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Study on the Inheritance Pattern of Sex-Linked Traits and Feeding and Sexual Behaviour of Drosophila Melanogaster.Pdf ' -- W : A Thesis ' ■ *7 TAHMINA BILKIS Examination Roll No. 0111/01 Reg. No. 084 Session: 2010-2011 Semester: January-June, 2012 MM MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) '.h i ■>:/>A -v .: CHITTAGONG JULY; 2012 Study on the Inheritance Pattern of Sex-linked Traits and Feeding and Sexual Behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster Examination Roll No. 0111/01 Reg. No. 084 Session: 2010-2011 Semester: January-June, 2012 MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND ANIMAL BREEDING FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE CHITTAGONG VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY JULY, 2012 Study on the Inheritance Pattern of Sex-linked Traits and Feeding and Sexual Behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster A thesis By TAHMINA BILKIS Examination Roll No. 0111/01 Reg. No. 084 Session: 2010-2011 Semester: January-June, 2012 Submitted to the- Department o f Genetics and Animal Breeding Faculty o f Veterinary Medicine Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chittagong in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the award o f the degree o f MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND ANIMAL BREEDING FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE CHITTAGONG VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY JULY, 2012 Study on the Inheritance Pattern of Sex-linked Traits and Feeding and Sexual Behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster A Thesis By TAHMINA BILKIS Examination Roll No. 0111/01 Reg. No. 084 Session: 2010-2011 Semester: January-June, 2012 Approved as to style and content by: (Prof. Dr. Md. Kabirul Islam Khan) (Prof. Dr. Md. Kabirul Islam Khan) Supervisor Head of the Department & Chairman, Examination Committee DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND ANIMAL BREEDING FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE CHITTAGONG VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY JULY, 2012 Dedicated to my Beloved parents JL3V*LLSaV ABSTRACT The current study was undertaken to identify the sex-linked traits, their inheritance pattern, feeding and sexual behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster. The study was conducted in the Animal Genetics Laboratory at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for six months . In this experiment, the inheritance pattern of three traits (body colour, wing shape and eye colour) was studied in the fruit fly. After identification of wild and mutant type traits, the flies were kept in the culture vial and designed mating was done. Then the resulting offsprings were counted and recorded, was chosen for further mating. The pattern of sex-linked traits inheritance, the feeding and sexual behaviour was also observed. In this study the total number of wild type flics was higher than the mutant type flies. Moreover, the mutant type male flies were decreased in number in the subsequent generation due to selection against mutant type in each generation. This result showed the increase of the desirable gene (wild type gene) frequencies and decrease of the undesirable gene (mutant type gene) frequencies from 1st to 3rd generation. The significant difference was found between observed and expected values in case of all the three sex-linked traits. During feeding the larvae always took the culture media as their food up to pupa stage. The adults were stayed away from media; they were in media for half an hour after one to two hours interval. In case of mating behabiour, it was observed that the males tried to attract females by vibrating their wings as well as licking the female genitalia. After accepting the male by female drosophila, successful mating was observed for approximately 15 to 2 0 minutes. Key words: Drosophila, wild type and mutant flies, selection, mating design. TABLE OF CONTENTS __ Page ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS /?/ '-“ OF.*' '<*L A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T ! § - ( 4' 0 ...... ' " i _ ' V CHAPTER ONE A#/ 1. IN T R O D U C T IO N ' ' ___ '*1-3 CHAPTER TWO 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-11 2.1 Species of Drosophila 5 2.2 Sex Chromosome 6 2.3 Sex-linked traits 6 2.4 Sex-linked traits inheritance 7 2.5 Feeding and sexual behaviour of 9 Drosophila melanogaster. 2.6 Summary 11 CHAPTER THREE 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-18 3.1 Collection of Drosophila 12 3.2 Culture of Drosophila 12 3.3 Fly Handling and Observations 14 3.4 Sex Determination 14 3.5 Identification of sex-linked traits 15 3.6 Mating Design 16 3.7 Inheritance Pattern of Sex-linked Traits 16 3.8 Observation of Feeding and Sexual behaviour 17 o f Drosophila melanogaster 3.9 Statistical Analysis 18 CHAPTER FOUR 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19-25 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 26 6. REFERENCES 27 - 34 LIST OF TABLES T ables Page Table 4.1.1 Morphological characteristics of Drosophila melanogaster 19 according to sex Table 4.3.1 Number of wild type and mutant type flies in different generation 2 2 o f Drosophila melanogaster Table 4.3.2 Number of mutant males and the frequency of ebony gene. 23 vestigial gene, red gene & bar gene in four generations in competition experiment in Drosophila melanogaster._____________ LIST OF FIGURE Figure Page Figure 3.1.1 Prepared culture media 13 Figure 3.1.2 Drosophila melanogaster in incubator 14 Figure 3.4.1 Sex comb in fore leg of male fly 14 Figure 3.4.2 Male Drosophila 14 Figure 3.5.1 White eye of Drosophila 15 Figure 3.5.2 Red eye of Drosophila 15 Figure 3.5.3 Vestigial wing of Drosophila 15 Figure 3.5.4 Normal wing of Drosophila 15 Figure 3.5.5 Normal body colour of Drosophila 15 Figure 3.5.6 Ebony body colour of Drosophila 15 Figure 3.8.1 Observation of Feeding Behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster 17 Figure 4.1 Changes in the frequencies of mutant genes in selection 24 experiment of Drosophila melanogaster ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the praises and deepest sense of gratefulness belongs to the Almighty Allah, the merciful, the omnipotent, and the beneficent but the supreme Ruler of the universe, who enabled me to complete my research work and the thesis successfully for the degree of Master of Science (MS) in Animal Breeding and Genetics. The author gratefully express first and foremost her heartiest appreciation, deepest sense of gratitude and best regards to her research supervisor, Professor Dr. Md. Kabirul Islam Khan, Head, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4202, for his advice, encouragement, constructive criticism, scholastic supervision and intellectual guidance throughout the research. The author deems it a proud privilege to acknowledge her gratefulness, heartfelt gratitude and best regards to the Assistant Professor DR. Ashutosh Das, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong for his continuous inspiration, valuable suggestions and instructions for preparation of this thesis. The author express is profound gratitude, gratefulness and heartfelt thanks to DR. Gazi Md. Noor Uddin, PhD Researcher, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Copenhagen, Denmark for his advice, kind cooperation and continuous encouragement during the experiment. The word is limit to express collective spirit of MD. Sydur Rahman my MS fellow, who stood by me during my study period. The financial support from DANIDA through the 'Poultry Research and Training Center' (PRTC), CVASU in the form of 'MS Research Grant' to pursue my research work and are hereby acknowledged. The author would like to thanks to the staffs, laboratory technicians and the personnel in the department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh for their assistance for conducting the laboratory work. The author explicit her cordial thanks to Mr. Chandan Sarkar for his great assistance during my MS candidature. The author feels much pleasure to convey her profound thanks to all of her friends, well wishers for keep on waiting for my success and for being my active beloved soul inspiring higher studies as well as providing endless moral support even during the days I simply left alone. Finally the author would like to give heartiest gratitude to her father Gazi Md. Imam Uddin and her mother Nurun Nahar Begum and all other relatives for their great sacrifices, infinite patience, spontaneous blessings, continuous encouragement and dedicated effort for a period of study. The Author CHAPTER- ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The term sex-linked referred that the gene is carried on the X chromosome of an individual and its phenotypic expression related to the assortment of this chromosome (Elzinga et al. 2007). Females have double copies of the X chromosome, and therefore two alleles of sex-linked genes are carried by them, one on each X chromosome. Males have only one X chromosome and it carry one allele of a sex-linked gene (Gardner et al. 1991). This is implies that whatever allele is passed on the X chromosome of males will be expressed regardless of dominant or recessive nature. The expression of the alleles follows the dominant or recessive as females inherit two alleles for sex-linked genes (Elzinga et al. 2007). The eye colour of normal fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is red. However, the sex-linked trait is the white eye gene in drosophila; a very significant biological tool for the study of classical genetics (Lyttle, 1993). Sex-linked traits are generally inherited with the autosomal chromosomes. The sex-linked traits of drosophila are as: size and shape of the body, body colour, bristle shape, thorax, eye and abdomen shape (Lyttle, 1993). Mutation in the gene of red eye colour causes the eyes to be white. The white allele is recessive, but it can be quickly determined the inheritance pattern for this gene (Lyttle, 1993). Drosophila melanogaster were studied by Morgan (1910), to recognize many main rules of heredity such as the use of sex-linked genes as well as dominant and recessive traits (Wade, 2000 and Morgan, 2006).
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