Cosmas lndico- Mausoleum synthesis of Christian pleustes of Alexandria c450 of Galla writes Placidia at teaching and neo- the Topographia Ravenna, richly platonism greatly Christiana (-c54 7), des- decorated with influenced medieval igned to prove the literal mosaics, including The thought. accuracy of the biblical Good Shepherd. picture of the universe. 523 Boethius {c480-524), 532 Hagia Sophia in imprisoned by Theoderic, c636 Isidore of Seville's Constantinople built by writes De consolatione Etymologiae, preserving Justinian (-537). philosophne. much ancient lore in a c525 St Benedict founds his form palatable to the 540 Building of San Vitale monastic community at Middle Ages. in Ravenna with its and writes magnificent mosaics his influential Rule. c650 First definite reference (-547). to the Hindu numerical 597 P~pe Gregory sends system which became c660 At Sutton Hoo in Augustine and some 40 known to Europe as Suffolk a pagan king's companions on a mission arabic numerals is given. boat and treasure are of conversion to England. buried in a ceremonial 610 Mohammed receives 673 Callinicus of funeral. his vision from the Heliopolis, an architect, is Archangel Gabriel telling credited with 'Greek Fire', c675 The Church of All him he is the messenger of a terrifying new weapon Saints, Brixworth, Allah. which enabled the Northamptonshire built, Byzantines to defeat the substantially surviving 726 The Emperor Leo I I Saracens. today in its Anglo-Saxon initiates the period of form. iconoclasm, which lasts c725 Bede revises an earlier intermittently until 842. treatise De temporum ratione c696 The decoration of the 731 The Venerable Bede, a and becomes the first to Lindisfarne Gospels monk atjarrow, com- tabulate a perpetual cycle (---{)98), a masterpiece of pletes his Historia Ecdesias- of Easters on the basis of intricate Celtic decorative fica Centis Anglo rum. the 19-year lunar cycle. art.

321 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

?8th century The Octoechos is lirst employed in Byzantine ecclesiastical 751 The last Merovingian king is deposed; ffiUSIC. Pepin the Short becomes King of the Franks, li>unding the Carolingiai< dynasty. c754 Pepin orders the Gallican chant to he replaced by the Roman. 768 Death of Pepin the Short; succeeded by Charlemagne and Carloman who dies in 757 The emperor Constantine Copronymus 771, leaving the li>rmcr sole king of the makes the gilt of a pipe organ to Pepin's Frankish lands. court. 774 Charlemagne defeats the Lomhards in c750 Death ofSt John Damascene, Italy (-776) aiding the papacy. renowned at Constantinople as the author 793 The monastery at Lindisfarne ofligurgical hymns. is destroyed by the Vikings who will c756 The Byzantine Emperor Constantine terrorize Europe lor the next 200 years. Copronymus sends an organ to Pepin I I I 800 On Christmas Day, Pope Leo II I in France. It is the lirst seen there. crowns Charlemagne as 'Augustus' in Rome. The lasts fi>r 791 Death of Mansur Zalzal al-Darib, Arab 1000 years. musician who reformed the scale oft he . 814 Death of Charlemagne; sun·ecded by cBOO The earliest extant liturgical books his son Louis the Pious. with all the texts of the Mass . 840 Death of Louis the Pious. The c802 Charlemagne hears Eastern singers distribution oft he Carolingian lands perform for Epiphany, and amon~ his sons is regularized by the orders that the chants be translated into Treaty of Verdun in 843. Latin and adapted to the original melody. 866 The Danes capture York and establish 840-50 Aurelian of RN>me writes .Husica a kingdom there in 875 or 876. disciplina. 878 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex since c880 The anonymous ,Hu>ica enchiriadis 871, defeats the Danes at Edington. provides the earliest extant examples of polyphonic music. 962 Otto I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by PopeJohn XII. c900 The earliest extant chant hooks with neumatic notation. 987 Hugh Capel, Duke of the Franks, is crowned King of France, founding the c970 The Regularis concordia of Winchester Capetian dynasty which lasts until 1328. gives the text of the earliest extant 1060 Norman conquest of Sicily hegins liturgical drama. under Robert Guiscard and his brother Count Roger c994 A pipe organ is installed in the Old I. Minster at \Vinchester, one of several in 1066 Invasion of England by William of contemporary English Benedictine Normandy and defeat and death of churches. Harold at Hastings.

ciOOO 'The ', a 1076 Pope Gregory VII excommunicates manuscript now at Cambridge, provides the emperor Henry IV. the earliest extant substantial repertory of ecclesiastical polyphony. 1095 Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade. In 1099 the Crusaders capture cl020 describes the Jerusalem; the Latin kingdom of musical staff. Jerusalem is founded.

322 Chronology, AD 750-1100

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

c800 The Book of Kells; a surpassing example of Celtic manuscript illumination. 862 The Brothers Cyril and Mcthodius arc sent by the 786 Haroun al-Raschid, 816 Decoration of the Emperor Michael II to Caliph of the newly- Utrecht Psalter (-835), its cvan~clizc in Moravia; founded capital, Baghdad, classical personifications Cyril invented the supervises the translation reminiscent of murals in Slavonic or 'Giagolitic' of Greek treatises into Roman villas. alphabet. Arabic and thus inspires the revival of ancient 822 Consecration of the c892 Alfred the Great science and learning. (second) abbey church of translates into Anglo- Fulda, bringing the Saxon a number of c790 The Vikings develop influence of the Roman important hooks including the longship, a slender basilica to the north. those by Bocthius and boat with a keel to give it St Augustine of Hippo added rigidity, in which c989 Novgorod Cathedral, (-c899). they were able to cross the the first Christian church i\'orth Sea. in Russia, built in wood, 909 William the Pious with the first onion dome. initiates the Benedictine 874 lngolfur Amason, a I 015 The bronze doors of order of Cluny with the chieftain from Norway, Hildcshcim, with·their foundation of a monastery hegins the settlement of biblical reliefs. at Cluny in . Iceland with his family and dependants on the 1037 Building of Notre 959 Dunstan becomes site of the capital Dame ofjumieges Archbishop of Canterbury Reykjavik. (-1066), early Norman and initiates the Romanesque church. important English 982 Eric the Red explores Benedictine reform of the the south-west coast of 1051 Speyer Cathedral, later tenth century. Greenland and founds the finest German early first colony in 986. Romanesque church. 1054 Final breach between the Eastern and \Nestern 984 Earliest surviving 1067 The White Tower of Churches. astrolabe made by Ahmad the Tower of London and Mahmud of Isfahan. begun, one of the earliest 1073 Pontificate of Gregory and largest towers in VII, who worked for 1003 Voyage of Leif Europe. reform and moral revival Ericsson to North within the Church America where he cl092 The Bayeux (-1085). discovered 'Wineland'. Tapestry completed; it pictures the Norman 1094 Anselm, Archbishop 1037 Death of Avicenna, conquest of England. of Canterbury, completes great Persian philosopher his most important and physician, whose 1094 Building ofSt Mark's, theological work, Cur Deus synthesis of Greek Venice completed, Homo. learning had important influenced by the influence in the West. Byzantine tradition. 1098 Foundation of the Cistercian order at 1095 Building of the new Citeaux by Robert of abbey church at Cluny Molesme, a stricter form (-1132), then the largest of the Benedictine order. in Europe.

323 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

12th century The polyphonic versus is 1138 Conrad, the first of the Hohenstaufen cultivated in Aquitanian monasteries like line, is elected King of the Romans. St Martial of . 'The Fleury Playbook', a collection often liturgical 1147 Second Crusade preached by Bernard dramas possibly copied at St Benoit-sur- ofCiairvaux, led by Louis VII of France Loire. and the emperor Conrad II I. c1135-95 Bernart de Ventac1orn active. Widely regarded today as perhaps the 1152 After the dissolution of the marriage finest of the poets and between Louis VII of France and Eleanor probably the most important musically. of Aquitaine, she marries Henry of Anjou, c1150 The Codex Calixtinus: polyphonic future King of England ( 1154), bringing music sung at Santiago de Compos tela. enormous lands in France to the English c1160-after 1213 Gace Brule, most crown. prolific of the early trouveres, and one of the best known. 1189 begins, led by c1160-cl240 taken up by Frederick Barbarossa, Richard I of Parisian of the Notre Dame England and Philip II of France. school. c1165-1200 The peak period of the 1198 Pontificate of Innocent III marks the climax of the political power of the German . medieval papacy (-1216). He is the first to c1190-1200 Death of the troubadour employ the title 'Vicar of Christ'. Bernard de Ventadorn. late 12th century Leonin of compiles 1206 Temujin, son of a Mongol chieftain, his Magnus tiber, a collection of two-voice assumes the title 'Genghis Khan' and polyphonic music for the entire Church establishes the vast Mongol empire. year. The rhythmic modal system introduced into ecclesiastical polyphony. 1215 King john of England agrees to the ?c1180-90 Perotin makes revisions to the peace terms imposed by his barons in . Magna Carta, including various 1198-9 Perotin composes four-voice organa curtailments of the king's powers. for the feasts of Christmas and St Stephen. 1200 Wolfram von Eschenbach active, 1244 Final expulsion of Christians from (-1220), German Minnesinger and epic Jerusalem. poet whose principal works were Par~ifal and Willehalm. 1262 Kublai, grandson ofGhengis cl230 Death of Walther von der establishes his supremacy as Great Khan. Vogelweide, most celebrated of the He continues the conquest of China, Minnesingers. Compilation of the Carmina rebuilding Peking as his winter capital. Burana. c1240Johannes de Garlandia writes De 1270 Death of Louis IX (StLouis), King of mensurabili musica. France, whilst on crusade in Tunisia. c1240-?88 Adam de Ia Halle active, composer of , jeux-partis, 1273 Rudolf, the first Habsburg, elected and plays with musical inserts. King of the Romans. cl250 The polytextual begins to supersede the conductus as the most 1279 , Lucca, Siena and other important non-liturgical polyphonic cities form a Tuscan Guelf League with a genre. customs union and jointly employ an c1280 describes a army. mensural notation in which individual notes have fixed rhythmic values. cl284 The late trouvere Adam de Ia Halle compiles thejeu de Robin et de Marion.

324 Chronology, AD 1100-1300

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY :\RCHITECTURE cll15 St Bernard becomes cll25 Gislebertus sculpts first abbot at Clairvaux. the l.astjudgement on the 1142 Death of Peter at Autun Abelard, famous for his c1145 Death of Adelard of (-1135). romance with Heloise. Bath, one of first \Vestern 1140 Abbot Suger's east mid-12th century The scholars to translate end at St Denis marks the Poema del Cid, a Spanish Arabic scientific works beginning of Gothic epic. into Latin. architecture. 1155 Peter Lombard writes his Sentences (-1158), a 1153 Buildingofthe compilation of quotations Baptistery at Pisa, a large that became a standard rotunda, designed by theological textbook. Diotisalvi. 1170 Murder of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury cl168 Portico della Gloria "t Cathedral by followers of the Cathedral of Santiago Henry II. de Compos tela sculptured 1200 The Middle High by Mateo de Compos.tela, German epic, the (-r1188). Nibelungenlied, written down around this time. 1174 William ofSens works 1217 Death of Alexander on the new choir of 1209 Beginning of the Nequam, English scholar Canterbury Cathedral Albigensian Crusade, led who first mentioned the (-1178), introducing by Simon de Montfort compass. French Gothic against the Manichean architecture into England. Cathars of southern 1226 Lubeck, refounded in France. I 158 by Henry the Lion, 1194 All ofChartres 1210 St Francis of Assisi becomes an Imperial Free Cathedral, except the establishes his order. City and a prime West Front, destroyed by Gottfried von Strassburg organizer of the Hanseatic fire, occasioning the working on his Tristan und League. building of the existing Isolde. High Gothic masterpiece. early 13th century Many 1235 Robert Gosseteste, universities founded Bishop of Lincoln, writes 1212 Gothic cathedral at including Oxford (by on natural philosophy, Rheims begun. 1214), Salamanca (1220), including a commentary Padua ( 1222), Cambridge on Aristotle's Physics 1236 Building of the first (by 1226), (1224), (-1253). truly Gothic church in (1230). , St Elizabeth, 1216 St Dominic ( 1170- 1266 Roger Bacon (c1214- Marburg (-1257). 1221) founds the order of 92) completes his Opus Dominicans. maius, a compendium of 1243 Building of the Sainte- Chapelle at Paris (-1248). cl223 Inquisition begins. universal knowledge. He was an early advocate of cl230 The Aristotelian experimentation and 1265 Nicola Pisano carves commentaries of Averroes direct observation. the pulpit of Siena become known in Europe. Cathedral--1268). 1274 Death ofSt Thomas 1298 Marco Polo, the first Aquinas (b c1225). European to travel across cl275Jean de Meun all Asia, dictates his Book completes Roman de Ia of Travels to Tartary and Rose. China (-1299).

325 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

1316 An elaborately illuminated 1305 Philip IV secures the election of Pope manuscript of the prm·ides Clement V who in 1309 fixes his residence the first isorhythmic motets. at , thus inaugurating the 70 years 'Captivity'. 1320 Philippe de Vi try describes the four rhythmic prolations in his treatise An nova.

1325John XXII cautions against elaborate polyphonic church music. 1328 Death ofCharles IV of France, last of 1340 Machaut takes up residence as a the Capetians; succeeded by Philip VI canon at Rheims. who founds the Valois dynasty.

?cl360 Death ofJacopo da , most 1337 Philip VI seizes Gascony, sparking celebrated composer before the Hundred Years \\'ar between France Landini. and England (-1453).

?cl370 Machaut composes his Messe de 1348 The Black Death, bubonic plague, Notre Dame, the first Mass Ordinary by a sweeps across Europe (-1349), killing an single composer. estimated one-third of the population.

1377 The death of Machaut. 1356 The Golden Bull of the emperor Charles IV provides for the election of late 14th century The height of the Ars future Holy Roman Emperors by seven Subtilior with the Avignon school. Electors. 1397 Death of Landini, blind Florentine organist, who was the most prolific of 1371 Accession of Robert II, who founds trcccnto composers. the Stewart dvnasty in Britain.

early 15th century Squarcialupi Codex, 1413 Death of Henry IV of England; lavishly illuminated Florentine succeeded by his son Henry V who manuscript with 3.'i2 trecento resumes the Hundred Years \Var with compositions. France, winning the battle of Agincourt in 141.'i. 1412 Death at Padua ofJohannes Ciconia, first important northern composer to work 1419 Reign of Philip the Good, Duke of in Italy. (-1467); Burgundy, allied with England during the Hundrd Years War, cl420 The is eventually becomes the dominant realm of compiled, a large collection of English French-speaking Europe. ecclesiastical music. 1422John, Duke of Bedford, regent of 1427 Duns table in the service of Queen English territories in France during the Joan of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV minority of Henry VI (-1436). (-1436).

1428 Dufay joins the papal choir. 1429 Joan of Arc relieves the siege of Orleans and persuades Charles VII to be cl430 The first English cant us firm us crowned king at Rheims. Later she is masses. burnt at the stake by the Anglo- Burgundian faction. 1434 Dufay meets Binchois when the Burgundian chapelle visits Savoy for the 1434 Cosimo de' Medici returns from exile wedding of Louis of Savoy and Anne of and becomes the effective ruler of Florence Cyprus. until his death in 1464.

326 Chronology, AD 1300-1435

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE cl314 Dante writes in the cl312 First eye-glasses cl305-6 Giotto di Italian vernacular, !.a thought to be introduced Bondone, the first Divina Commedia, the by Alessandro della Spina \Vestern painter to make a greatest poetical work of of Florence. decisive break with the Middle Ages (-c1321 ). Byzantine stylization, 1324 First indication of a paints his Padua frescoes. 1324 Marsilio of Padua cannon to be made in completes his Defensor Europe, forged at Metz. 1308 Duccio de Buonin- Pacis, challenging the segna, whose work points temporal power of the to the International Church. Gothic style, paints the Maestii altarpiece (-1311). 1349 Death of William of Ockham, author of the cl319 Ambrogio Lorenzetti doctrine of two truths, of Siena paints the first that of faith and of reason. great landscape of Italian art in the allegory of Good 1349 Giovanni Boccaccio and Bad Government. writes the Decameron. 1325 The Parisian illumi- 1374 Death of Francesco nator Jean Pucelle paints , who helped the exquisite Hours of initiate the revival of Jeanned'Evreux (-1328). Greek and Latin literature. cl349 Completion at Gloucester Cathedral of 1378 Start of the great the Great East Window, schism (lasting until 1417) the Early Perpendicular during which Western choir, and the cloisters Christendom was split by (the earliest surviving the rival claims of two and English fan vaulting). sometimes three . cl417 The Tres Riches cl380 Wycliffe's followers, Heures ofJean de Berry, Nicholas of Hereford and painted by the Limburg John Purvey, make the brothers. first complete translation of the Bible into English. cl420 Donatello completes his St George, a celebrated 1387 early example of his work writes The Canterbury Tales. which revolutionized sculpture. 1414 Filippo Brunelleschi (-1418); the election of builds the Florence Pope Martin Vends the cathedral dome (-1436). great schism. 1420 Prince Henry the 1430 Brunelleschi, who 1415 John Huss burnt for Navigator of influenced all subsequent heresy, becoming a encourages the , Bohemian national hero. exploration of the African designs the Pazzi Chapel coastline and Atlantic (-1443). 1425 The De lmilalione islands (-1460). Christi of Thomas a 1432 Completion of the Kcmpis, a popular 1434Joao Diaz, Portuguese .4doration of the Lamb in manual of the Christian explorer, rounds Cape Ghent Cathedral by Jan interior life. Bojador. van Eyck (d 1441).

327 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR, RULERS

1436 Dufay composes his isorhythmic motet Nuper rosarumjlores for the dedication 1450 Francesco Sforza accepted as Duke of of Brunelleschi's dome at Florence. Milan after besieging the city.

1438 Duns table serviteur etfamilier domestique 1451 Mohammed II becomes Emirofthe in the household of Henry, Duke of Turks. Gloucester. 1452 Frederick III crowned Holy Roman 1439 Dufay returns to as a Emperor by Pope Nicholas V. cathedral canon, there to remain until his death, except for a last stay in Savoy 1453 Hundred Years War ends with (1452-8). England holding only Calais. Fall of Constantinople to Mohammed the cl440 MS Canonici misc.213, 'is copied at Conqueror, marking the end of the Venice; this manuscript, now at Oxford, Byzantine Empire. contains 325 compositions ofDufay and his early Burgundian contemporaries. 1455 Richard, Duke of York, defeats the forces of Henry VI at St Albans, 1450 Chair of music instituted at Bologna beginning the Wars of the Roses. Death of University. Pope Nicholas V; election ofCalixtus III. 1457 Emperor Frederick III inherits Upper 1452 Conrad Paumann completes and Lower Austria. Fundamentum organisandi. 1458 Death of Pope Calixtus III; election of 1452-8 Dufay composes his Missa 'I 'homme Pius I I. Death of Alfonso V, 'the armi' for Savoy, the first to use that famous Magnanimous', King of Aragon, Naples tune as . and Sicily. Succeeded in Aragon and Naples by John II, and in Naples by 1453 First record ofOckeghem in the Ferrante I. service of the French court. The death of Duns table. 1461 Edward ofYork crowned Edward IV of England. Death ofCharles VII of 1456 Death of . France; succeeded by Louis XI.

1457 a member of the 1463 War between Venice and the Turks Burgundian chapel choir (-1476). over Mediterranean islands and coastal possessions (-1479). 1459 Josquin Desprez a singer at Milan Cathedral (-1472). 1464 Death of Pope Pius II; election of Paul II. Death ofCosimo de' Medici; 1460 Death of and Johannes succeeded by Piero. Bedyngham. Buxheimer Orgelbuch compiled (-c1470). 1465 Louis XI defeated by rebel French allied to Burgundy.

1462 Ockeghem visited Cambrai. 1466 Death of Francesco Sforza; succeeded by Galeazzo Maria. 1463 Johanned Regis magister puerorum at Notre Dame, Antwerp. 1467 Death of Philip II of Burgundy; succeeded by . 1467 entered the Duke of Burgundy's chapel at Dijon (-1477). 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile. Death of Piero de' 1469 Johannes Vincenet in the service of Medici; succeeded by Lorenzo, 'il the royal court at Naples. Magnifico'.

328 Chronology, AD 1436-70

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1436 Leone Battista Alberti writes the Della pittura grounding painting in the laws of perspective.

cl438 Rogier van der Weyden paints his expressive Deposition from the Cross. Fra Angelico 1440 Lorenzo Valla, in his The Guinea coast of paints his series of frescoes De falso credit a et ementita Africa explored by for the friary of S Marco Constantini, proves that the Portuguese mariners, in Florence, including the Donation of Constantine opening the way for the celebrated Annunciation. was a ninth-century eventual rounding of the forgery designed to bolster Cape of Good Hope by 1452 Lorenzo Ghiberti papal authority. Bartholomew Diaz in completes the 'Gates of 1488. Paradise', for the 1453 The Metropolitan of Baptistery, Florence. Moscow assumes 1456Johann Gutenberg Filippo Lippi paints leadership of the prints his Bible at Mainz, frescoes in Prato Orthodox Church. using the movable type he Cathedral (-1464). Piero had devised several years della Francesca paints 1457 Death of Italian earlier in Strasbourg. frescoes inS. Francesco, humanist Lorenzo Valla. Arezzo (-1459). 1454Johann Gutenberg 1458 Battista da Verona produces the Indulgences, 1454 Paolo Ucello paints writes De ordine docendi et the first document printed three episodes from the studendi, a manual on in Europe. Battle ofS Romano (-1457). humanist education. 1455 Alvise da Cadamosto 1457 Judith and Holofernes, 1459 Death of Poggio explores the rivers Senegal bronze sculpture by Bracciolini. and Gambia and Donatello (-1460). discovers five Cape Verde 1458 The Palazzo Pitti, Islands (-1456). Florence begun, possibly 1463 Marsilio Ficino designed by Filippo translates the dialogues of Brunelleschi. Jean Plato into Latin (-1469). 1465 First Italian printing F ouq uet completes press established at illuminated manuscript of Subiaco, and first Swiss Les Grands Chroniques de printing press at Basle. France.

1466 Louis XI of France 1463 Andrea della Robbia establishes silk industry at sculpts Bambini, on the Lyons, using experienced fac;:ade of the Foundling I tali an workers. Hospital, Florence.

1465 Giovanni Bellini 1467 The first ballad about paints The Agony in the William Tell appears. Garden. 1466 Giovanni Antonio 1469 Fernao Gomez crosses Amadeo begins sculptural the equator and explores decorations for the the Gold Coast (-1471 ). Certosa near Pavia.

329 Index

Page numbers in italics refer to captions to illustrations.

Abbo of Fleury, 170-1 Augustine of Hippo, 12, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82-4, Abelard, Peter, !58 85, 101 Abril issia, 210-14 aulos, 3, 7, 53,55-7,59, 61, 81, 58,61 Ad faciendum, !52 Plato's views of, 4, 6 Adam de Ia Halle, 166 Aurelian ofReome, 132 Adam ofSt Victor, 130 Avignon, 234-6, 239, 271 adaptation, 114 Avignon school, see Adelman of Liege, 167n4 Aeschylus, 3, 63 Bacchylides, 3, 61 aesthetics, 51, 274, 303 , 183 Aetius, 14 ballades,225,228,290 Agathon, 52 ballate, 243, 252,255, 257,260, 263-4, 265, Agricola, Alexander, 299, 301, 307 289, 295-7, 256 Ailred ofRievaulx, 173-4 Bamberg codex, 164 Alanus [Aleyn],John, 186 Barbingant, 302, 303 Alaric, 13, 14 Basle, Council of, 293, 300 Albertus, Magister, !56 Bedingham,John, 186, 194,290, 293, 295-7, Alcaeus, 45, 55, 58 305 Aleman, 49-51 Benedict of Aniane, 110 Alcuin, 110, 116 Benedictus II (pope), 109, 116 alleluias, 78-9, 93, 106, 125 Benet, john, 194, 293 Alypius, 82 Beneventan chant, 13 Amadeus VI of Savoy, 231 , 180, 182, 200 Amalarius of Metz, II 0, 124 Berno, 30 , 13, 131 Berry, Jean de, 36, 39, 231, 238, 37-8 Ambrosian liturgy, 79 , 182, 20 I Amos of Tekoa, I, 9, 10-11 Binchois, Gilles, 41,274, 288, 289, 290-1, Anaxagoras, 3 293,294,304-5,292 Anaximander, I influence 297 Andreas de Florentia [Andrea dei Servi], 263 use of works by others 295, 303 Angelus ad virginem, 181 Black Death, 33, 226, 228, 245 Anguissola, Lancilotto, 258 Blakesmit, 174 Anonymous IV, 158-60, 174 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 260 Anthonellus de Caserta, 265, 272 Boethius, 15-16, 30 antiphoners, 122 Boniface, Saint, 116 antiphons, 75, 113, 132, 133 Boniface IV (pope), 106-7, 108, 109 Marian, 193-4 Brassart, Jacques, 290 Apt manuscript, 236 Brid one brere, 184 Aquitaine, 153-5, 156, 161-2 Bromyard,John, 206 Aribo, 30 Bruges, 41-3 Arion, 58 Busnois, Antoine, 303, 304-5 Aristides Quintilianus, 82 Byzantine chant, 91, 97, 98-9 Aristophanes, 3, 4, 45, 52, 54, 62 Byzantine liturgy, 79 Aristotle, 6, 55, 58, 83, 203, 204 Byzantine modes, II 0, 117, 132 Aristoxenus, 52, 82 Arras, 202, 214 caccia, 243 ArsJIIova,36, 166,221-5,233,246,270 ,253,263,281,304 mensurations, 185-6, 187 Caesarius of Aries, 101 spread of, 231-6, 271, 273, 276 Calixtinus Codex, 137, 155-7 Ars Subtilior, 36, 237-9, 265, 271, 272, 274, Calixtus II (pope), 156 286 Calonista, Gregorio, 260 audience, 64, 166-7, 219-20, 224 Cambrai, 40, 42 see also communication Cambrai manuscripts, 231-3 Augustine of Canterbury, 116 Cambridge Songbooks, 180, 181

330 Index canons, 193,225,243,274 clausulae, 162, 164 Cantarw gli angioletti, 244 clefs, 153 Canterbury, 171, 173 Clement V (pope), 234 cantilena style, 192-4 Clement VI (pope), 235 cantio, 181 Cluny, 30 cantor, 72, 122 Cologne treatise, 144 cantus firmus see tenors communication, 269-70,276-7,304-5 canzone,247,249 Compere, Loyset, 307 Capella, Martianus, 83, 84 competitions, 3, 47-52, 53, 54-6, 58-60, 62, Capitulum de vocibus applicatis verbis, 248, 252 182,249 Caput, 295, 297, 299 effects, 63 Carmen, jean, 288, 291 Compline, 74, 89 Carmina burana, 181 composition, 271 caroles, 205-6, 207-8, 257,206 conductus, 125, 129, 136, 137, 162-3, 164, carols, 181, 187,295 176, 177-9, 181, 192 Carthusians, 135 Conan de Bethune, 201 Cassiodorus, 15, 84,85-6 consonance, 136, 137, 144, 145, 152, 163, 177, Catullus, 7 281 Celestine I (pope), 77 Constance, Council of, 275-6,277-8,301,278 centonization, 114 contrafacta, 284-5 Cesaris,Johannes, 288, 291 Cordier, Baude, 236, 238, 274, 286, 288, 275 chaces, 225 Cordoval,Jehan de, 291 Chaillou de Pestain, 222, 223 Corrado da Pistoia, 255, 265 chansons,271,274,276,285,289-90,292, Corsini, Bonaiuto, 262 295 courtliness, 197 chant courts, 197-8, 204-5, 274 chanting as meditation, 73 crowd, 183 comparisons, 98-100, 112 Cyprian of Carthage, 71 dialects, 13, 21, 98, 110 history, 79-81, 96-100 da Tempo, Antonio, 247-8, 253 Mass,91,92-4, 171 Dalfi d'Alveme, 198,204,210,211 performance, 122, 123-4, 125, 126-7, dance,61,62, 185,205-6,207-8,256-7,276, 139-40, 283; solo/choral, 91, 92, 112 278,61,61,185,206,256,280 in polyphony, 138-9 forms, 243 rhythm, 283 music, 162, 184, 257, 285 teaching, 170-1 Daniel, Arnaut, 249, 251, 255, 250 time devoted to singing, 26, 89, 113 Daniel, Play of, 130 see also , 246-7, 249 Chantilly manuscript, 238 Dark Ages, 12-20,88 Chapel Royal, 188, 190 Daseian notation, 143, 144, 153, 145 chapels, 40, 188, 190, 191,236 Delian Hymn, 48-9, 54 Charite,Jacques, 288 , 48-9 Charlemagne, 24, 25, 80, 110, 121 diastematic/non-diastematic notation see under Charles the Bold, 24, 304-5 notation Chartres, 147-50, 152, 156, 159 'Dicant nunc iudei', 150-1 , 31 Dionysus, theatre of, 3, 2 choirs, 40, 91, 92, 112, 122, 126-7, 188-90 , 154-5, 175-7, 192-3,283,294- arrangements of, 277,278 dissonance, 144, 152, 238 boys in, 189,190,277 dithyramb, 60-3 solo/choral performance, and numbers Domarto, Petrus de, 295 involvedin,40, 151,172,190,194, Donato da Cascio, 260 277,282-3 dramas, liturgical, 130 see also chapels Dufay, Guillaume, 40, 138,271,274,276, Chretien de Troyes, 180 288-90, 297' 292 Christianity, see under religion and the Renaissance, 39, 307 Ciconia,Johannes, 188, 233, 265, 272, 295 inftuence,300,303 Cinesias, 52, 62 performance of motet Nuper rosarumjlores, Cistercians, 133-5 277,289 cities, 197-8,206-7,214,242 works,289-90,291,294,303,305 , 183, 185 Dulcisjhesu memoria, 181

331 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

Dunstable,John, 39, 186, 190-1, 193, 194, Gothic, 22-4, 29 270,271,295 gradual (part of Mass), 92, 93, 101-2, 106, influence 291, 292, 293, 297 115 Dunstan, 170-1 graduals (books), 92-6,98, 106, 122 Greek music, 1-6,45-65 education, 27-9, 82, 245 Gregorian chant, 13, 88, 91, 171 see also musical education and universities and modal theory, 110, 132-5 ,Johannes, 188, 272 changes in, 133-6 Egeria, 75 formulae in, 114 , 31, 180, 182 origins, 19,20,98-100,102-11,114-17 Elias Caire!, 199 transmission, 110-13 English styles, 176-9, 184, 187-8, 192, 194, uniformity of performance, 125 291-2, 294 see also chant , 162 Gregory I (pope), 17-20, 102-4, 106-8, 109, Ethelwold, 126, 170, 171,172 110,114,115,116,18 Eucharist see Mass Gregory II (pope), 20, 103-4, 109, 114, 115, Euripides, 3, 4, 52, 63, 64 116, 117 Gregory III (pope), 109 faburden/, 192,283, 291,294, Grenon, Nicolas, 288 301 Grocheo,Johannes de, 204 Fauvel, Roman de, 221-4, 226, 233 Grossin, Estienne, 294 FeFauvel, bus, Gaston,Roman de, 231, 221-4, 236, 226, 238, 233 237 Grudencz, Petrus Wilhelmi de, 301 Fernandes, Carolus, 279 Gruuthuse manuscript, 274 Fernandes, jean, 279 Guglielmo da Francia, 255, 264 Ferrandes,Jehan, 291 Guido of Arezzo, 30, 85, 132, 137, 144-6, 152, festivals, competitive, see competitions 146 , 203, 204, 183, 185, 206, 258 , 295, 297 Fleury Playbook, 130 Guillaume li Vinier, 202 Florence, University of, 244, 255 Guiraut de Cabreira, 203 , 279 Foix, Gaston Febus de, see Febus, Gaston Hare hare hye!/Balaam! Gaoudalier on bien ouan, folk art, 45, 62, 144 179 folk polyphony see under polyphony harmony, 176-7,194,228,281,295 Fontaine, Pierre, 288 , 180,277,291,183,202,225,278,292 Forest,John, 193, 292, 293 Hasprois, 236, 238 Franchois,Johannes, 295 Haucourt,Johannes de, 236, 238 Franciscus, 236 Hayne van Ghizeghem, 305 Franco of Cologne, 160, 166, 187 Henri de Malines, 202-3 Fresnel, Baude, 274, 286 Henry, Roy (King), 190 Frye, Walter, 186,290,291,293, 295, 300, 'Herdo, herdo', 295 306-7,305 Hermann, 30 Fulbert of Chartres, 156, 148 Hesiod, 48, 54 Hilary, 77, 78 FulbertGallican of chant, Chartres, 13, 21,98156, 148 hocket, 224 FulbertGallican of liturgy, Chartres, 79 156, 148 Hofhaimer, Paul, 303 FulbertGaucelm of Faidit, Chartres, 198 156, 148 , 47-8, 54 FulbertGausbert of de Chartres, Poicbot, 156, 208-9 148 Horace, 7 Gerald ofWales, 177 horns, 6 Gervase of Tilbury, 203 Hosea, II GherardelloFulbert of Chartres, da Firenze, 156, 255, 148 256, 260, 263, , 30 245 Hugo von Montfort, 298 , 249,251, 255,258, Humbert of Romans, 207 263,250 hurdy-gurdy, 279 Giovanni Gherardi da Prato, 261, 265-6 Hus,Johannes, 301 Giraldus Cambrensis,Fulbert of Chartres, su Gerald 156, of Wales148 hymns, 70, 71, 89, 113 , 277, 279, 183, 185,242 Giustiniani, Leonardo, 272 instrumental music, 164, 298, 299 Glogau songbook, 299 instrumentation, 282-3 Godric, 184 introits, 115, 127-8 gong, 183 Isaac, Heinrich, 283, 299 332 Index

Isaiah, 10 Ledrede of Kilkenny, 181 Isidore of Seville, 85 Leo II (pope), 109, 116 isomelic masses, 293 Leonin, 22, 31, 158-9, 161, 174 isorhythmic masses, 293 Leonine Sacramentary, 102 isorhythmic motets, 191, 193, 224, 231, 243, 'L'homme arme', 285 244,270-1 Liege school, 30 Italian styles, 242-3, 245-6, 263-4 Limoges, 153, 156 Ivrea manuscript, 231-3,236 Limoges school, see St Martial school listeners, see audience Jacobus de Clibano, 289 liturgical dramas, 130 , 243-4,249, 251, 254, 255, liturgy, 79,88-9,98-102,104-6,113,141, 258,263,250 191-2 Jacopo del Casentino, 262 stational, 92 Jacopo Pianelaio, 262 Lochamersongbook,299 Jacques de Liege, 219-20, 221, 223-4 Loqueville, Richard, 288, 294 Jean de Noyers see Tapissier,Jean , see Masini, Lorenzo Jerome of Moravia, 204 Louis the Pious, 24, 30 Johannes Affiighemensis, 30, 152 lute, 277,298,258,280,284 Johannes de Bosco, 236 , 4, 55, 203 johannes de Garlandia, 163 johannes de Gemblaco, 236 Machaut, Guillaume de, 36, 138, 184, 225- Johannes de Grocheo, 219 31,233,271,22~229-30 , 187,221,223 influence, 185, 193, 237,238, 272 Johannes Filius Dei, 174 , 243, 247-8,249, 251-4,255-6, John XXII (pope), 234-5 257-60,263,264,265 john Chrysostom, 81 Magnus liber, 158-9, 174, 175, 176 John the Fearless, 273 maieroles, 205, 206 John 'Hymmonides', 124 Makeblite, 174 John of Bedford, 39 Malanippides, 52 John of Salisbury, 158, 173-4 , 279 Josquin Desprez, 270, 283, 301, 305, 307 Mangolt, Biirk, 298 Joye, Gilles, 297 mannerist style see Ars Subtilior juan I of Aragon, 231 manuscripts, 285-6 jubilus, 78-9, 125 Apt manuscript, 236 judaism, 69-70,81 Bibliotheque Nationale manuscript fonds justin Martyr, 68, 69, 72 italien, 568, 243 Juvenal, 9 British Library Additional Manuscript 29987,243,244,257,264 keyboard instruments, 279 Cambrai manuscripts, 231-3 see also organs Chantilly manuscript, 238 keyboard music, 275, 279-80 Florence, Biblioteca medicer- kithara, 3, 48, 57, 203, 204 Laurenziana 87 (Squarcialupi Plato's views of, 4, 6 manuscript), 243, 255,256, 261,245 kitharodia, 48-9, 52, 53-5, 54 Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Kralove, Hradec, 301 26 (Panciatichi manuscript), 243,261 Gruuthuse manuscript, 274 'La Clayette', 219 Hohenfurt (Vyssi Brod) Cantional, 'La Manfredina', 257 300-301 lais, 228 Ivrea manuscript, 231-3,236 'Lamento di Tristano', 257 jistebnice Cantional, 300-30I Landini, Francesco, 252, 254, 255, 259, Modena, Biblioteca Estense a.M.5,24, 260-4,272,279,262 264-5 . Langton, Stephen, 181 codex, 166, 179, 220, 165 Lantins, Arnold de, 290 Old Hall manuscript, 193, 292-3, Lantins, Hugo de, 290 295 Lasus of Hermione, 58, 61 Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana lauda, 265 215/0st (Rossi-Ostiglia manuscript), Lauds, 74, 89 246,25I,256 Laufenberg; Heinrich, 298 St Gall manuscripts, 140 Le Rouge, Guillaume, 295, 297 Specialnik codex, 30 I 333 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

Strahov codex, 300, 302 status, 2, 45, 46 Tremoille manuscript, 231-3 untexted, 164 , 299, 300 music theory, see theory Marchetto de Padova, 252 Musica disciplina, 132 Marian devotions, 192, 193-4 Musica enchiriadis, 132, 143-5, 153 Marie de France, 181 musica Jicta, 281 Marsili, Luigi, 255 musical education, 3, 4, 21, 55, 64, 145, 146, Martin le Franc, 291 157, 158, 190, 254, 255, 281, 285, 286 Martini, Johannes, 299, 303 musicians, 183 Martino da Signa, 255 amateur/professional, 3, 4, 55, 56, 57-8, Masini, Lorenzo, 255, 256, 258-60, 262, 263 60,64,254,256,257,277-80,286-8 Mass, 68-9, 71, 89-90 popularity, 6, 64 chants, 79-81, 89-93 (see also graduals) social class and status, 3, 40-1,42, 55, Ordinary, 79-80; troped Kyries, 128 180, 182, 190, 198-9, 201-2,204-5, polyphonic settings, 192, 193, 194,229, 208-9,214-15,254,262,286 236,244,289,292-5,299,303 status in Augustine's theory, 83 use of music in, 68, 69, 72, 76-80, 91, I 0 I see also singers Matheus de Sanctejohanne, 236,238 mystery plays, 181 Mathieu de Foix, 238 Matins, 74, 89 Nero, 7-8 Matteo da , 265, 272 , 94, 122, 123-4, 140,94, 121, 123, 127 Melanippides, 64 New Testament, references to music in, 68, memory, Ill, 112, 113-14, 132, 145, 277, 70, 71, 72 280-1 Niccoli, Nicolo, 255 Milan Treatise/ Ad organum faciendum, 152 Niceta ofRemesiana, 76 Minnesinger, 297 Nicolo da Perugia, 255, 260 , 182, 184, 199-200,201, 204-5, Nicomachus, 84 208-15,282,291,183,209 None, 74,89 Miri it is, 184 notation, 94, 280-1,94, 121, 128 modes and expressive nuances, 122, 123-4, 153 melodic, 30, 110, 117, 132-5, 144, 304 and rhythm, 270-1 oforganum, 152 , 186, 187,222-3,281-2 Plato's views of effectus, 5 Ars Subtilior, 238-9 rhythmic, 155, 159-63, 177 circular and heart-shaped, 274, 275 Moethius, 84-6 diastematic/non-diastematic, see precision monasticism, 17, 23, 25-6, 39-40, 72-4, of pitch below in this entry 170-1, 189, 208 effects, 120 Monk of Salzburg, the, 298 indefinite rhythm in, 162 , 166, 179, 220, /65 invention, 94-6, 99-100, 111-12, 120-1, Morton Robert, 186, 30 I, 305 124, 143 motets, 163-7, 177, 179,184, 185,187,193, Italian/French, 252, 264 218-20, 228-9 limitations, 276, 281 compared to architecture, 32 precision of pitch, 94, 122-3, 131-2, isorhythmic, 191, 193, 224,231, 243,244, 145-6, 150, 153, 172, 173 270-1 primitive rhythmic, 283-4 Mozarabic chant, 13 Notker, 124, 125-6 Mozarabic liturgy, 79 Notre Dame school, 158-63, 166, 174-6, 218, Murrin,Jocobus, 236 233 music see also Leonin and Perotin and communication, 269-70, 276-8, 304-5 '0 rosa bella', 295-6 effects, 5, 9, 52, 55, 59, 61, 270 Obrecht, Jacob, 283, 298, 300, 306-7 internationalism, 275 Occam, William of, 35, 36, 261-2, 264 necessities for performance and Ockeghem,Johannes, 282,289, 290, 295,297, elaboration, 21 303-5 performance of old, 265-6, 282 Octoechos, 110, 117 performance situations, 3, 7-8, 40-2, 46- Pseudo- of Cluny, 30 52, 52-3, 71, 72, 180, 255-7 278, 305 Odo of Sully, 158 relationship with other arts, 20-1, 22-3, Office, the, 26, 40, 73-4, 89 32, 130 chants for, 122 334 Index

new Offices, 130, 133, 156, 173, 181 Plautus, 7 time taken over, 26, 89 plays, 274 Old Hall manuscript, 193, 292-3, 295 mystery plays, 181 Old Roman chant, 98, 99, I 09, II 0, Ill, 133, see also tragedy 135 podatus, 94, 94 'Older Cambridge Songbook', 180 poetry, theory of, 246-7 Ordo romanus /, 92, 93 Pollux, 56-7 organists, 281, 298 polyphony organs, 7, 171,172-3,261,279,291,299,6, 'deteriorated', 285 183,262,279,292 early occasions of use, 14 7-51 organum, 136-9, 143-5, 147-57, 158-63, folk/improvised, 143,151,172, 174,177, 172,174-6,283 192,283 organum purum, 155, 161, 162 origins, 136-9, 143-5, 167, 172 ornamentation, neumes and, 122, 123-4 Pons de Capdoil, 197, 202, 203 , 290, 298,300 Power, Lionel, 39, 190-1, 193, 194,290,292, Otto I, 24 293,297 Otto II, 24 Pratinas, 56, 58 Prime, 74, 89 Panciatichi manuscript, 243, 261 prolations, 36 panpipes, 77 prophecy, 9 Paolo Tenorista, 263, 265 prosulae, 126-7 Paris, 26-7,32, 157-8, 159,162-6, 174, 198, Prudenzani, Simone, 265, 280 198 psalm-tones, 132 Paris, University of, 32, 157-8,221 psalmody, 10, II, 12, 69, 71, 75-9, 101 Paumann, Konrad, 279, 299 see also chant and Office, the Peire d'Alverne, 198 psalms, 70, 71, 72, 75-8, 79, 89, 128 Piere Vidal, 182 in the Mass, 76-8, 79 , 198 see also gradual Pellison, 236 , 242 Pipin,21,98, 110 Ptolemy, 82, 84 Perdigo, 198 Pullois, Jean, 291, 293 performance punctae, 162 direction of, in , 46-7, 60 puy, 249, 254 neumes as guide to manner of, 122, 123-4 Pycard, 295 practice, 180, 194, 276-9 situations, see under music quadrivium, 83, 270 Peronne d'Armentieres, 36, 229-31 Quanje voy, 252 Perotin,31, 137,138,158-9,174,176 Peter of Blois, 176, 181 Radom, Nicolaus de, 301 Petrarch, Francesco, 262 Raoul de Houdenc, 205 , 187, 220,221,222 , 279 Petrus frater, 233 Red Book ofOssory, 181 Phebus, Gaston, see Febus, Gaston Regino, Abbot ofPriim, 132 Philip the Bold, 236, 273 Regis, johannes, 289, 307 , 176 religion, I, 7, 9-12,47,55, 61, 69,81 Philip the Good, 39, 41, 231, 273, 288, 305, Christianity, 9, 10, 11-12,68-72,81 287 203-4, 208, 214, 244; loss of consensus, , 238, 265, 271, 272 33-5, 269, 271-2; see also monasticism Philochorus, 57 Renaissance, 33, 39, 43, 194,297,306-7 philosophy, I, 3, 5, 221 Renart,Jean 200 Philoxenus, 6, 52 responsorial psalms, 75, 79, I 0 I Phrynis, 52 reworkings, 218 Piero, Maestro, 248-9, 251, 255, 250 Reyneau, Gacien, 238 piffaro, 25 7 rhythm, 177, 270-1 Pindar, 3, 47, 61 in Ars Nova, 222-3, 281 pipes, 183 in conductus, 163 pitch, 281 in motets, 220 plainchant, see chant and Gregorian chant in organum, 152-3, 154-5, 161-3 Plato, 2, 3-6, 52, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63,64-5, modal, 155, 159-63 82,83 of chant, 140, 283 335 Antiquity and the Middle Ages

of chant texts, 129-30 Stefani, Andrea, 265 Richard I (of England), 182 Strabo, 57 Rinuccini, Cino, 261 Sub arturo plebs, 190 Riquier de Narbona, Giraut, 197 Sumer is icumen in, 177, 179 ritornello, 249, 253 Symonis,Johannes, 236, 238 ritual, 50, 61, 62 symposia, 53 see also religion Robertus de Anglia, 186 tablature, 173, 299 Roman music, 6-9 , 183 romances, 202, 205 Tacitus, 9 Romanesque, 22-5, 29 Taillhandier, 238 rondeaux,225,227-8,274,290 , 256 rondellus, 177-9, 178 Tapissier,Jean (Jean de Noyers), 236, 286, Rossi, Roberto, 255 288,291 Rossi-Ostiglia manuscript, 246, 251, 256 tempo, 282 Rostock songbook, 299 tenors, 161, 166, 285 rota, 177, 179 chant, symbolism of, 270-1 , 190 in Fauvel motets, 222-3 non-liturgical, 154, 163, 166 Sacadas, 51, 59 Terce, 74, 89 Sacchetti, Franco, 258, 260, 264 Terence, 7 Sacramentary, Leonine, 102 Terpander,49,51,52,53,54 St Andrews, 159, 174 Tertullian, 81 St Gall manuscripts, 140 texts, 31 St Martial, 126 multiple, comprehension of, 166-7, St Martial school, 30, !53 219-20 S Spirito (Florence), 255, 264, 265 Thales, 1, 3 Salinis, Hymbertus de, 272 Thaletas, 51 Salutati, Coluccio, 255, 261 theatre, 3 Salve, 192 Theodoric, 14, 15-17, 84 Sappho,45,55 theory, 9, 12, 29-31,81,82-6, 143, 163, 233, Savaric de Mauleon, 209 247-8 Schedelsongbook,299 and polyphony, 151-3 Schola Cantorum, 21, 92, 109, 112, 114, 115, effects, 1-2, 5, 86 116, 117 modal (melodic), 110, 117, 132-5 scholasticism, 27 Thomas Aquinas, 29, 35 Seneca, 8-9 Thomas of England, 180 Senleches, Jacob de, 238, 271, 272, 286 tibia, 7, 8 sequences, 125-6, 128-9, 131 timbrel, 183 rhymed, 130, 136 Timotheus, 6, 52, 54, 64 Sergius I (pope), 109, 116 Tinctoris,Johannes, 194, 270, 279 Sext, 74, 89 tonality, 136, 144 , 257, 275, 278-9, 183,258,280 , 132 Sicilian Vespers, 33-4 Touront,Johannes, 299, 301 Sidonius Apollinaris, 15 tracts, 93 Sigo ofSaumur, 147 tragedy, 60-1, 62-3, 64 Simonides, 58 transposition, 281 singers, 276-8,60,99, 165, 189,225,235,242, Tremoi1le manuscript, 231-3 250,256,278-9,284,302 Trent, Council of, 128, 136, 139 voice ranges, 282 , 275, 278-9, 280 see also choirs tropes, 91, 125, 126,127-9, 136,155, 171-2, , 238, 271 177, 179, 127 Soldanieri, Niccolo, 259, 260 , 31, 197, 198-201, 208,249, 251 songs, 179-81,182-4, 185-7,241,243,246, trouveres, 164, 182, 197, 200-2, 251 274,284,298 , 278-9, 258 Sophists, 3, 4 , 275, 278-9, 280 Sophocles, 3, 4, 63 , 51 Squarcialupi, Antonio, 289 Squarcialupi manuscript, 243, 255, 256, , 198 261,245 universities, 157-8, 176, 188,220,221, 244,255 336 Index

Velut, Gilet, 288 Waleys, Thomas, 207 Veni sancte spiritus, 181 Walter ofChatillon, 176, 181 Vespers, 74, 89 Weerbeke, Gaspar van, 301,307 Vidal, Peire, 198-9 Winchester, 147,153, 170,171, 172-3, 186 Vidal, Raimon, 199, 210-14 Winchester tropers, 14 7, 151, 159, I 71, 172-3 Vide, jacques, 288, 290 Wiser, johannes, 298 , 279 Wolkenstein, Oswald von, 290, 297, 300 vigils, 74-5, 89 Wulfstan, 137, 147, 172, 173 Villani, Filippo, 249, 261, 262 viola, see, fiddle Xenocritus, 51 , 186, 225, 227, 243, 285, 290 Virgil, 7 'Younger Cambridge Songbook', 181 virtuosity, 64 Vitalian (pope), 109 Zachara de Teramo, Antonio, 188, 233, Vitry, Philippe de, 187, 193,223-5,227,231, 272,288 233,235,236,270,272 voice-exchange, 177-9, 193,223-4,254

337