Afrobarometer: Round I Survey of Nigeria, January–February 2000

ICPSR Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

Michael Bratton and Peter Lewis

ICPSR 3440

Afrobarometer: Round I Survey of Nigeria, January-February 2000

(ICPSR 3440)

Principal Investigators

Michael Bratton Michigan State University Peter Lewis American University

First ICPSR Version January 2003

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION

Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is:

Bratton, Michael, and Peter Lewis. AFROBAROMETER: ROUND I SURVEY OF NIGERIA, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2000 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Lagos, Nigeria: Research and Marketing Services [producer], 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2003.

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DATA DISCLAIMER

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DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION

Michael Bratton and Peter Lewis Afrobarometer: Round I Survey of Nigeria, January-February 2000 (ICPSR 3440)

SUMMARY: The Afrobarometer project assesses attitudes toward democracy, markets, and civil society in several sub-Saharan African nations. This survey of Nigeria recorded Nigerian citizens' opinions about social issues and about recent political and economic changes within their country. Respondents were asked to rate how satisfied they felt with their lives presently and to give their overall assessment of the performance of the current government. They also rated how well the current government was handling problems such as creating jobs, keeping prices low, narrowing the income gap between rich and poor, and fighting government corruption. Respondents were also queried about their interest in politics, how often they discussed politics with other people, and whether they could name various government officials. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of certain aspects of a democracy such as majority rule, freedom to criticize the government, and regular elections. Respondents also rated how much they trusted fellow citizens such as relatives, neighbors, members of their tribe, members of other tribes, and Nigerian President Obassanjo, as well as how much they trusted institutions such as traditional rulers, local government authorities, the police, the courts, and others. They were also asked to rate how much they trusted social institutions such as churches, mosques, trade unions, banks, and businesses. Opinions were elicited on how often Nigerians broke the law by engaging in such acts as throwing rubbish in public places, disregarding traffic signs and lights, selling goods without a trader's license, evading income taxes, not paying for services like piped water, and offering bribes to public servants. Demographic variables include political party affiliation, income level, number of children under 18 in household, gender, age, education, religion, and occupation.

UNIVERSE: Citizens of Nigeria aged 18 years and older.

SAMPLING: Multistage, clustered, random area probability sample.

NOTE: The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.

EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation + SAS data definition statements + SPSS data definition statements

EXTENT OF PROCESSING: DDEF.ICPSR/ REFORM.DOC

DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length with SAS and SPSS data definition statements and SPSS portable file

File Structure: rectangular Cases: 3,603 Variables: 268 Record Length: 355 Records Per Case: 1

RELATED PUBLICATIONS: Lewis, Peter, and Michael Bratton. "Attitudes to Democracy and Markets in Nigeria." Afrobarometer Paper No. 3. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, Department of Political Science, April 2000.

Michigan State University

Attitudes to Democracy and Markets

Data Codebook

Prepared by:

Cheryl Coslow

From data gathered by:

Research and Marketing Services (RMS) survey teams

Copyright Afrobarometer 1 Question Number: D Question: What is the respondent’s gender? Variable Label: Sex of Respondent Values: 1-2, Value Labels: 1=male, 2=female Source: Notes:

Question Number: 1 Question: How old were you at your last birthday? Variable Label: Age Values: 18+ Value Labels: Source: Notes:

Question Number: 2 Question: Which Nigerian language do you speak most often? Variable Label: Nigerian language Values: 1-87 Value Labels: 1=Hausa, 2=Yoruba, 3=Ibo, 4=Tiv, 5=Ijaw, 6=Nupe, 7=Kanuri, 8=Ibibio-Efik, 9=Edo, 10=Others, 11=Irobo/Urhobo, 12=Idoma, 13=Calabar, 14=Ogoja, 15=Knale, 16=Igala, 17=Boki, 18=Igbira, 19=Ikpon, 20=Isoko, 21=Ikan, 22=Ishan/Esan, 23=Anam, 24=Annang, 25=Itsekiri, 26=Ika, 27=Ukwale, 28=Epie, 29=Tangoa, 30=Omuku, 31=Ora, 32=Auchi, 33=Okirika, 34=Esako, 35=Okpe, 36=Owan, 37=Ikwerre, 38=Ibani, 39=Kalabari, 40=Ogoni, 41=Akassa, 42=Etche, 43=Beriberi, 44=Fulani, 45=Kagoro, 46=Bekwarr, 47=Nkwana, 48=Babur, 49=Kiiba, 50=Nungu, 51=Kabba/Koro, 52=Eggon, 53=Kuba, 54=Madara, 55=Bura, 56=Margi, 57=Cabarmawa, 58=Kibaku, 59=Mafa, 60=Beron/Birom, 61=Angas, 62=Iregwe, 63=Afizere, 64=Koro, 65=Normana, 66=Miango, 67=Gyerawa, 68=Eterco, 69=Zar, 70=Lantan, 71=Mwaghauw, 72=Pyem, 73=Chawai, 74=Gbaji, 75=Nanba/Wanba, 76=Jarawa, 77=Katub, 78=Tangale, 79=Waja, 80=Kanuri, 81=Jukun, 82=Bayam, 83=Shuwa Arab, 84=Ndochi, 85=Kare Kare, 86=Gwari, 87=Rukuba Source: Notes:

Question Number: 3A Question: Can you understand spoken English? Variable Label: Understand English Values: 0, 1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: Zambia 96 Notes: This question is asked only if the interview is conducted in a local language. If the interview is conducted in English, then the code box was filled in without asking the question.

Question Number: 3B Question: Can you read and write in English? Variable Label: Read/write English Values: 0, 1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: Zambia 96 Notes: This question is asked only if the interview is conducted in a local language. If the interview is conducted in English, then the code box was filled in without asking the question.

Question Number: 4 Question: How much education have you had? Variable Label: Education Values: 1-10, 99

Copyright Afrobarometer 2 Value Labels: 1= No formal schooling, 2 = Some primary schooling, 3 = Primary school completed, 4 = Some secondary school, 5 = Secondary school completed, 6 = Post-secondary qualifications, other than university, 7 = Some university, college, 8 = University, college completed, 9 = Post-graduate, 10 = Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 5 Question: What is your religion, if any? Variable Label: Religion Values: 0-6, 8-13 Value Labels: 0 = None, 1 = Islam, 2 = Catholic, 3 = Protestant (mainstream), 4 = Protestant (Evangelical/Pentecostal), 5 = African independent Church, 6 = Traditional religion, 8 = A Christian, but doesn’t go to Church, 9 = Free Thinker/Free Man/Pagan, 10 = Brotherhood of the Star and Cross, 11 = Jehovah Witness, 12 = Ekankar, 13 = Others Source: new question Notes: Options not read out loud.

Question Number: 6A Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: A. Church, Mosque, or religious organization. Variable Label: Church assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 6B Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that type of organization?: B. Sport or recreation organization Variable Label: Sport/rec assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 6C Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: C. Art, music, or educational organization Variable Label: Art/educ assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 6D Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: D. Trade union/farmers organization Variable Label: Trade/Farmer’s assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 3 Question Number: 6E Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: E. Professional or business organization Variable Label: Prof/business assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Notes: new question

Question Number: 6F Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: F. Development association Variable Label: Devel. Assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number 6G Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: G. Women’s organization Variable Label: Women’s assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 6H Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: H. Pro-democracy or human rights organization Variable Label: Democ. Assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 6I Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: I. Environmental association Variable Label: Enviro. Assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 6J Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: J. Charitable Organization Variable Label: Charitable assoc. Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: new question Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 4 Question Number: 6K Question: Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member, or not a member of that organization?: K. Other (Specify) Variable Label: Others Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=Not a member, 1=Inactive Member, 2=Active Member Source: Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 7 Question: Do you hold an official leadership position in any of these organizations? Variable Label: Assoc. leader Values: 0-1, 9 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 9=Not Applicable Source: Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 8 Question: What is your main occupation? Variable Label: Occupation Values: 0-15, 17-28, 99 Value Labels: 0=Unemployed, 1=Farmer/fisherman, 2=Informal Marketer, 3=Businessperson, 4=Clerical Worker/Sales Girl, 5=Artisan/Apprentice/Carpenter, 6=Domestic Worker, 7=Miner, 8=Technical Worker/Company Worker, 9=Teacher, 10=Government Worker, 11=NGO Worker, 12=Professional/Nurse/Accountant, 13=Retired, 14=Housewife, 15=Undergraduate Student, 17=Politician, 18=Religious Leader, 19=Transporter, 20=Security Worker, 21=Sportsman, 22=Mgm/Adm Church, 23=Traditional doctor/healer, 24=Manual Laborer, 25=Sand dealer, 26=Youth Corper , 27=Gadama, 28=Other [Specify], 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Options not read out loud.

Question Number: 9 Question: In the past year, have you been unemployed (that is, without a cash job) at any time for a period of at least one month or more? Variable Label: Unemployed Values: 0-2 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 2=Don’t remember Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 10A Question: Considering ALL your economic activities (that is, your main occupation plus other things you do to earn money), do you currently: A. buy goods and sell goods? Variable Label: Buy and sell goods Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 10B Question: Considering ALL your economic activities (that is, your main occupation plus other things you do to earn money), do you currently: B: sell your skills or services to other people? Variable Label: Sell Skills Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 5 Question Number: 10C Question: Considering ALL your economic activities (that is, your main occupation plus other things you do to earn money), do you currently: C. employ other people to work for you? Variable Label: Employ others Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 10D Question: Considering ALL your economic activities (that is, your main occupation plus other things you do to earn money), do you currently: D. operate a bank or savings account? Variable Label: Operate bank account Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 10E Question: Considering ALL your economic activities (that is, your main occupation plus other things you do to earn money), do you currently: E. owe money that you have borrowed for business purposes? Variable Label: Owe money Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 11A Question: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have gone without: A. Food for your family? Variable Label: Without food Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=frequently, 3=always Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 11B Question: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have gone without: B. Water for domestic use? Variable Label: Without water Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=frequently, 3=always Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 11C Question: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have gone without: C. Schooling for children? Variable Label: Without school Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=frequently, 3=always Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 11D Question: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have gone without: D. Health care for your family? Variable Label: Without health care Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=frequently, 3=always

Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number:12A Question: To whom do you usually turn when you are unable to get: A. Food for your family? Variable Label: Turn food Values: 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=no-one, 1=kin, 2=local community or group, 3=private provision, 4=government provision, 5=Illicit provision, 9=not applicable Source: NDB Notes: Enumerator prompted if necessary.

Question Number: 12B Question: To whom do you usually turn when you are unable to get: B. Water for domestic use? Variable Label: Turn water Values: 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=no-one, 1=kin, 2=local community or group, 3=private provision, 4=government provision, 5=Illicit provision, 9=not applicable Source: NDB Notes: Enumerator prompted if necessary.

Question Number: 12C Question: To whom do you usually turn when you are unable to get: C. Schooling for children? Variable Label: Turn school Values: 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=no-one, 1=kin, 2=local community or group, 3=private provision, 4=government provision, 5=Illicit provision, 9=not applicable Source: NDB Notes: Enumerator prompted if necessary.

Question Number: 12D Question: To whom do you usually turn when you are unable to get: D. Health care for your family? Variable Label: Turn health care Values: 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=no-one, 1=kin, 2=local community or group, 3=private provision, 4=government provision, 5=Illicit provision, 9=not applicable Source: NDB Notes: Enumerator prompted if necessary.

Question Number:13A Question: How satisfied are you: A. with the general state of the Nigerian economy today? Variable Label: Satisfied Nigerian economy Values: 1-4 Value Labels: 1=Not at all satisfied, 2=Not very satisfied, 3=Somewhat satisfied, 4=Very satisfied Source: NDB; Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 13B Question: How satisfied are you: B. with your own living conditions today? Variable Label: Satisfied own conditions Values: 1-4 Value Labels: 1=Not at all satisfied, 2=Not very satisfied, 3=Somewhat satisfied, 4=Very satisfied Source: NDB; Zambia 96 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 7 Question Number: 14 Question: Would you say that your own living conditions are worse, the same, or better than other Nigerians? Variable Label: Conditions worse/better Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much worse, 2=Worse, 3=About the same, 4=Better, 5=Much better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB; Zambia96 Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 15 Question: When you look at your life today, how satisfied do you feel compared with five years ago? Variable Label: Satisfied five years ago Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much less satisfied, 2=Slightly less satisfied, 3=About the same, 4=Slightly more satisfied, 5=Much more satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB; Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 16 Question: When you look forward at your life’s prospects, how satisfied do you expect to be in one year’s time? Variable Label: Satisfied future Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much less satisfied, 2=Slightly less satisfied, 3=About the same, 4=Slightly more satisfied, 5=Much more satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB; Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 17 Question: In your opinion, who is responsible for the current economic conditions in Nigeria? Variable Label: Responsible economic conditions Values: 1-9 Value Labels: 1=the previous government, 2=the current government, 3=the IMF/World Bank, 4=we, the people, 5=Structural Adjustment Programme, 6=internal opposition forces, 7=international economic forces, 8= Others (God/Satan/Demons/Economy), 9 = don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 18A Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? A. Creating jobs Variable Label: Handling jobs Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18B Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? B. Keeping prices low Variable Label: Handling prices Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18C Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? C. Narrowing income gaps between rich and poor Variable Label: Handling gaps

Copyright Afrobarometer 8 Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18D Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? D. Reducing crime Variable Label: Handling crime Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18E Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? E. Addressing the educational needs of all Nigerians Variable Label: Handling educational Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18F Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? F. Improving basic health services Variable Label: Handling basic Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18G Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? G. Assuring that all Nigerians have enough to eat. Variable Label: Handling food security Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 18H Question: How well would you say the government is handling the following problems? H. Fighting corruption in government Variable Label: Handling corruption Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Badly, 2=Fairly Badly, 3=Fairly Well, 4=Very Well, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 19 Question: What is your overall assessment of the performance of the current government? Variable Label: Government Performance Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very bad, 2=Bad, 3=Neither bad nor good, 4=Good, 5=Very good, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 9 Question Number: 20A Question: How long do you think it will take: A. before the government fulfills the promises it has made? Variable Label: How long promises? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=within two years, 2=within four years, 3=within eight years, 4=more than eight years, 5=never, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 20B Question: How long do you think it will take: B. before your own living standards meet your expectations? Variable Label: How long living standards? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=within two years, 2=within four years, 3=within eight years, 4=more than eight years, 5=never, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 21A Question: How often do you get news from: A. The radio? Variable Label: Radio News Values, 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=Never, 1=Less than once a month, 2=About once a month, 3=About once a week, 4=Several times a week, 5=Every day, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 21B Question: How often do you get news from: B. The Television? Variable Label: TV News Values, 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=Never, 1=Less than once a month, 2=About once a month, 3=About once a week, 4=Several times a week, 5=Every day, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 21C Question: How often do you get news from: C. Newspaper? Variable Label: Newspapers Values, 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=Never, 1=Less than once a month, 2=About once a month, 3=About once a week, 4=Several times a week, 5=Every day, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 22A Question: In your opinion, do these various news sources promote public understanding on important issues or do they stir up conflict among people? A. Radio Variable Label: Radio consequence Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=Promote Understanding, 2=Neither, 3=Stir Up Conflict,9=Don’t Know, Source: new question Notes: Enumerator coded only for news sources that respondent used, otherwise coded as 0, not applicable.

Question Number: 22B Question: In your opinion, do these various news sources promote public understanding on important issues or do they stir up conflict among people? B. Television Variable Label: TV consequence Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=Promote Understanding, 2=Neither, 3=Stir Up Conflict,9=Don’t Know, Source: new question Notes: Enumerator coded only for news sources that respondent used, otherwise coded as 0, not applicable.

Question Number: 22C Question: In your opinion, do these various news sources promote public understanding on important issues or do they stir up conflict among people? C. Newspapers Variable Label: Newspaper consequence Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=Promote Understanding, 2=Neither, 3=Stir Up Conflict,9=Don’t Know, Source: new question Notes: Enumerator coded only for news sources that respondent used, otherwise coded as 0, not applicable.

Question Number: 23 Question: How interested are you in politics and government? Variable Label: Interested in politics Values: 0-2, 9 Value Labels: 0= Not interested, 1 = Somewhat interested, 2 = Very interested, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 24 Question: How often do you discuss politics and government with other people? Variable Label: Discuss politics Values: 0-2, 9 Value Labels: 0=Never, 1=Sometimes, 2=Often, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 25A Question: Can you tell me the name of: A. The Local Government Chairman/woman for this area? Variable Label: Name LG Chairman Values: 0-1, 9 Value Labels: 0=Incorrect, 1=Correct, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Blank responses were later postcoded as 9 (Don’t know).

Question Number: 25B Question: Can you tell me the name of: the Member of The House of Representatives for this area? Variable Label: Name HR Member Values: 0-1, 9, 99 Value Labels: 0=Incorrect, 1=Correct, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Blank responses were later postcoded as 9 (Don’t know).

Copyright Afrobarometer 11 Question Number: 25C Question: Can you tell me the name of: C. The Governor of this state? Variable Label: Name Governor Values: 0-1, 9 Value Labels: 0=Incorrect, 1=Correct, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Blank responses were later postcoded as 9 (Don’t know).

Question Number: 25D Question: Can you tell me the name of: D. the Minister of Finance? Variable Label: Name Finance Minister Values: 0-1, 9, 99 Value Labels: 0=Incorrect, 1=Correct, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Blank responses were later postcoded as 9 (Don’t know).

Question Number: 25E Question: Can you tell me the name of: E. the Vice-President of Nigeria? Variable Label: Name Vice-President Values: 0-1, 9 Value Labels: 0=Incorrect, 1=Correct, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator wrote down the names given by the respondent, if any, and the supervisor coded the responses as 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). Blank responses were later postcoded as 9 (Don’t know).

Question Number: 26A Question: In Nigeria, is there a difference between what the following organizations do or do they do the same thing? A. The traditional rulers and the government . Variable Label: Trad rulers and government Values: 1-2, 9 Value Labels: 1=Same, 2=Different, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 26B Question: In Nigeria, is there a difference between what the following organizations do or do they do the same thing? B. the army and the government . Variable Label: Army and government Values: 1-2, 9 Value Labels: 1=Same, 2=Different, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 26C Question: In Nigeria, is there a difference between what the following organizations do or do they do the same thing? C. a political party and the government? . Variable Label: Political Party and government Values: 1-2, 9 Value Labels: 1=Same, 2=Different, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 26D Question: In Nigeria, is there a difference between what the following organizations do or do they do the same thing? D. federal government and local government . Variable Label: Federal government and local government Values: 1-2, 9 Value Labels: 1=Same, 2=Different, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 27 Question: A. In discussions about politics with friends and neighbors, I can influence the opinions of others. B. As far as politics is concerned, friends and neighbors do not listen to me. Variable Label: Influence others? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, agree strongly; 2=A, agree somewhat; 3=B, agree somewhat; 4=B, agree strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 28 Question: A. The way the government operates sometimes seems so complicated I cannot really understand what is going on. B. I can usually understand the way that government works. Variable Label: Cannot understand? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, agree strongly; 2=A, agree somewhat; 3=B, agree somewhat; 4=B, agree strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 29 Question: A. As a community, we are generally able to make our elected representatives listen to our problems. B. We are usually unable to make our elected representatives listen to us. Variable Label: Representatives listen? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, agree strongly; 2=A, agree somewhat; 3=B, agree somewhat; 4=B, agree strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 30 Question: A. In Nigeria today, there is not enough respect for authority. B. We Nigerians should be more active in questioning the authority of our leaders. Variable Label: Respect authority Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, agree strongly; 2=A, agree somewhat; 3=B, agree somewhat; 4=B, agree strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96

Copyright Afrobarometer 13 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 31 Question: A. No matter who we vote for, things will not get any better in the future. B. We can use our power as voters to choose leaders who will help us improve our lives. Variable Label: Not get any better? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, agree strongly; 2=A, agree somewhat; 3=B, agree somewhat; 4=B, agree strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 32 Question: When you hear the word “democracy,” what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Variable Label: Meaning of democracy Values: 1-17 Value Labels: 0=Civil politics or government, 1=Civil liberties/personal freedom, 2=Political/Election Rights, 3=Social and Economic Development, 4=Government of the people, by the people, for the people, 5=Peace and Unity, 6=Good governance/government that can make things happen, 7=Other good, 8=Equality/Justice, 31=Conflict and Confusion, 32=Corruption, Abuse of Power, 33=Social or Economic hardship, 34=Government of the rich/”special interests,” 35=It is poorly implemented in Nigeria, 39=Other neutral or unclear, 40=Don’t Know Source: Ghana 97 Notes: The enumerator prompted if necessary: “What, if anything, does ‘democracy’ mean to you?”

Question Number: 33A Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. A. The majority rules. Variable Label: Majority Rules Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion

Question Number: 33B Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. B. Anyone is free to criticize the government. Variable Label: Free to criticize Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion

Question Number: 33C Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. C. Elections are held regularly. Variable Label: Regular elections Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Copyright Afrobarometer 14 Question Number: 33D Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. D. At least two political parties compete with each other. Variable Label: Parties compete Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 33E Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. E. Everyone enjoys basic necessities like shelter, food, and water. Variable Label: Basic Necessities Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 33F Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. F. Jobs for everyone Variable Label: Jobs for everyone Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 33G Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. G. Education for everyone Variable Label: Educ. For everyone Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 33H Question: People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones that I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these. H. A small income gap between rich and poor Variable Label: Small gap Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very important, 2=Important, 3=Not Very Important, 4=Not at all important, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 34 Question: In your opinion, was the change to democracy in 1999 good or bad for the country? Variable Label: Change good or bad? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Very Bad, 2=Bad, 3=Neither bad nor good, 4= Good, 5=Very good, 9=Don’t Know Source: Ghana99 Notes: Enumerator probed to see how strongly opinion is held.

Question Number: 35 Question: In your opinion, how much of a democracy is Nigeria today? Variable Label: Nigeria Democracy? Values: 0-3, 9, 99 Value Labels: 0=Not a democracy, 1=Major problems, but still a democracy, 2=Minor problems, but still a democracy, 3=Full democracy 9=Not applicable, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana 97 Notes: The enumerator asked this question only if the respondent had some idea what democracy is.

Question Number: 36 Question: Which of the following statements is closest to your own opinion? A. Democracy is preferable to any other form of government. B. In certain situations, a non-democratic government can be preferable. C. To people like me, it doesn’t matter what form of government we have. Variable Label: Support for democracy Values: 1-3, 99 Value Labels: A=1, B=2, C=3, 99=Missing Data Source: Latinobarometer (LB) Notes:

Question Number: 37 Question: A. It is dangerous and confusing to allow the expression of too many different points of view. B. If people have different views than I do, they should be allowed to express them. Variable Label: Allow expression? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying: “Now we will return to pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed by asking, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 38 Question: A. All people should be permitted to vote, even if they do not fully understand all the issues in an election. B. Only those who are sufficiently well educated should be allowed to vote. Variable Label: Permitted to vote? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying: “Now we will return to pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed by asking, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 39 Question: A. The President of Nigeria should be able to change the Constitution whenever he chooses. B. In Nigeria, even the President should obey the Constitution. Variable Label: President change Constitution? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying: “Now we will return to pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed by asking, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 40 Question: A. In Nigeria, it is sometimes alright to use violence in trying to reach political goals. B. The use of violence is never justified in Nigerian politics. Variable Label: Violence O.K.? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying: “Now we will return to pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed by asking, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 41 Question: A. The best form of government is a government elected by the people. B. The best form of government is a government that gets things done. Variable Label: Best form of government? Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying: “Now we will return to pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed by asking, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 42A Question: We are now going to discuss how much you like different kinds of government. I would like you to give marks out of ten. Let us say that the best government gets 10 out of 10 and the worst kind of government gets only 1 out of 10. What mark would you give to: A. our present system of government with free elections and many parties? Variable Label: Elections and parties Values: 1-10, 99 Value Labels: 1=worst kind of government, 10=best kind of government, 99=Missing Data Source: New Democracies Barometer (NDB) Notes:

Question Number: 42B Question: We are now going to discuss how much you like different kinds of government. I would like you to give marks out of ten. Let us say that the best government gets 10 out of 10 and the worst kind of government gets only 1 out of 10. What mark would you give to: B. the former system of military rule Variable Label: Military rule Values: 1-10 Value Labels: 1=worst kind of government, 10=best kind of government Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 42C Question: We are now going to discuss how much you like different kinds of government. I would like you to give marks out of ten. Let us say that the best government gets 10 out of 10 and the worst kind of government gets only 1 out of 10. What mark would you give to: C. the former colonial system (that is, when the British ruled)? Variable Label: Colonial system Values: 1-10, 99 Value Labels: 1=worst kind of government, 10=best kind of government, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 17 Question Number: 42D Question: We are now going to discuss how much you like different kinds of government. I would like you to give marks out of ten. Let us say that the best government gets 10 out of 10 and the worst kind of government gets only 1 out of 10. What mark would you give to: D. the old system of government by traditional rulers? Variable Label: Traditional system Values: 1-10 Value Labels: 1=worst kind of government, 10=best kind of government Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 42E Question: We are now going to discuss how much you like different kinds of government. I would like you to give marks out of ten. Let us say that the best government gets 10 out of 10 and the worst kind of government gets only 1 out of 10. What mark would you give to: E. the system of government that you expect Nigeria to have in five years time? Variable Label: Future system Values: 1-10 Value Labels: 1=worst kind of government, 10=best kind of government Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 43A Question: “We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be.” A. People are free to say what they think. Variable Label: Free to say Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much Worse, 2=Somewhat Worse, 3=No Change, 4=Somewhat Better, 5=Much Better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 43B Question: “We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be.” B. People can join any organization they want. Variable Label: Join any organization Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much Worse, 2=Somewhat Worse, 3=No Change, 4=Somewhat Better, 5=Much Better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 43C Question: “We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be.” C. Each person can freely choose who to vote for without feeling pressured. Variable Label: Free to choose Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much Worse, 2=Somewhat Worse, 3=No Change, 4=Somewhat Better, 5=Much Better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 43D Question: “We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be.” D. Ordinary people can influence what government does. Variable Label: Influence government Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much Worse, 2=Somewhat Worse, 3=No Change, 4=Somewhat Better, 5=Much Better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 43E Question: “We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be.” E. Everybody is treated equally and fairly by the government. Variable Label: Treated equally Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much Worse, 2=Somewhat Worse, 3=No Change, 4=Somewhat Better, 5=Much Better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 43F Question: “We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be.” F. People have an adequate standard of living. Variable Label: Adequate living standard Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=Much Worse, 2=Somewhat Worse, 3=No Change, 4=Somewhat Better, 5=Much Better, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 44A Question: “Some people say that we would be better off if the country was governed differently. What do you think about the following options?” A. We should get rid of elections so that a strong leader can decide everything. Variable Label: Strong leader Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 44B Question: “Some people say that we would be better off if the country was governed differently. What do you think about the following options?” B. We should have only one political party. Variable Label: One political party Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 44C Question: “Some people say that we would be better off if the country was governed differently. What do you think about the following options?” C. The army should come in to govern the country. Variable Label: Army come in

Copyright Afrobarometer 19 Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from NDB Notes:

Question Number: 44D Question: “Some people say that we would be better off if the country was governed differently. What do you think about the following options?” D. The most important decisions, for example on the economy, should be left to experts. Variable Label: Government by experts Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 45 Question: Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the way democracy works in Nigeria? Variable Label: Satisfaction with democracy Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=very dissatisfied; 2=somewhat dissatisfied; 3=somewhat satisfied; 4=very satisfied, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Eurobarometer Notes: Enumerator probed to see how strongly opinion is held.

Question Number: 46 Question: A. Our present system of elected government should be able to deal with inherited problems, even if this takes time. B. If democracy can’t produce results soon, we should try another form of government. Variable Label: Deal with inherited problems? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from NDB Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed by asking, “Do you agree strongly or somewhat?”

Question Number: 47A Question: I am going to read out some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Could you please tell me if you agree or disagree after I read out each one? A. In a democracy, the economic system runs badly. Variable Label: Economic runs badly Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 47B Question: I am going to read out some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Could you please tell me if you agree or disagree after I read out each one? B. Democracies are indecisive and have too much squabbling. Variable Label: Indecisive squabbling Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Copyright Afrobarometer 20 Question Number: 47C Question: I am going to read out some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Could you please tell me if you agree or disagree after I read out each one? C. Democracies aren’t good at maintaining order Variable Label: Maintaining order Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator, probe for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 47D Question: I am going to read out some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Could you please tell me if you agree or disagree after I read out each one? D. Democracy may have problems, but its better than any other form of government Variable Label: Problems, but better? Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree, 9=Don’t Know Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 48 Question: Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you must be very careful in dealing with people? Variable Label: Trust generally Values: 1-2, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=Most people can be trusted, 2=You must be very careful, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 49A Question: “I am now going to read you a list of people. I would like to know whether, generally speaking, you trust them to do what is right.” Do you trust the following people? A. Your relatives Variable Label: Trust relatives Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Enumerator probed to see whether or not views were held strongly.

Question Number: 49B Question: “I am now going to read you a list of people. I would like to know whether, generally speaking, you trust them to do what is right.” Do you trust the following people? B. Your neighbors Variable Label: Trust neighbors Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Enumerator probed to see whether or not views were held strongly.

Question Number: 49C Question: “I am now going to read you a list of people. I would like to know whether, generally speaking, you trust them to do what is right.” Do you trust the following people? C. Someone in your own tribe. Variable Label: Trust own tribe Values: 1-4, 9

Copyright Afrobarometer 21 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Enumerator probed to see whether or not views were held strongly.

Question Number: 49D Question: “I am now going to read you a list of people. I would like to know whether, generally speaking, you trust them to do what is right.” Do you trust the following people? D. Nigerians from other tribes Variable Label: Trust other tribes Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Enumerator probed to see whether or not views were held strongly.

Question Number: 49E Question: “I am now going to read you a list of people. I would like to know whether, generally speaking, you trust them to do what is right.” Do you trust the following people? D. President Obasanjo Variable Label: Trust President Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Enumerator probed to see whether or not views were held strongly.

Question Number: 50A Question: Do you trust the following institutions? A. Traditional Rulers Variable Label: Trust chiefs Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 50B Question: Do you trust the following institutions? B. Local Government authorities Variable Label: Trust Local Government Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes

Question Number: 50C Question: Do you trust the following institutions? C. the police Variable Label: Trust police Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 50D Question: Do you trust the following institutions? D. Courts of law Variable Label: Trust law courts Values: 1-4, 9

Copyright Afrobarometer 22 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 50E Question: Do you trust the following institutions? E. political parties Variable Label: Trust political parties Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Notes:

Question Number: 50F Question: Do you trust the following institutions? F. the army Variable Label: Trust army Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Notes:

Question Number: 50G Question: Do you trust the following institutions? G. The National Assembly Variable Label: Trust National Assembly Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Notes:

Question Number: 50H Question: Do you trust the following institutions? H. the Independent National Electoral Commission (NEC) Variable Label: Trust Electoral Commission Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: adapted from Ghana 97 Notes:

Question Number: 51A Question: And do you trust the following social institutions? A. churches Variable Label: Trust churches Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 51B Question: And do you trust the following social institutions? B. Mosques Variable Label: Trust mosques Values: 1-4, 9

Copyright Afrobarometer 23 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 51C Question: And do you trust the following social institutions? C. trade unions (urban)/farmers’ organizations (rural) Variable Label: Trust trade /farmer unions Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: adapted from Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 51D Question: And do you trust the following social institutions? D. NGO’s Variable Label: Trust NGO’s Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 51E Question: And do you trust the following social institutions? E. Banks Variable Label: Trust banks Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 51F Question: And do you trust the following social institutions? F. businesses Variable Label: Trust businesses Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=I do not trust them at all, 2=I distrust them somewhat, 3=I trust them somewhat, 4=I trust them a lot, 9=Don’t know Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 52A Question: We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? A. throwing rubbish in public places Variable Label: Throwing rubbish Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=most of the time, 3=always, 9=don’t know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 52B Question: We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? B. disregarding traffic signs and traffic lights Variable Label: Traffic signs Values: 0-3, 9

Copyright Afrobarometer 24 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=most of the time, 3=always, 9=don’t know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 52C Question: We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? C. selling goods without a trader’s licence Variable Label: Trader’s license Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=most of the time, 3=always, 9=don’t know Source: adapted from NDB Notes:

Question Number: 52D Question: We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? D. not paying for services like piped water Variable Label: Water fees Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=most of the time, 3=always, 9=don’t know Source: adapted from NDB Notes:

Question Number: 52E Question: We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? E. evading income taxes Variable Label: Income tax Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=most of the time, 3=always, 9=don’t know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 52F Question: We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? F. offering bribes to public servants Variable Label: Offering bribes Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=occasionally, 2=most of the time, 3=always, 9=don’t know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 53 Question: Have you ever heard about the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)? Variable Label: SAP Values: 0-1, 99 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana 97 Notes: Enumerator prompted, if necessary, “You know, the reforms to the economy introduced in the 1980s.” If answer is no, enumerator goes to question 56.

Question Number: 54 Question: What, in your opinion ,is the Structural Adjustment Programme supposed to do? Variable Label: SAP supposed to do Values: 1-24 Value Labels: 0=Don’t Know, 1=Improve Economy, 2=Improve Living Conditions, 3=Increase jobs and or productivity, 4=Stabilization and Fiscal Balance, 5=Reform economic institutions, 6=Provide government services, 7=To make goods available, 8=To bring the country together, 9=Self-reliance, 10=Other good, 11=Increase

Copyright Afrobarometer 25 investment, 12=Reduce inflation, 13=Hard work, 14=To develop our own natural resources, 15=To promote financial transparency, 16=To protect people’s health, 31=To bring hardship and difficulty, 32=To benefit the rich, 33=Devaluation of currency, 34=Increase inflation, 35=Corruption, looting, etc. 36=Just politics, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 55 Question: How satisfied or unsatisfied are you with the SAP? Variable Label: Satisfied SAP Values: 0-5, 9 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=Very unsatisfied, 2=Unsatisfied, 3=Neutral, 4=Satisfied, 5=Very Satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 56 Question: A. It is not wise to plan too far ahead, because many things turn out to be a matter of luck. B. I always try to plan ahead because I feel I can make my plans work. Variable Label: Not wise to plan? Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am again going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 57 Question: A. People should look after themselves and be responsible for their own success in life. B. The government should bear the main responsibility for ensuring the well-being of people. Variable Label: Own success in life? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Ghana99 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 58 Question: A. The best way to create jobs is to encourage people to start their own businesses. B. The government should provide employment for everyone who wants to work. Variable Label: Provide employment? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Finifter and Mickiewicz Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 59 Question: A. Everyone should be free to earn as much as they can, even if this leads to differences in income between people. B. The government should place limits on how much the rich can earn, even if this discourages some people from working hard.

Copyright Afrobarometer 26 Variable Label: Free to earn? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from NDB Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 60 Question: A. In rural areas, land should be owned by the community and allocated by the traditional rulers. B. People should be able to own their own land, including buying and selling it, even in rural areas. Variable Label: Own land? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Ghana99 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 61 Question: A. There is no sense in trying to start a new business because many enterprises lose money. B. If a person has a good idea for a business, they should invest their own savings or borrow money to try to make it succeed. Variable Label: Start new business? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Jackson and Rodkey Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 62A Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for the development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? A. protecting the nation’s borders Variable Label: Protecting borders Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 62B Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? B. Building your house Variable Label: Building house Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 27 Question Number: 62C Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? C. extending agricultural credit Variable Label: Agricultural credit Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number:62D Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? D. producing and marketing oil Variable Label: producing oil Values: 1-7, 99 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number:62E Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? E. selling consumer goods Variable Label: Selling consumer goods Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 62F Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? F. providing schools and clinics Variable Label: Providing schools/clinics Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 62G Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? G. creating jobs Variable Label: Creating jobs Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 28 Question Number: 62H Question: I am going to read out a list of things that are important for development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? H. reducing crime Variable Label: Reducing crime Values: 1-7 Value Labels: 1=government, 2=private companies, 3=individuals, 4=government and businesses, 5=government and individuals, 6=businesses and individuals, 7=all three Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 63 Question: A. It is better to have goods available in the market, even if the prices are high. B. It is better to have low prices, even if there are shortages of goods. Variable Label: Goods available? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 64 Question: A. It is better to have free schooling for our children, even if the quality of education is low. B. It is better to raise educational standards, even if we have to pay school fees. Variable Label: Free schooling? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 65 Question: A. All civil servants should keep their jobs, even if paying their salaries is costly to the country. B. The government cannot afford so many public employees and should lay some of them off. Variable Label: Civil servant jobs? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 66 Question: A. The government should retain ownership of its factories, businesses, and farms. B. It is better for the government to sell its businesses to private companies and individuals. Variable Label: Own factories? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Copyright Afrobarometer 29 Question Number: 67 Question: A. In order to create jobs, the government should encourage foreign companies to invest in our country. B. The government should be wary of foreign investors because they may gain control of our national wealth. Variable Label: Foreign investment? Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 68 Question: A. The costs of reforming the economy are too high; the government should therefore change its economic policies. B. In order for the economy to get better in the future, it is necessary for us to accept some hardships now. Variable Label: Change economic policies? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 69 Question: A. The government’s economic policies have helped most people; only a few have suffered. B. The government’s economic policies have hurt most people and only benefited a few. Variable Label: Few have suffered? Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=A, strongly; 2=A, somewhat; 3=B, somewhat; 4=B, strongly, 5=Do not agree with either, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: The enumerator introduced the pair of statements by saying, “Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B.” Then, the enumerator probed, “Do you agree strongly or just somewhat?”

Question Number: 70 Question: In your opinion, which group has benefited the most? Variable Level: Which group has benefited? Values: 1-5, Value Labels: 1=People close to the government, 2=Foreign businesses, 3=Rural dwellers, 4=People in selected regions of Nigeria (specify region), 5=Other, 10=Northern region/Hausas’, 13=The southerners, 31=The elites, 32=The rich, 33=The poor, 34=students, 35=Salary earners, 36=The Egba’s, 37=Politicians, 38=Representative of National Assembly, 39=Army/military, 40=The influential people/the upper class, 41=Government officers/ministers and commissioners, 42=People in the urban class, 43=Yorubas, 44=Employed People, 45=Farmers, 46=Contractors, 47=Church, 48=Igbo’s, 49=Rural Areas, 50=Traditional Rulers, 51=Computer engineer, 52=Don’t Know, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: The enumerator only asked this question if the respondent chose 69B.

Question Number: 71 Question: Are you a registered voter? Variable Label: Registered voter Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: Zambia96 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 30 Question Number: 72 Question: [If no] Why not? Variable Label: Why not registered Values: 0-12, 99 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=missed registration, 2=ill health, 3=absent from area, 4=registration process was not credible, 5=voter card not available, 6=under 18 during reg, 7=not interested in voting, 8=otherwise engaged, 9=My family does not allow me to register, 10=Not properly informed, 11=Cannot vote without eating, 12=Old Age, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes: If answer to question 71 is yes, then the enumerator enters 0= not applicable. Enumerator then goes to Question 75

Question Number: 73A Question: Understanding that some Nigerians choose not to vote, let me ask you: Did you vote: A. In the Presidential election of February 1999 Variable Label: Voted President Values: 0-1, 97 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 97=Not Applicable Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 73B Question: Understanding that some Nigerians choose not to vote, let me ask you: Did you vote: B. In the National Assembly elections of February 1999 Variable Label: Voted at Assembly Values: 0-1, 97 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 97=Not Applicable Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 73C Question: Understanding that some Nigerians choose not to vote, let me ask you: Did you vote: C. In the state government elections of January 1999 Variable Label: Voted state assembly Values: 0-1, 97 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 97=Not Applicable Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 73D Question: Understanding that some Nigerians choose not to vote, let me ask you: Did you vote: D. In the local government elections of December 1998 Variable Label: Voted local government Values: 0-1, 97 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 97=Not Applicable Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 74 Question: When you voted for the National Assembly, did you vote for an individual or for a political party? Variable Label: Individual or party Values: 1-2, 9, 97 Value Labels: 1=Individual, 2=Party, 9=Don’t Know, 97=Not Applicable Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Enumerator asked only if respondent answered “yes” to Question 63A or B.

Copyright Afrobarometer 31 Question Number: 75A Question: In your opinion, were the following elections conducted honestly or dishonestly? A. The Presidential elections of February 1999 Variable Label: Presidential elections honest Values: 1-4 ,9 Value Labels: 1-Very Dishonestly, 2=Somewhat Dishonestly, 3=Quite Honestly, 4=Very Honestly, 9=Don’t Know, Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 75B Question: In your opinion, were the following elections conducted honestly or dishonestly? B. The state government elections of January 1999 Variable Label: State elections honest Values: 1-4 ,9, 99 Value Labels: 1-Very Dishonestly, 2=Somewhat Dishonestly, 3=Quite Honestly, 4=Very Honestly, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 76A Question: Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: A. your Representative to the National Assembly Variable Label: National Rep performance Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=very unsatisfied, 2=somewhat unsatisfied, 3=somewhat satisfied, 4=very satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 76B Question: Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: B. your Representative to the State Assembly Variable Label: State Rep. performance Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=very unsatisfied, 2=somewhat unsatisfied, 3=somewhat satisfied, 4=very satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 76C Question: Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: C. the Governor of this state Variable Label: Governor performance Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=very unsatisfied, 2=somewhat unsatisfied, 3=somewhat satisfied, 4=very satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Question Number: 76D Question: Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: D. the Local Government Chairman/woman for this area? Variable Label: LG Chair performance Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=very unsatisfied, 2=somewhat unsatisfied, 3=somewhat satisfied, 4=very satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: adapted from Zambia96 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 32 Question Number: 76E Question: Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: E. any judge or lawyer you have encountered Variable Label: Judge/Lawyer performance Values: 0-4, 9 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=very unsatisfied, 2=somewhat unsatisfied, 3=somewhat satisfied, 4=very satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 76F Question: Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: F. Political parties Variable Label: Party performance Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=very unsatisfied, 2=somewhat unsatisfied, 3=somewhat satisfied, 4=very satisfied, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 77A Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. A. attending a community meeting Variable Label: Attend community meeting Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 77B Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. B. getting together with others to raise an issue Variable Label: Raise an issue Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 77C Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. C. attending an election rally. Variable Label: Attend election rally Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 77D Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. D. working for a political candidate or party Variable Label: Work for candidate Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 33 Question Number: 77E Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. E. signing a petition Variable Label: Sign petition Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 77F Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. F. writing a letter to a newspaper Variable Label: Write newspaper Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 77G Question: I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. G. attending a demonstration Variable Label: Attend demonstration Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 78A Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? A. a traditional ruler Variable Label: Contact traditional ruler Values: 0-3, 99 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 78B Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? B. a Local Government Chairman/Councillor Variable Label: Contact LG Chair Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 78C Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? C. A National Assembly representative Variable Label: Contact Nat. Rep. Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 34 Question Number:78D Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? D. a State Assembly Representative Variable Label: Contact State Rep Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number:78E Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? E. an official of a government ministry Variable Label: Contact government official Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number:78F Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? D. a religious leader Variable Label: contact religious leader Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 78G Question: During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? G. some other influential person Variable Label: Contact influential person Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=only once, 2=sometimes, 3=often Source: adapted from Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 79A Question: What would you do if the government took any of the following actions: A. told you which religion you had to follow. Variable Label: Follow religion Values: 0-4, 8-9 Value Labels: 0=Nothing, 1=Contact an elected representative, 2=support an opposition party, 3=join a protest or boycott, 4=Other, 8=Support the government, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 79B Question: What would you do if the government took any of the following actions: B. stopped you from traveling freely within the country. Variable Label: Stop travel Values: 0-4, 8-9 Value Labels: 0=Nothing, 1=Contact an elected representative, 2=support an opposition party, 3=join a protest or boycott, 4=Other, 8=Support the government, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 35 Question Number: 79C Question: What would you do if the government took any of the following actions: C. shut down newspapers that criticized the government. Variable Label: Shut newspapers Values: 0-4, 8-9 Value Labels: 0=Nothing, 1=Contact an elected representative, 2=support an opposition party, 3=join a protest or boycott, 4=Other, 8=Support the government, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 79D Question: What would you do if the government took any of the following actions: D. dismissed judges who ruled against the government. Variable Label: Dismiss judges Values: 0-4, 8-9 Value Labels: 0=Nothing, 1=Contact an elected representative, 2=support an opposition party, 3=join a protest or boycott, 4=Other, 8=Support the government, 9=Don’t Know Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 79E Question: What would you do if the government took any of the following actions: E. suspended the National Assembly and canceled the next elections. Variable Label: Cancel elections Values: 0-4, 8-9, 99 Value Labels: 0=Nothing, 1=Contact an elected representative, 2=support an opposition party, 3=join a protest or boycott, 4=Other, 8=Support the government, 9=Don’t Know, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 80 Question: “Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think.” The best way to get ahead in this life is to have contacts with important people in high places. Variable Label: People in high places Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 81 Question: “Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think.” Politicians and civil servants are trying their best to look after the interests of people like me. Variable Label: Look after the interests Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Notes:

Question Number: 82 Question: “Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think.” Rather than protecting his friends, the President will fight corruption wherever he finds it. Variable Label: President fights corruption Values: 1-4, 9

Copyright Afrobarometer 36 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number:83 Question: “Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think.” Bribery is not common among public officials in Nigeria. Variable Label: Bribery not common Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 84 Question: “Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think.” The President’s region of the country gets more government services than any other region. Variable Label: President’s region Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 85 Question: “Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think.” Corruption was a worse problem under the old military government than these days. Variable Label: Corruption worse Values: 1-4, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: adapted from Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 86 Question: How often, if ever, has a public official asked you for a bribe or a favor in return for getting something you were entitled to? Variable Label: How often bribe? Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=once, 2=a few times, 3=often Source: Ghana99 Notes:

Question Number: 87A (1st group mentioned) Question: Which office(s) or agency(ies) did the official work for? Variable Label: Which office(s) Values: 1-58, 97, 99 Value Labels: 1=Local government, 2=School/Teachers, 3=Joint Admission Matriculation Board (JAMB), 4=West African Examination Council (W.A.E.C.), 5=National Electric Power Authority (N.E.P.A.), 6=Hospitals, 7=Police/Law enforcement agencies, 8=Army, 9=Government agencies/paraministry, 10=Customs, 11=Nitel, 12=Licence office, 13=Water corporation, 14=Federal Secretariat, 15=Immigration 16=Private organizations, 17=Task force, 18=Road Safety Corps, 19=University/College/Lecture, 20=Nigerian Port Authority (NPA), 21=National Population Commission, 22=Post Office, 23=Court, 24=State Liaison Offices, 25=Nigerian National Petroleum Corp (N.N.P.C.), 26=Nigerian Airways, 27=Ministry of Communication, 28=Cabinet Office/Parmanent secretary, 29=Ministry of Education/Education Board, 30=Ministry of Works, 31=Internal Affairs Ministry, 32=National Profident Fund, 33=Revenue board (tax collectors), 34=Civil Defense, 35=Ministry of Health/Health officer, 36=N.Y.S.C. Office, 37=Accountant/general officer, 38=Agricultural ministry, 39=Business Premises,

Copyright Afrobarometer 37 40=Ministry of Establishment, 41=Minister of sports, 42=Political party, 43=V.I.O., 44=Bank workers, 45=Insurance agency, 46=Ministry of Petroleum, 47=Ministry of employment, 48=INEC (Electoral officers). 49=Women center, 50=NURTW, 51=Traditional council, 52=Nigerian Air Force, 53=WRECA, 54=NDLEA (Drug Abuse), 55=Ministry of Finance, 56=Ministry of Information, 57=Nigerian Airport Authority, 58=Vigilante Group, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana99 Notes: Enumerator asked the question only if respondent answers 1, 2, or 3 to Question 86. Respondent may give up to two responses.

Question Number: 87B (2nd office mentioned). Question: Which office(s) or agency(ies) did the official work for? Variable Label: Which office(s) Values: 1-58, 99 Value Labels: 1=Local government, 2=School/Teachers, 3=Joint Admission Matriculation Board (JAMB), 4=West African Examination Council (W.A.E.C.), 5=National Electric Power Authority (N.E.P.A.), 6=Hospitals, 7=Police/Law enforcement agencies, 8=Army, 9=Government agencies/paraministry, 10=Customs, 11=Nitel, 12=Licence office, 13=Water corporation, 14=Federal Secretariat, 15=Immigration 16=Private organizations, 17=Task force, 18=Road Safety Corps, 19=University/College/Lecture, 20=Nigerian Port Authority (NPA), 21=National Population Commission, 22=Post Office, 23=Court, 24=State Liaison Offices, 25=Nigerian National Petroleum Corp (N.N.P.C.), 26=Nigerian Airways, 27=Ministry of Communication, 28=Cabinet Office/Parmanent secretary, 29=Ministry of Education/Education Board, 30=Ministry of Works, 31=Internal Affairs Ministry, 32=National Profident Fund, 33=Revenue board (tax collectors), 34=Civil Defense, 35=Ministry of Health/Health officer, 36=N.Y.S.C. Office, 37=Accountant/general officer, 38=Agricultural ministry, 39=Business Premises, 40=Ministry of Establishment, 41=Minister of sports, 42=Political party, 43=V.I.O., 44=Bank workers, 45=Insurance agency, 46=Ministry of Petroleum, 47=Ministry of employment, 48=INEC (Electoral officers). 49=Women center, 50=NURTW, 51=Traditional council, 52=Nigerian Air Force, 53=WRECA, 54=NDLEA (Drug Abuse), 55=Ministry of Finance, 56=Ministry of Information, 57=Nigerian Airport Authority, 58=Vigilante Group, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana99 Notes: Enumerator asked the question only if respondent answers 1, 2, or 3 to Question 86. Respondent may give up to two responses.

Question Number: 88A1 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know been attacked or robbed when moving about in public? A. No, no one? Variable Label: No one attacked or robbed Values: 0, 97 Value Labels: 0=No, no one, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88A was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88A1, 88A2, 88A3, and 88A4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88A2 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know been attacked or robbed when moving about in public? B. Friends or acquaintances? Variable Label: Friends attacked or robbed? Values: 1, 97 Value Labels: 1=friend or acquaintance, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88A was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88A1, 88A2, 88A3, and 88A4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88A3 Question: In the past two years, have your or anyone else you know been attacked or robbed when moving about in public? C. Family member? Variable Label: Family member attacked or robbed? Values: 2, 97 Value Labels: 2=family member, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88A was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88A1, 88A2, 88A3, and 88A4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88A4 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know been attacked or robbed when moving about in public? D. Yes, Self? Variable Label: Self attacked or robbed Values: 3, 97 Value Labels: 3=yes, self, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88A was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88A1, 88A2, 88A3, and 88A4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88B1 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know had your/their house broken into and had something stolen? A. No, no one. Variable Label: No one Home broken into Values: 0, 97 Value Labels: 0=No, no-one, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88B was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88B1, 88B2, 88B3, and 88B4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88B2 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know had their house broken into and had something stolen? B. Friend or acquaintance? Variable Label: Friend Home broken into Values: 1, 97 Value Labels: 1=friend or acquaintance, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88B was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88B1, 88B2, 88B3, and 88B4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88B3 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know had their house broken into and had something stolen? C. Family Member? Variable Label: Family member Home broken into Values: 2, 97 Value Labels: 2=family member, 97=Not Applicable

Copyright Afrobarometer 39 Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88B was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88B1, 88B2, 88B3, and 88B4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 88B4 Question: In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know had your house broken into and had something stolen? D. Yes, Self Variable Label: Self Home broken into Values: 3, 97 Value Labels: 3=yes, self, 97=Not Applicable Source: NDB Notes: Questions 88B was asked as one question, with four response options: no, no one; friend or acquaintance; family member; or yes, self. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 88B1, 88B2, 88B3, and 88B4, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 89 Question: Compared with five years ago, do you feel more or less safe when walking about alone? Variable Label: Safety five years ago Values: 1-5, 99 Value Labels: 1=much less safe, 2=somewhat less safe, 3=about the same, 4=somewhat more safe, 5=much more safe, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 90A Question: If you ever felt unsafe in your surroundings, how likely would you be to take the following actions: A. report to the police? Variable Label: Report to the police Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=always Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 90B Question: If you ever felt unsafe in your surroundings, how likely would you be to take the following actions: B. carry something for protection, like a weapon? Variable Label: Carry a weapon Values: 0-3, 99 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=always, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 90C Question: If you ever felt unsafe in your surroundings, how likely would you be to take the following actions: C. have other people with you when going out? Variable Label: Have other people Values: 0-3, 99 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=always, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 40 Question Number: 90D Question: If you ever felt unsafe in your surroundings, how likely would you be to take the following actions: D. try to form a group with other citizens to combat crime? Variable Label: Form a group Values: 0-3, 99 Value Labels: 0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=always, 99=Missing Data Source: NDB Notes:

Question Number: 91 Question: We have spoken to many Nigerians and they have all described themselves in different ways. Some people describe themselves in terms of their language, ethnic groups, or religion, and others describe themselves in economic terms, such as working class, middle class, or a farmer. Besides being Nigerian, which specific group to do you feel you belong to first and foremost? Variable Label: Identity Values: 1-200 Value Labels: 1=Christian, 2=Muslim, 3=Clergyman/Evangelist/Pastor, 4=Alfa, 5=Jehovah Witness, 6=Religious Followers/groups, 7=Churches, 8=Free Thinker, 9=Eckist, 10=Yoruba, 11=Igbo/Ibo, 12=Egba, 13=Delta/Urhobo, 14=Ibibio/Calabar, 15=Edo/Ologbo, 16=Hausa, 17=Ijebu, 18=Owo, 19=Akwa Ibom, 20=Oyo, 21=Awori, 22=Osun, 23=Ekiti, 24=Idanre/Efik, 25=Tiv, 26=Ijesha, 27=Ibarapa people, 28=Ibadan Indigenous, 29=Igbira, 30=Ijaw, 31=Abriba, 32=Annang/Annangman, 33=Ngwa, 34=Aguobo-owa, 35=Enugu state, 36=Eke, 37=Obonohia, 38=Okpe, 39=Ethnic group, 40=Isoko, 41=Odwyn, 42=Itsekiri, 43=Ishan man/Esan, 44=Auchi, 45=Kwale, 46=Igoto, 47=Ikwerre, 48=Kalabari, 49=Efche, 50=Okirika, 51=Igala, 52=Biafrar, 53=Burah, 54=Northerners, 55=Eggon, 56=Southerners, 57=Dan Katsina, 58=Dan Laribar Rimi, 59=Kanuri, 60=Fulani, 61=Marghi, 62=Gwori, 63=Mandara, 64=Geornai, 65=Angas, 66=Kiibo, 67=Ngas, 68=Niggi, 69=Birom, 70=Ronkwlere, 71=Berum, 72=Chawai, 73=Mwaghavul, 74=Jarawa, 75=Ridri, 76=Yeskwa, 77=Ankua, 78=Youm, 79=Rukuba, 80=Miamgo, 81=Jukun, 82=Iregwe, 83=Mada, 84=Kabba/Koro, 85=Buji, 86=Zar, 87=Minnor, 88=Barbari, 89=Biru, 90=Bagere, 91=Ogah, 92=Tangale, 93=Bauchi, 94=Gyerawa, 95=Bagara, 96=Sayawa, 97=Waga, 98=Lungada, 99=Marqi, 100=Idoma, 101=Fyeru, 102=Matakun, 103=Shuwa, 104=Udochi, 105=Babur, 106=Shuwan Arab, 107=Ortaregh, 108=Mbala, 109=Ormbalaa, 110=Peace Maker, 111=House wife, 112=Human rights activist/campaigner, 113=Democratic, 114=Queen, 115=Ordinary person, 116=Great Person, 117=A woman, 118=Hardworking man/lady, 119=Responsible person, 120=Godly people, 121=Independent person/woman, 122=Honest person, 123=Ambitious person, 124=Gentle man, 125=Simple man, 126=Respectful fellow, 127=A Good Samaritan 128=Patriotic citizen, 129=Communication forum, 130=Literate person, 131=Considerate person, 132=Sociable person, 133=Sports man/Footballer, 134=A Nigerian with a conscience, 135=Confidential person, 136=Poor woman/man, 137=Young adult, 138=Elderly man/old man, 139=Effective man, 140=A graduate, 141=Hajiyan, 142=Black race, 143=Common man, 144=Faithful Nigerian/Loyal person, 145=Huister, 146=Black man, 147=Millionaire, 148=Generous person, 149=As a leader, 150=Ethnic champion, 151=Businessman/women/market woman, 152=Trader, 153=Civil servant/government worker, 154=Professionals, 155=Technicians/Electricians, 156=Teacher, 157=Lawyers, 158=Contractors/Bricklayers, 159=Security man, 160=Accountant/Chief auditor, 161=Pharmacist, 162=Farmer, 163=Computer scientist, 164=Fashion designer/tailor, 165=Butcher, 166=Retired man/woman, 167=Fisher, 168=Driver, 169=Mechanic, 170=Artist, 171=Hairdresser, 172=Nurse, 173=Furniture maker/carpenter, 174=Bridgade, 175=Engineer, 176=Non-governmental organization, 177=Native doctor/traditional healer, 178=Unemployed/applicant, 179=Welder, 180=Doctor, 181=Soldier, 182=Musician, 183=Professional Architect, 184=Trade union, 185=Vulcanizer, 186=Journalist, 187=Working class, 188=Middle class/Average Nigerian, 189=Student/Scholar, 190=Lower class/low income earners/masses, 191=Upper class/rich man, 192=Elites, 193=Politician/counselors, 194=The intellectuals, 195=Youth, 196=My language, 197=Parliamentary, 198=Waizam, 199=Dairimi, 200-Missing Data Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 92A Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ A. You feel proud to be ____ Variable Label: Proud identity

Copyright Afrobarometer 41 Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Enumerator read respondent’s identity group from Q91 in the blank space. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 92B Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ B. You would want your children to think of themselves as ______Variable Label: Children identity Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator read respondent’s identity group from Q91 in blank space. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 92C Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ C. Of all the groups in this country, ____ people are the best Variable Label: Identity is best Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator read respondent’s identity group from Q91 in blank space. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 92D Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ D. You feel much stronger ties to ______s than to other Nigerians Variable Label: Identity ties Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: new question Notes: Enumerator read respondent’s identity group from Q91 in blank space. Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 92E Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ E. It makes you proud to be called a Nigerian Variable Label: Proud Nigerian Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes:

Copyright Afrobarometer 42 Question Number: 92F Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ F. You would want your children to think of themselves as Nigerian Variable Label: Children Nigerian Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 92G Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ G. All people who were born in this country, regardless of what group they belong to, should be treated as equal citizens of Nigeria. Variable Label: Equal Nigerian Values: 1-5, 9 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 92H Question: “Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. “ H. People who were not born in this country should be allowed to become Nigerian citizens. Variable Label: Nigerian citizens Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree or disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes:

Question Number: 93 Question: Are _____’s (Respondent’s Identity group from Q91) economic conditions worse, the same as, or better than other groups in this country? Variable Label: Identity conditions Values:1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels1: 1=much worse, 2=worse, 3=about the same, 4=better, 5=much better, 9-don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Enumerator probed for strength of opinion.

Question Number: 94 Question: In your opinion, how often are ______(respondent’s identity from Q91) people treated unfairly by the government. Variable Label: Identity treated fairly Values: 1-5, 9, 99 Value Labels: 1=always, 2=to a large extent, 3=to some extent, 4=hardly at all, 5=never, 9=don’t know, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes

Copyright Afrobarometer 43 Question Number: 95 Question: Do you think that the government represents the interests of all Nigerians, the interests of just a few groups, or the interests of one group only? Variable Label: All Nigerians? Values: 1-3, 9 Value Labels: 1=One group only, 2=Just a few groups, 3=All Nigerians, 9=Don’t Know Source: new question Notes: If respondent answers 3, skip to question 97

Question Number: 96A (1st group mentioned) Question: Which groups do you mean? Variable Label: Which identity groups Values: 1-46, 97, 99 Value Labels: 1=The government people/people at the corridor of power, 2=The Hausas, Yorubas, and Ibo’s, 3=Those that are in the realm of affairs, 4=Yorubas, 5=Their family interest and their pocket, 6=The elite, 7=The upperclassmen/rich men/the interest of the money, 8=The Hausa people, 9=Friends, 10=Supporter, 11=Ogoni, 12=Top military personnel, 13=Ibos/Igbos, 14=Itsekiris, 15=Politicians, 16=Contractors, 17=The Islamic group, 18=Civil servant/government worker, 19=Educated people/academic literates, 20=Poor masses, 21=Those that are living in the urban area, 22=The Egbo’s, 23=South West, 24=The tribe’s group, 25=People selected from a particular region, 26=Community leaders, 27=Kanuris, 28=Uvwie, 29=Edos, 30=Footballers, 31=Urhobo, 32=Eastern groups, 33=Middle belt, 34=Religious leaders, 35=Merchant, 36=Traditional rulers, 37=Those from F.C.T., 38=Christians, 39=Business organizations, 40=Women, 41=The lucky ones, 42=Working class, 43=A capitalist, 44=Medical services, 45=Leader of a church, 46=Leader of a Mosque, 97=Not Applicable, 99=Nothing/cannot say Source: new question Notes: Respondent may give up to 3 answers

Question Number: 96B (2nd group mentioned) Question: Which groups do you mean? Variable Label: Which identity groups Values: 1-46, 97 Value Labels: 1=The government people/people at the corridor of power, 2=The Hausas, Yorubas, and Ibo’s, 3=Those that are in the realm of affairs, 4=Yorubas, 5=Their family interest and their pocket, 6=The elite, 7=The upperclassmen/rich men/the interest of the money, 8=The Hausa people, 9=Friends, 10=Supporter, 11=Ogoni, 12=Top military personnel, 13=Ibos/Igbos, 14=Itsekiris, 15=Politicians, 16=Contractors, 17=The Islamic group, 18=Civil servant/government worker, 19=Educated people/academic literates, 20=Poor masses, 21=Those that are living in the urban area, 22=The Egbo’s, 23=South West, 24=The tribe’s group, 25=People selected from a particular region, 26=Community leaders, 27=Kanuris, 28=Uvwie, 29=Edos, 30=Footballers, 31=Urhobo, 32=Eastern groups, 33=Middle belt, 34=Religious leaders, 35=Merchant, 36=Traditional rulers, 37=Those from F.C.T., 38=Christians, 39=Business organizations, 40=Women, 41=The lucky ones, 42=Working class, 43=A capitalist, 44=Medical services, 45=Leader of a church, 46=Leader of a Mosque, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: Respondent may give up to 3 answers

Question Number: 96C (3rd group mentioned) Question: Which groups do you mean? Variable Label: Which identity groups Values: 1-46, 97 Value Labels: 1=The government people/people at the corridor of power, 2=The Hausas, Yorubas, and Ibo’s, 3=Those that are in the realm of affairs, 4=Yorubas, 5=Their family interest and their pocket, 6=The elite, 7=The upperclassmen/rich men/the interest of the money, 8=The Hausa people, 9=Friends, 10=Supporter, 11=Ogoni, 12=Top military personnel, 13=Ibos/Igbos, 14=Itsekiris, 15=Politicians, 16=Contractors, 17=The Islamic group, 18=Civil servant/government worker, 19=Educated people/academic literates, 20=Poor masses, 21=Those that are living in the urban area, 22=The Egbo’s, 23=South West, 24=The tribe’s group, 25=People selected from a particular region, 26=Community leaders, 27=Kanuris, 28=Uvwie, 29=Edos, 30=Footballers, 31=Urhobo, 32=Eastern groups, 33=Middle belt, 34=Religious leaders, 35=Merchant, 36=Traditional rulers, 37=Those from

Copyright Afrobarometer 44 F.C.T., 38=Christians, 39=Business organizations, 40=Women, 41=The lucky ones, 42=Working class, 43=A capitalist, 44=Medical services, 45=Leader of a church, 46=Leader of a Mosque, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: Respondent may give up to 3 answers

Question Number: 97 Question: Do you feel close to any political party? Variable Label: Close to party Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0 = No, 1 = Yes Source: Zambia 96 Notes: If no, then the enumerator goes to Question 99 after entering “0" for Question 98.

Question Number: 98 Question: Which one? Variable Label: Which party Values: 1-4, 9 Value Labels: 0=Not Applicable, 1=People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 2=All People’s Party (APP), 3=Alliance for Democracy (AD), 4= Other (specify), 9=Don’t Know Source: Zambia 96 Notes: Only asked if respondent answered “yes” to question 97.

Question Number: 99 Question: Roughly how much money do you (and your spouse together) earn per month? Variable Label: Monthly earnings Values: 0-8, 99 Value Labels: 0= none, 1= less than 1,000 naira, 2= 1,000-5,000 naira, 3= 5,000-10,000 naira, 4= 10,000-20,000 naira, 5= 20,000-30,000 naira, 6= 30,000-40,000 naira, 7= 40,000-50,000 naira, 8= over 50,000 naira, 99=Missing Data Source: Zambia 96 Notes:

Question Number: 100 Question: How would you describe your financial situation during the past year? Did you save money, spend all your income, spend some of your own savings, or borrow money? Variable Label: Financial situation Values: 1-5, 99 Value Labels: 1=Save, 2=Spend Income, 3=Spend Savings, 4=Borrow, 5=Spend Savings AND Borrow, 99=Missing Data Source: Ghana00 Notes:

The Following Questions were completed by the enumerator after the interview had ended.

Question Number: 101 Question: State Variable Label: State Values: 1-38 Value Labels: 1=Abia, 2=Adamawa, 3=Akwa-Iborn, 4=Anambra, 5=Bauchi, 6=Beyelsa, 7=Benue, 8=Borno, 9=Cross River, 10=Delta, 11=Ebonyi, 12=Edo, 13=Ekiti, 14=Enugu, 15=F.C.T., 16=Gombe, 17=Imo, 18=Jigawa, 19=Kaduna, 20=Kano,, 21=Katsina, 22=Kebbi, 23=Kogi, 24=Kwara, 25=Lagos, 26=Nassarawa, 27=Niger, 28=Ogun, 29=Ondo, 30=Osun, 31=Oyo, 32=Plateau, 33=Rivers, 34=Sokoto, 35=Taraba, 36=Yobe, 37=Zamfara. 38=No Answer Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Copyright Afrobarometer 45 Question Number: 102 Question: Generally speaking, how would you describe the locality? Variable Label: Urban/Rural (interviewer) Values: 1-2 Value Labels: 1=Urban, 2=Rural Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 103 Question: More specifically, what sort of settlement was it? Variable Label: Settlement type Values: 1-9 Value Labels: 1=Urban (formal), 2=Suburban (formal), 3=Rural township/town, 4=Rural village, 5=Rural, individual homestead, 6=Urban, non-permanent, informal settlement, 7=Rural, non-permanent, informal settlement, 8=Don’t know, 9=No Answer Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 104 Question: In what type of shelter did the respondent live? Variable Label: House Type Values: 1-7, 99 Value Labels: 1=Non-traditional (formal house), 2=Traditional house, 3=Temporary structure on own plot, 4=Temporary structure in backyard, 5=Flat in block of flats, 6=Single room in larger dwelling structure, 7=Other, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 105 Question: What was the roof made of: Variable Label: Roofing Values: 1-7, 99 Value Labels: 1=Metal, tin, zinc, 2=Tiles, 3=Shingles, 4=Thatch, 5=Plastic sheets, 6=Asbestos, 7=Multiple materials, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 106 Question: How many houses within the locality are formal houses? Variable Label: Formality Values: 0-3, 9 Value Labels: 0=None, 1=Some, 2=Most, 3=All, 9=Don’t Know, Can’t determine Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 107A Question: Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads? A. Graded sand/dirt roads Variable Label: Graded dirt Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=0 kms, 1=<5 kms, 2=5-9 kms, 3=All Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 107B Question: Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads? B. Ungraded dirt roads Variable Label: Ungraded dirt Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=0 kms, 1=<5 kms, 2=5-9 kms, 3=All Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 107C Question: Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads? C. Off road Variable Label: Off road Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=0 kms, 1=<5 kms, 2=5-9 kms, 3=All Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 107D Question: Roughly how much of the last 10km of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads? D. Tarred or concrete roads Variable Label: Tarred Values: 0-3 Value Labels: 0=0 kms, 1=<5 kms, 2=5-9 kms, 3=All Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 108A Question: Were there any other people immediately present who might be listening during the interview? A. No one present? Variable Label: No one present Values: 0, 97 Value Labels: 0=No one present, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: Questions 108 was asked as one question, with five response options: no one; spouse; children; a few others; or a small crowd. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 108A, 108B, 108C, and 108D, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 108B Question: Were there any other people immediately present who might be listening during the interview? B. Spouse present Variable Label: Spouse present Values: 1, 97 Value Labels: 1=Spouse present, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: Questions 108 was asked as one question, with five response options: no one; spouse; children; a few others; or a small crowd. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 108A, 108B, 108C, and 108D, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 108C Question: Were there any other people immediately present who might be listening during the interview? C. Children only present Variable Label: Children present

Copyright Afrobarometer 47 Values: 2, 97 Value Labels: 2=Children present, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: Questions 108 was asked as one question, with five response options: no one; spouse; children; a few others; or a small crowd. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 108A, 108B, 108C, and 108D, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 108D Question: Were there any other people immediately present who might be listening during the interview? D. A few others present Variable Label: A few others present Values: 3, 97 Value Labels: 3=A few others present, 97=Not Applicable Source: new question Notes: Questions 108 was asked as one question, with five response options: no one; spouse; children; a few others; or a small crowd. Because some individuals gave more then one answer, the results are recorded in four separate categories, 108A, 108B, 108C, and 108D, which records those who answered affirmatively for each option (with those who did not select an option labeled as “not applicable.”)

Question Number: 109 Question: Did the respondent check with others for information to answer any question? Variable Label: Check with others? Values: 0-1, 99 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 110 Question: Do you think anyone influenced the respondent’s answers during the interview. Variable Label: Influenced by others Values: 0-1, 99 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 111 Question: What proportion of the questions do you feel the respondent had difficulty answering? Variable Label: Difficulty answering? Values: 0-4, 99 Value Labels: 0=None, 1=Few, 2=Some, 3=Most, 4=All, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 112A Question: What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? A. Friendly or Hostile? Variable Label: Respondent friendly? Values: 1-3, 99 Value Labels: 1=Friendly, 2=In between, 3=Hostile, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 112B Question: What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? B. Interested or Bored? Variable Label: Respondent Interested? Values: 1-3, 99

Copyright Afrobarometer 48 Value Labels: 1=Interested, 2=In between, 3=Bored, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 112C Question: What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? C. Cooperative or Uncooperative? Variable Label: Respondent Cooperative? Values: 1-3, 99 Value Labels: 1=Cooperative, 2=In between, 3=Uncooperative, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 112D Question: What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? D. Patient or Impatient? Variable Label: Respondent Patient? Values: 1-3, 99 Value Labels: 1=Patient, 2=In between, 3=Impatient, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 112E Question: What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? E. At ease or suspicious? Variable Label: Respondent at ease? Values: 1-3, 99 Value Labels: 1=At ease, 2=In between, 3=Suspicious, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 112F Question: What was the respondent’s attitude toward you during the interview? F. Honest or Misleading? Variable Label: Respondent honest? Values: 1-3, 99 Value Labels: 1=Honest, 2=In between, 3=Misleading, 99=Missing Data Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 113A Question: Did your presence in the area arouse interest from the neighbors? Variable Label: Neighbors interested? Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 113B Question: Did your presence in the area arouse suspicion from neighbors Variable Label: Neighbors suspicious? Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 113C Question: Were you approached by community and/or political representatives? Variable Label: Political representatives? Values: 0-1

Copyright Afrobarometer 49 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator. . Question Number: 113D Question: Did you feel threatened during the interview? Variable Label: Feel threatened? Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 113E Question: Were you physically threatened during the interview? Variable Label: Physically threatened? Values: 0-1 Value Labels: 0=No, 1=Yes Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 114 Question: Interviewer: Do you come from a rural or urban area? Variable Label: Interviewer origin Values: 1-2 Value Labels: 1=Urban, 2=Rural Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

Question Number: 115 Question: Interviewer: What is your gender? Variable Label: Interviewer gender Values: 1-2 Value Labels: 1=Male, 2=Female Source: new question Notes: Question was answered by enumerator.

ATTITUDES TO DEMOCRACY AND MARKETS IN NIGERIA

AFROBAROMETER SURVEY

Interviewer=s I.D. No. Respondent No.

Interviewer=s Name Order of Call Respondent=s First Name Address Town Back Checked by Edited by

Questionnaire Code Number of Rooms/Flats in Dwelling Structure Number of Rooms/Flats in Dwelling Selected

Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name is ...... from Research & Marketing Services Limited. We are currently conducting a national survey in Nigeria. Our sample consists of 3,600 interviews selected at random from all parts of this country. Your household happens to be one of such choice and we wish to select at random one member of your family i.e. of the household.

Q. A. How many members are there in your household? [Interviewer: Be sure to include children, but exclude visitors and servants.]

Q. B. Among these members, how many children are there below 18 years of age?

Q. C. Please tell me the names and ages of all males/females who are 18 years of age or older. Please list the names of these males/females in alternate order starting from the oldest.

[Interviewer: Record the names of all adult (aged 18) male/female members from the oldest to the youngest and choose one using the Kish-grid table below.]

Name Age A B C D E F G H J K

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 2 2 3 3 1 2 4 3 4 4 5 4 2 4 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 6 5 5 5 2 3 4 1 3 2 6 7 6 1 2 1 2 4 2 5 7 6 8 & 3 1 5 3 6 3 7 8 2 8 over

Now select one member with the help of the selection chart printed above. The rest of the questionnaire is to be administered to the selected member. If selected respondent has traveled and will not be available within 48 hours, no substitution will be made. Such call should be regarded as ineffective calls. No substitution is allowed in any situation.

I would like to speak to [insert selected name]. Is this person presently at home?

[If Yes] May I please interview this person now? [If No] Will this person return here at any time today?

[If No] Thank you very much. I will select another dwelling structure. Substitute with the next dwelling structure on the walk pattern. Erase all the names on the list above. Start again. [If Yes] Please tell this person that I will return for an interview at [insert convenient time]. Make two return visits. If the randomly selected respondent is not present at this time, replace the dwelling structure with the next dwelling structure on the walk pattern.

Good day. My name is ______from Research and Marketing Services Limited. I do not represent the government or any political party. We are studying the views of citizens in Nigeria about how the government and economy are run.

Your answers will be confidential. It will be impossible to pick out your answers from the many others we are collecting. So please feel free to tell us what you think. While you are not obliged to take part in the survey, we would like to include you because every Nigerian=s opinion is important . The interview will take about one hour. Are you willing to proceed?

How many calls were made to the household 1 where the interview actually took place? 2 3

Date of Interview [Interviewer: Enter day and month] 00 Time Interview Started [Interviewer: Enter hour and minute, circle A.M or P.M.] AP

Male Female

Q. D. Interviewer: What is the respondent=s gender? 1 2

BEGIN INTERVIEW

I would like to start with a few questions about yourself.

1. How old were you at your last birthday? [If respondent cannot answer] In which year were you born? [EITHER: Write in age] ______[OR: Write in year born] ______Could not determine age [Enter DK for ADon=t Know ______Age [Office use only] PC

2. Which Nigerian language do you speak most often? DO NOT READ OUT. (Single Code) Hausa 1 Yoruba 2 Ibo 3 Tiv 4 Ijaw 5 Nupe 6 Kanuri 7 Ibibio-Efik 8 Edo 9 Other [Interviewer: Specify on this line] P C

3. Can you: No Yes A. Understand spoken English? 0 1 B. Read or write in English? 0 1

4. How much education have you had? READ OUT. No formal schooling 00 Informal schooling (including Koranic) only 01 Some primary schooling 02 Primary school completed 03 Some secondary school 04 Secondary school completed 05 Post-secondary qualifications, other than university 06 Some university, college 07 University, college completed 08 Post-graduate 09 Don=t know [Do not read] 10

5. What is your religion, if any? DO NOT READ OUT. (Single Code)

None 0 Islam 1 Catholic 2 Protestant (mainstream) 3 Protestant (evangelical/pentecostal) 4 African independent church 5 Traditional religion 6 Others [Specify] 7

6. Now I am going to read out a list of voluntary organizations. For each one, could you tell me whether you are an active member, an inactive member or not a member of that type of organization? SHOW CARD.

Active Member Inactive Member Not a Member Church, mosque or religious organization 2 1 0 Sport or recreation organization 2 1 0 Art, music or educational organization 2 1 0 Trade union/farmers organization 2 1 0 Professional or business association 2 1 0 Development association 2 1 0 Women=s organization 2 1 0 Pro-democracy or human rights organization 2 1 0 Environmental association 2 1 0 Charitable organization 2 1 0 Other (Specify) 2 1 0

7. Do you hold an official leadership position in any of these organizations? No 0 Yes 1 Not applicable [i.e. if Anot a member@ of any organization] 9

Now let us speak about your economic conditions.

8. What is your main occupation? DO NOT READ OUT (Single Code Only). Unemployed 00 Farmer/fisherman 01 Informal Marketeer 02 Businessperson 03 Clerical Worker 04 Artisan 05 Domestic Worker 06 Miner 07 Technical Worker 08 Teacher 09 Government Worker 10 NGO Worker 11 Professional 12 Retired 13 Housewife 14 Student 15 Other [Interviewer: Specify on this line] PC

9. In the past year, have you been unemployed (that is, without a cash job) at any time for a period of at least one month or more? No 0 Yes 1 Don=t remember [Do not read] 2

10. Considering ALL your economic activities (that is, your main occupation No Yes plus other things you do to earn money), do you currently: READ OUT (Ask for Each Item). A. buy and sell goods? 0 1 B. sell your skills or services to other people? 0 1 C. employ other people to work for you? 0 1 D. operate a bank or savings account? 0 1 E. owe money that you have borrowed for business purposes? 0 1

11. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you gone without: READ OUT (SHOW CARD). Never Occasionally Frequently Always A. Food for your family? 0 1 2 3 B. Water for domestic use? 0 1 2 3 C. Schooling for children? 0 1 2 3 D. Health care for your family? 0 1 2 3

12. To whom do you usually turn when you are unable to get: PROMPT IF NECESSARY. No- Kin Community Private Gov=t Illicit Not one group provision provision provision applicable A. Food for your family? 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 B. Water for domestic 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 use? C. Schooling for children? 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 D. Health care for your 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 family?

13. How satisfied are you: ASK FOR EACH ITEM (SHOW CARD). Not at all Not very Somewhat Very [Interviewer: Probe for strength of opinion] satisfied satisfied satisfied satisfied A. with the general state of the Nigerian economy 1 2 3 4 today? B. with your own living conditions today? 1 2 3 4

14. Would you say that your own living conditions are worse, the same, or better than other Nigerians? [Interviewer: Probe for strength of opinion] SHOW CARD. Much worse 1 Worse 2 About the same 3 Better 4 Much better 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

15. When you look at your life today, how satisfied do you feel compared with five years ago? SHOW CARD. Much less satisfied 1 Slightly less satisfied 2 About the same 3 Slightly more satisfied 4 Much more satisfied 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

16. When you look forward at your life=s prospects, how satisfied do you expect to be in one year=s time? SHOW CARD. Much less satisfied 1 Slightly less satisfied 2 About the same 3 Slightly more satisfied 4 Much more satisfied 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

17. In your opinion, who is most responsible for the current economic conditions in Nigeria? Single Code. The previous government 1 The current government 2 The IMF/World Bank 3 We, the people 4 Structural Adjustment Programme 5 Internal opposition forces 6 International economic forces 7 Other [Specify] PC Don=t know [Do not read] 9

18. How well would you say the current government is handling the following problems? SHOW CARD. Very Fairly Fairly Very DK Badly Badly Well Well [Do not read] A. Creating jobs 1 2 3 4 9 B. Keeping prices low 1 2 3 4 9 C. Narrowing income gaps between rich and poor 1 2 3 4 9 D. Reducing crime 1 2 3 4 9 E. Addressing the educational needs of all Nigerians 1 2 3 4 9 F. Improving basic health services 1 2 3 4 9 G. Assuring that all Nigerians have enough to eat 1 2 3 4 9 H. Fighting corruption in government 1 2 3 4 9

19. What is your overall assessment of the performance of the current government? SHOW CARD. Very bad 1 Bad 2 Neither bad nor good 3 Good 4 Very good 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

20. How long do you think it will take: ASK FOR EACH ITEM. SHOW CARD. Within Within Within More than Never DK two four eight eight [Do not years years years years read] A. before the government fulfills the 1 2 3 4 5 9 promises it has made? B. before your own living standards 1 2 3 4 5 9 meet your expectations?

Let us turn to another topic.

21. How often do y ou get news from: SHOW CARD. Never Less than About About Several Every DK once a once a once a times a day [Do not month month week week read] A. The radio? 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 B. Television? 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 C. 0 1 2 3 4 5 9 Newspapers?

22. In your opinion, do these various news sources promote public understanding on important issues or do they stir up conflict among people? SHOW CARD. [Interviewer: Circle codes only for news sources that respondent uses. Otherwise circle A0" for Anot applicable (NA)@] Promote Neither Stir Up Conflict DK NA Understanding A. Radio 1 2 3 9 0 B. Television 1 2 3 9 0 C. Newspapers 1 2 3 9 0

23. How interested are you in politics and government? SHOW CARD. Not interested 0 Somewhat interested 1 Very interested 2 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

24. How often do you discuss politics and government with other people? READ OUT. Single Code. Never 0 Sometimes 1 Often 2 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

25. Can you tell me the name of A. the Local Government Chairman/woman for this area? Incorrect 0 ______PC [Interviewer: Write in name given] Correct 1 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

25. Can you tell me the name of B. the Member of the House of Representatives for this area? Incorrect 0 ______PC [Interviewer: Write in name given] Correct 1 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

25. Can you tell me the name of C. The Governor of this state? Incorrect 0 ______PC [Interviewer: Write in name given] Correct 1 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

25. Can you tell me the name of D. the Minister of Finance? Incorrect 0 ______PC [Interviewer: Write in name given] Correct 1 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

25. Can you tell me the name of E. the Vice-President of Nigeria? Incorrect 0 ______PC [Interviewer: Write in name given] Correct 1 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

26. In Nigeria, is there a difference between what the following Same Differen DK organizations do, or do they do the same thing? t [Do not read] A. the traditional rulers and the government 1 2 9 B. the army and the government 1 2 9 C. a political party and the government 1 2 9 D. federal government and local government 1 2 9

I am now going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B. [Interviewer: Probe: ADo you agree strongly or just somewhat?@] 27. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: In discussions about politics with friends and neighbors, I can influence 2 1 the opinions of others. B: As far as politics are concerned, friends and neighbors do not listen to 3 4 me. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

28. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The way the government operates sometimes seems so complicated 2 1 that I cannot really understand what is going on. B: I can usually understand the way that government works. 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

29. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly

A: As a community, we are generally able to make our elected 2 1 representatives listen to our problems.

B: We are usually unable to make our elected representatives listen to 3 4 us.

Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

30. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: In Nigeria today, there is not enough respect for authority. 2 1 B: We Nigerians should be more active in questioning the authority of our 3 4 leaders. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

31. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: No matter who we vote for, things will not get any better in the future. 2 1 B: We can use our power as voters to choose leaders who will help us 3 4 improve our lives. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

32. When you hear the word Ademocracy@, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? P [Interviewer: Prompt if necessary: AWhat, if anything, does >democracy= mean to you?@] C

33. People associate democracy with many different meanings such as the ones I will mention now. In order for a society to be called democratic, how important is each of these: [Probe for strength of opinion] SHOW CARD. Very Important Not Very Not At All DK Important Important Important [Do not read] A. The majority rules 1 2 3 4 9 B. Anyone is free to criticize the 1 2 3 4 9 government C. Elections are held regularly 1 2 3 4 9 D. At least two political parties 1 2 3 4 9 compete with each other E. Everyone enjoys basic 1 2 3 4 9 necessities like shelter, food and water F. Jobs for everyone 1 2 3 4 9 G. Education for everyone 1 2 3 4 9 H. A small income gap between rich 1 2 3 4 9 and poor

34. In your opinion, was the change to democracy in 1999 good or bad for the country? [Interviewer: Probe to see how strongly opinion is held] SHOW CARD. Single Code. Very bad 1 Bad 2 Neither bad nor good 3 Good 4 Very good 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

[Interviewer: Ask only if respondent has some idea what democracy is at Q32 and Q33] 35. In your opinion, how much of a democracy is Nigeria today? SHOW CARD AND READ OUT. Not a democracy 0 Major problems, but still a democracy 1 Minor problems, but still a democracy 2 Full democracy 3 Not applicable 9

36. Which of these three statements is closest to your own opinion? SHOW CARD. (Single Code) A. Democracy is preferable to any other form of government. 1 B. In certain situations, a non-democratic government can be preferable. 2 C. To people like me, it doesn=t matter what form of government we have. 3

Now we will return to pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B. [Interviewer: Probe: ADo you agree strongly or just somewhat? @] 37. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: It is dangerous and confusing to allow the expression of too many 2 1 different points of view. B: If people have different views than I do, they should be allowed to 3 4 express them. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

38. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: All people should be permitted to vote, even if they do not fully 2 1 understand all the issues in an election. B: Only those who are sufficiently well educated should be allowed to vote. 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

39. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The President of Nigeria should be able to change the Constitution 2 1 whenever he chooses. B: In Nigeria, even the President should obey the Constitution. 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

40. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: In Nigeria, it is sometimes alright to use violence in trying to reach 2 1 political goals B: The use of violence is never justified in Nigerian politics 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

41. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The best form of government is a government elected by the people. 2 1 B: The best form of government is a government that gets things done. 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

42. We are now going to discuss how much you like different kinds of government. I would like you to give marks out of ten. Let us say that the best government gets 10 out of 10 and the worst government gets only 1 out of 10. What mark would you give to: SHOW CARD. A. our present system of government with 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 free elections and many parties? B. the former system of military rule? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C. the former colonial system (that is, when 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 the British ruled)? D. the old system of government by 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 traditional rulers? E. the system of government that you expect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nigeria to have in five years time?

43. We are going to compare our present system of government with the former system of military rule. Please tell me if the following things are better or worse now than they used to be. SHOW CARD. Much Somewhat No Somewhat Much DK Worse Worse Change Better Better [Do not read] A. People are free to say what they 1 2 3 4 5 9 think. B. People can join any organization 1 2 3 4 5 9 they want. C. Each person can freely choose 1 2 3 4 5 9 who to vote for without feeling pressured. D. Ordinary people can influence 1 2 3 4 5 9 what government does. E. Everybody is treated equally and 1 2 3 4 5 9 fairly by the government. F. People have an adequate 1 2 3 4 5 9 standard of living.

44. Some people say that we would be better off if the country was governed differently. What do you think about the following options? SHOW CARD. Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Don=t Know Disagree Agree [Do not read]

A. We should get rid of elections so 1 2 3 4 9 that a strong leader can decide everything. B. We should have only one political 1 2 3 4 9 party. C. The army should come in to govern 1 2 3 4 9 the country. D. The most important decisions, for 1 2 3 4 9 example on the economy, should be left to experts.

45. Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the way democracy works in Nigeria? [Interviewer: Probe to see how strongly opinion is held] SHOW CARD. Very dissatisfied 1 Somewhat dissatisfied 2 Somewhat satisfied 3 Very satisfied 4 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

Once again, please choose whether you agree with Statement A or B. [Interviewer: Probe: ADo you agree strongly or just somewhat@?] 46. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: Our present system of elected government should be able to deal with 2 1 inherited problems, even if this takes time. B: If democracy can=t produce results soon, we should try another form of 3 4 government. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

47. I am going to read out some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Could you please tell me if you agree or disagree after I read out each one? [Interviewer: Probe for strength of opinion] Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly DK Disagree Agree [dnr] A. In a democracy, the economic system runs badly 1 2 3 4 9 B. Democracies are indecisive and have too much 1 2 3 4 9 squabbling C. Democracies aren=t good at maintaining order 1 2 3 4 9 D. Democracy may have problems, but its better 1 2 3 4 9 than any other form of government

Let=s turn to your views on your fellow citizens.

48. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you must be very careful in dealing with people? Most people can be trusted 1 You must be very careful 2 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

I am now going to read you a list of people. I would like to know whether, generally speaking, you trust them to do what is right. [Interviewer: Probe to see whether or not views are held strongly.] 49. Do you trust the following people? SHOW CARD. I do not I distrust I trust them I trust DK trust them them somewhat them a [Do not read] at all somewhat lot A. Your relatives 1 2 3 4 9 B. Your neighbors 1 2 3 4 9 C. Someone in your own 1 2 3 4 9 tribe D. Nigerians from other 1 2 3 4 9 tribes E. President Obasanjo 1 2 3 4 9

50. Do you trust the following institutions? SHOW CARD. I do not I distrust I trust them I trust DK trust them them somewhat them a [Do not at all somewhat lot read] A. traditional rulers 1 2 3 4 9 B. Local Government authorities 1 2 3 4 9 C. the police 1 2 3 4 9 D. courts of law 1 2 3 4 9 E. political parties 1 2 3 4 9 F. the army 1 2 3 4 9 G. the National Assembly 1 2 3 4 9 H. the Independent National Electoral 1 2 3 4 9 Commission (INEC)

51. And do you trust the following social institutions? SHOW CARD. I do not I distrust I trust them I trust DK trust them them somewhat them a [Do not read] at all somewhat lot A. churches 1 2 3 4 9 B. mosques 1 2 3 4 9 C. trade unions [ask urban] OR 1 2 3 4 9 farmer organizations [ask rural] D. NGOs 1 2 3 4 9 E. banks 1 2 3 4 9 F. businesses 1 2 3 4 9

52. We know that some people obey the law and others do not. In your opinion, how often do Nigerians break the law by engaging in the following acts? SHOW CARD. Never Occasionally Most of Always DK the time [Do not read] A. throwing rubbish in public places 0 1 2 3 9 B. disregarding traffic signs and traffic 0 1 2 3 9 lights C. selling goods without a trader=s licence 0 1 2 3 9 D. not paying for services like piped water 0 1 2 3 9 E. evading income taxes 0 1 2 3 9 F. offering bribes to public servants 0 1 2 3 9

53. Have you ever heard about the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)? [Interviewer: Prompt, if necessary: AYou know, the reforms to the economy introduced in the 1980s.@] No [If No, Go to Q.56] 0 Yes 1

54. What, in your opinion, is the Structural Adjustment Programme supposed P to do? C

55. How satisfied or unsatisfied are you with the SAP? SHOW CARD. Very unsatisfied 1 Unsatisfied 2 Neutral 3 Satisfied 4 Very satisfied 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9 Not applicable 0

I am again going to give you several pairs of statements. Please tell me which one you agree with most. Choose Statement A or Statement B. [Interviewer: Probe: ADo you agree strongly or just somewhat?@]

56. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: It is not wise to plan too far ahead, because many things turn out to be a 2 1 matter of luck. B: I always try to plan ahead because I feel I can make my plans work. 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

57. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: People should look after themselves and be responsible for their own 2 1 success in life. B: The government should bear the main responsibility for ensuring the 3 4 well-being of people. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

58. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The best way to create jobs is to encourage people to start their own 2 1 businesses. B: The government should provide employment for everyone who wants to 3 4 work. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

59. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: Everyone should be free to earn as much as they can, even if this leads 2 1 to differences in income between people. B: The government should place limits on how much the rich can earn, 3 4 even if this discourages some people from working hard. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

60. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: In rural areas, land should be owned by the community and allocated by 2 1 the traditional rulers. B: People should be able to own their own land, including buying and 3 4 selling it, even in rural areas. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

61. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: There is no sense in trying to start a new business because many 2 1 enterprises lose money. B: If a person has a good idea for a business, they should invest their own 3 4 savings or borrow money to try to make it succeed. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

62. I am going to read out a list of things that are important for the development of our country. In your opinion, who is responsible for providing these things? The government, private businesses, or individuals? Or some combination of these providers? SHOW CARD. Govern Private Individuals Government Government Businesses All ment Companies and and and three Businesses Individuals Individuals A. protecting the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 nation=s borders B. building your 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 house C. extending 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 agricultural credit D. producing and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 marketing oil E. selling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 consumer goods F. providing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 school and clinics G. creating jobs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H. reducing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 crime

Once again, please choose whether you agree most with Statement A or B. [Interviewer: Probe: ADo you agree strongly or just somewhat?@] 63. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: It is better to have goods available in the market, even if the prices are 2 1 high. B: It is better to have low prices, even if there are shortages of goods. 3 4 Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

64. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: It is better to have free schooling for our children, even if the quality of 2 1 education is low. B: It is better to raise educational standards, even if we have to pay school 3 4 fees. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

65. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: All civil servants should keep their jobs, even if paying their salaries is 2 1 costly to the country. B: The government cannot afford so many public employees and should 3 4 lay some of them off. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

66. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The government should retain ownership of its factories, businesses, 2 1 and farms. B: It is better for the government to sell its businesses to private 3 4 companies and individuals. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

67. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: In order to create jobs, the government should encourage foreign 2 1 companies to invest in our country. B: The government should be wary of foreign investors because they may 3 4 gain control of our national wealth. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

68. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The costs of reforming the economy are too high; the government 2 1 should therefore change its economic policies. B: In order for the economy to get better in the future, it is necessary for us 3 4 to accept some hardships now. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

69. Agree Agree Somewhat Strongly A: The government=s economic policies have helped most people; only a 2 1 few have suffered. B: The government=s economic policies have hurt most people and only 3 4 benefitted a few. Do not agree with either [Do not read] 5 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

70. [If respondent chose 69B] In your opinion, which group has benefited most? Single Code. People close to the government 1 Foreign businesses 2 Rural dwellers 3 People in selected regions of Nigeria 4 [If 4, Specify which region(s)] PC Other 5 [If Other, Specify] PC Don=t know [Do not read] 9

71. Are you a registered voter? No 0 Yes [If yes, go to Q.73] 1

IF NOT A REGISTERED VOTER ASK Q72 AND GO TO Q75

72. [If yes, circle 0 = not applicable.] [If no] Why not? DO NOT READ OUT OPTIONS. Not applicable 0 Missed registration 1 Ill health 2 Absent from area 3 Registration process was not credible 4 Voter card not available 5 Under 18 during registration 6 Not interested in voting 7 Otherwise engaged 8 Other [Specify] PC

73. Understanding that some Nigerians choose not to vote, let me ask you: Did No Yes you vote: ASK FOR EACH ONE. A. In the Presidential election of February 1999? 0 1 [Interviewer: Prompt if necessary: that is, the last elections for President.] B. In the National Assembly elections of February 1999? 0 1 [Interviewer: Prompt if necessary: that is, the last elections for Parliament.] C. In the state government elections of January 1999? 0 1 D. In the local government elections of December 1998? 0 1 [If No to Q.73B, Go to Q.75]

74. When you voted for the National Assembly, did you vote for an individual or for a political party? Individual 1 Party 2 Don=t know [Do not read] 9

75. In your opinion, were the following elections conducted honestly or dishonestly? SHOW CARD.

Very Somewhat Quite Very DK Dishonestly Dishonestly Honestly Honestly [Do not read]

A. The Presidential elections (of 1 2 3 4 9 February 1999)?

B. The state government elections (of 1 2 3 4 9 January 1999)?

76. Since the last election, how satisfied have you been with the performance of: SHOW CARD. Very Somewhat Somewhat Very NA DK unsatisfied unsatisfied satisfied satisfied (E only) [dnr] A. your Representative to 1 2 3 4 9 the National Assembly? B. your Representative to 1 2 3 4 9 the State Assembly C. the Governor of this 1 2 3 4 9 state? D. the Local Government 1 2 3 4 9 Chairman/woman for this area? E. any judge or lawyer you 1 2 3 4 0 9 have encountered? F. political parties? 1 2 3 4 9

77. I will read out a list of things that people sometimes do as citizens. Please tell me how often you, personally, have done any of these things during the last five years. SHOW CARD. Never Only Sometime Often once s A. attending a community meeting 0 1 2 3 B. getting together with others to raise an issue 0 1 2 3 C. attending an election rally 0 1 2 3 D. working for a political candidate or party 0 1 2 3 E. signing a petition 0 1 2 3 F. writing a letter to a newspaper 0 1 2 3 G. attending a demonstration 0 1 2 3

78. During the last five years, how often have you contacted any of the following persons for help to solve a problem? SHOW CARD. Never Only Sometimes Often once A. a traditional ruler 0 1 2 3 B. a Local Government Chairman/Councillor 0 1 2 3 C. a National Assembly representative 0 1 2 3 D. A State Assembly representative 0 1 2 3 E. an official of a government ministry 0 1 2 3 F. a religious leader 0 1 2 3 G. some other influential person 0 1 2 3

79. What would you do if the government took any of the following actions: SHOW CARD. Support Nothing Contact an Support an Join a Other DK the elected opposition protest [Specifyb [Do govern representat party or elow] not ment ive boycott read] A. told you which religion you 8 0 1 2 3 9 had to follow B. stopped you from traveling 8 0 1 2 3 9 freely within the country C. shut down newspapers that 8 0 1 2 3 9 criticized the government D. dismissed judges who ruled 8 0 1 2 3 9 against the government E. suspended the National 8 0 1 2 3 9 Assembly and canceled the next elections [If Other, Specify] PC

Please say whether you agree or disagree with the following statements. There are no right or wrong answers. Just tell me what you think. SHOW CARD. Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly DK Disagree Agree [dnr] 80. The best way to get ahead in this life is to 1 2 3 4 have contacts with important people in high places. 81. Politicians and civil servants are trying their 1 2 3 4 best to look after the interests of people like me. 82. Rather than protecting his friends, the 1 2 3 4 President will fight corruption wherever he finds it. 83. Bribery is not common among public officials 1 2 3 4 in Nigeria. 84. The President=s region of the country gets 1 2 3 4 more government services than any other region. 85. Corruption was a worse problem under the old 1 2 3 4 military government than these days.

86. How often, if ever, has a public official asked you for a bribe or a favor in return for getting something you were entitled to? SHOW CARD. Never [If never, go to Q.88] 0 Once 1 A few times 2 Often 3

87. [If asked for a bribe] Which office(s) or agency(ies) did the official work for? [Record up to 2 answers] P C P C

88. In the past two years, have you or anyone else you know: SHOW CARD. No, no- Friend or Family Yes, one acquaintance member self A. been attacked or robbed when moving about in 0 1 2 3 public? B. had your/their home broken into and had something 0 1 2 3 stolen?

89. Compared with five years ago, do you feel less safe or more safe when you go walking about alone? SHOW CARD. Much less safe 1 Somewhat less safe 2 About the same 3 Somewhat more safe 4 Much more safe 5

90. If you ever felt unsafe in your surroundings, how likely would you be to take the following actions: SHOW CARD. Never Sometimes Often Always A. report to the police? 0 1 2 3 B. carry something for protection, like a weapon? 0 1 2 3 C. have other people with you when going out? 0 1 2 3 D. try to form a group with other citizens to combat crime? 0 1 2 3

Let us close with a few final questions about yourself.

91. We have spoken to many Nigerians and they have all described themselves in different ways. Some people describe themselves in terms of their language, ethnic group, or religion and others describe themselves in economic terms, such as working class, middle class, or a farmer. Besides being Nigerian, which specific group do you feel you belong to first and foremost? [Interviewer: Enter respondent=s exact response on the line below] PC

[Read RESPONDENT=S IDENTITY GROUP from question 91out to the respondent into all the blank spaces below. Probe for strength of opinion]

92. Here are a series of things people might say about how they see their group in relation to other Nigerians. There are no right or wrong answers. We are simply interested in your opinions. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with these statements. [Interviewer: Probe for strength of opinion] SHOW CARD. Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Strongly DK Disagree Agree Nor Agree [Do not Disagree read] A You feel proud to be ______. 1 2 3 4 5 9 B. You would want your children to 1 2 3 4 5 9 think of themselves as ______. (mention answer at Q91) C. Of all the groups in this country, 1 2 3 4 5 9 ____ people are the best. D. You feel much stronger ties to 1 2 3 4 5 9 ____s than to other Nigerians. (mention answer at Q91) E. It makes you proud to be called a 1 2 3 4 5 9 Nigerian. F. You would want your children to 1 2 3 4 5 9 think of themselves as Nigerian. G. All people who were born in this 1 2 3 4 5 9 country, regardless of what group they belong to, should be treated as equal citizens of Nigeria. H. People who were not born in this 1 2 3 4 5 9 country should be allowed to become Nigerian citizens.

93. Are _____s= [RESPONDENT=S IDENTITY GROUP AT Q91] economic conditions worse, the same as, or better than other groups in this country? [Probe for strength of opinion] SHOW CARD. Much worse 1 Worse 2 About the same 3 Better 4 Much better 5 Don=t know [Do Not Read] 9

94. In your opinion, how often are _____ (mention identified group at Q91) people treated unfairly by the government? SHOW CARD. Always 1 To a large extent 2 To some extent 3 Hardly at all 4 Never 5 Don=t know [Do Not Read] 9

95. Do you think that the government represents the interests of all Nigerians, the interests of just a few groups, or the interests of one group only? All Nigerians [Skip to Q.97] 3 Just a few groups 2 One group only 1 Don=t know [Do Not Read] 9

If respondent says Aall Nigerians@, Skip to Q.97.

96. [If one or a few groups] Which group(s) do you mean? P C P C P C

97. Do you feel close to any political party? No 0 [If No, circle 0 for Q.98, and Go to Q.99] Yes 1

98. [If Yes] Which one? Not applicable 0 People=s Democratic Party (PDP) 1 All People=s Party (APP) 2 Alliance for Democracy (AD) 3 Other [Specify] PC Don=t know [Do not read] 9

99. Roughly how much money do you (and your spouse together) earn per month? None 0 Less than 1,000 naira 1 1,000-5,000 naira 2 5,000-10,000 naira 3 10,000-20,000 naira 4 20,000-30,000 naira 5 30,000- 40,000 naira 6 40,000- 50,000 naira 7 Over 50,000 naira 8

100. How would you describe your financial situation during the past year? Did you save money, spend all your income, spend some of your own savings, or borrow money? Single Code Only. Save 1 Spend Income (i.e., break even) 2 Spend Savings 3 Borrow 4 Spend Savings and Borrow 5

Thank you so much. Your answers have been very helpful. Please be assured that they will remain confidential.

Time Interview Ended [Interviewer: Enter hour and minute, then circle A.M. or P.M.] AP

END INTERVIEW

Contextual Data

[Interviewer: The following items should be completed after the interview is ended.]

101. State Abia 1 Adamawa 2 Akwa-Ibom 3 Anambra 4 Bauchi 5 Bayelsa 6 Benue 7 Borno 8 Cross River 9 Delta 10 Ebonyi 11 Edo 12 Ekiti 13 Enugu 14 F.C.T. 15 Gombe 16 Imo 17 Jigawa 18 Kaduna 19 Kano 20 Katsina 21 Kebbi 22 Kogi 23 Kwara 24 Lagos 25 Nassarawa 26 Niger 27 Ogun 28 Ondo 29 Osun 30 Oyo 31 Plateau 32 Rivers 33 Sokoto 34 Taraba 35 Yobe 36 Zamfara 37

102. Generally speaking, how would you describe the locality? [If in doubt, ask Supervisor] Urban 1 Rural 2

103. More specifically, what sort of settlement was it? Urban (formal) 1 Suburban (formal) 2 Rural township / town 3 Rural village 4 Rural, individual homestead 5 Urban non-permanent, informal settlement 6 Rural non-permanent, informal settlement 7 Don=t know; Can=t determine [Interviewer: Try to avoid this response] 9

104. In what type of shelter did the respondent live? Non-traditional (formal house) 1 Traditional house 2 Temporary structure on own plot 3 Temporary structure in backyard 4 Flat in block of flats 5 Single room in larger dwelling structure 6 Other 9

105. Was the roof made of: [One response only] Metal, tin, zinc 1 Tiles 2 Shingles 3 Thatch 4 Plastic sheets 5 Asbestos 6 Multiple materials 7 Could not see/could not tell 9

106. How many houses within the locality are formal houses? None 0 Some 1 Most 2 All 3 Don=t know; Can=t determine [Interviewer: Try to avoid this response] 9

107. Roughly how much of the last 10km. of your journey were spent on these different sorts of roads? [Circle all that apply] Length of journey spent on each road 0 kms <5kms 5 - 9 kms All Graded sand/dirt roads 0 1 2 3 Ungraded dirt roads 0 1 2 3 Off road 0 1 2 3 Tarred or concrete roads 0 1 2 3

No, no- Spous Children A few Small one e only others crowd 108. Were there any other people immediately 0 1 2 3 4 present who might be listening during the interview?

109. Did the respondent check with others for information to answer any question? No 0 Yes 1

110. Do you think anyone influenced the respondents= answers during the interview? No 0 Yes 1

111. What proportion of the questions do you feel the respondent had difficulty answering? None 0 Few 1 Some 2 Most 3 All 4

112. What was the respondent =s attitude toward you during the interview? A. 1 2 3 Friendly In between Hostile B. 1 2 3 Interested In between Bored C. 1 2 3 Cooperative In between Uncooperative D. 1 2 3 Patient In between Impatient E. 1 2 3 At ease In between Suspicious F. 1 2 3 Honest In between Misleading

113. No Yes A. Did your presence in the area arouse interest from neighbors? 0 1 B. Did your presence in the area arouse suspicion from neighbors? 0 1 C. Were you approached by community and/or political representatives? 0 1 D. Did you feel threatened during the interview? 0 1 E. Were you physically threatened during the interview? 0 1

114. Interviewer: Do you come from a rural or urban area? Urban 1 Rural 2

115. Interviewer: What is your gender? Male 1 Female 2

Interviewer: Do you have any other comments on the interview?

Interviewer: I hereby certify that this interview was conducted in accordance with instructions received during training. All responses recorded here are those of the respondent who was chosen by the appropriate selection method. Signature: Date: